Английская Википедия:Alfred Polizzi

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Шаблон:Infobox criminal

Alfred Polizzi (born Alfonso Polizzi; Шаблон:IPA-it; March 15, 1900 – May 26, 1975) was a Sicilian emigrant to the United States who was boss of the Cleveland crime family in Cleveland, Ohio, from 1935 to 1945. He stabilized the Cleveland crime family after a period of revenge killings, and was one of the most influential mobsters in the United States. He retired to Florida in 1945, where he was involved in the construction industry. He used several aliases, including "Big Al" and Albert Allen.

Early life

Alfonso Polizzi[1] was born in Siculiana, Sicily, Italy, on March 15, 1900, to Raimondo[2][3] and Giovannina (Шаблон:Nee Indelicato) Polizzi.[2]Шаблон:Sfn He emigrated from Italy to the United States with his family in 1909.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn His father, a blacksmith,[4] settled the family on Woodland Avenue in one of Cleveland's Italian enclaves.Шаблон:Sfn He quit school at the age of 14 to sell newspapers on the street for the Cleveland News.Шаблон:Sfn The News was in a major circulation war with The Plain Dealer and the Cleveland Press. The News hired 24-year-old Arthur B. McBride as its circulation manager, and McBride hired young toughs like Polizzi not only to hawk newspapers but to intimidate sellers of other papers.Шаблон:Sfn In the summer of 1917, Polizzi worked as a lifeguard at Luna Park, where he met future mobster Fred Angersola.Шаблон:Sfn

Alfred had three brothers, Joseph (b. 1893?-d. 1965),[3][5] Jasper (b. 1895?-d. 1957),[3][6][7] and James (b. 1910?-d. 1979),[3][7][8] and two sisters, Carmela (or Carmelina; b.1892?-d. 1963)[3][7][5][2] and Catherine (b. 1920-d. ?).[3][7][5]Шаблон:Efn Joseph was also involved in mafia activity, although at a low level.[9]

Alfonso had an adopted brother, Charles "Chuck" Polizzi,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn also known as Albert Polizzi.Шаблон:Sfn Chuck Polizzi was born Leo Berkowitz. His parents were Russian Jews who had emigrated to Cleveland but died soon after their son was born.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Historians Michael Newton and Hank Messick say Chuck was unofficially adopted by the Polizzis,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but historian Albert Fried says the adoption was formalized.Шаблон:Sfn Chuck Polizzi is often mistakenly called Alfred's brother; Alfred himself said he felt Chuck to be a cousin.Шаблон:Sfn

Cleveland crime family

Mayfield Road Mob and Cleveland Syndicate

In his late teens, Polizzi became a member of the Mayfield Road Mob,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn an Italian American gang that had formed in Cleveland's Little Italy neighborhood.Шаблон:Sfn As part of the Mayfield Road Mob, Polizzi became a close associate of mobsters Fred Angersola,Шаблон:Sfn George Angersola, John Angersola,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Frank Brancato,Шаблон:Sfn and Charles Colletti.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Polizzi quickly became gang leader Frank Milano's top lieutenant.Шаблон:Sfn

Polizzi engaged in extortionШаблон:Sfn and robbery, bootlegging, and other crimes.Шаблон:Sfn By the time he retired in 1945, he had been arrested seven times (four while using the alias "Albert Allen").[10] He was first arrested in 1920.Шаблон:Sfn He was convicted of violating the Volstead Act in 1926; he served six months in prisonШаблон:Sfn and was fined $1,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars).[11] He was arrested again in 1928 when Cleveland police suspected him of bombing the home of Nathan Weisenberg. Weisenberg ran a racket that controlled all the legal slot machines in the area, forcing customers to lease them at high prices and skimming part of the profits. The Mayfield Road Mob attempted to take over the business, and Polizzi and Colletti were believed to have placed the explosives at Weisenberg's home in September 1928.Шаблон:Sfn[12]

During Prohibition, Polizzi sold bootleg alcohol in Detroit, Michigan, and became a close associate of Detroit mobster Moe Dalitz.Шаблон:Sfn Dalitz, along with Maurice Kleinman, Louis Rothkopf, Sam Tucker, and Thomas "Blackjack" McGinty, was an original member of the Cleveland Syndicate, a group of Jewish and Irish mobsters based in Cleveland and Akron, who engaged in bootlegging and smuggling.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Cleveland Syndicate preferred to give a cut of its profits to mobsters in other criminal organizations, who then did the actual work of bootlegging or running illegal gambling operations. John Angersola and Alfred Polizzi were the two members of the Cleveland crime family to do bootlegging for the Syndicate.Шаблон:Sfn The Polizzi-run bootlegging operation moved large amounts of high-quality liquor into northeast Ohio and northwest Pennsylvania, generating substantial profits for Polizzi and the others involved.Шаблон:Sfn

The Arrowhead Club (or Arrowhead Inn) was established near Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1926, and featured bootleg liquor and illegal gambling.[13] A few years later (probably no later than 1929), Polizzi became an investor in the Arrowhead Club along with other members of the Cleveland crime family and the Syndicate.Шаблон:Sfn[14]

Role in the takeover by Frank Milano

By the early 1920s, the Cleveland mafia (or Cleveland crime family) had taken over the Mayfield Road Mob and become the dominant criminal organization in Cleveland.Шаблон:Sfn It was led by boss Joseph "Big Joe" Lonardo,Шаблон:Sfn and both Alfred and Chuck Polizzi sometimes acted as bodyguards for Lonardo and his family.Шаблон:Sfn Lonardo was assassinated in June 1927 by Salvatore "Black Sam" Todaro and Joseph "Big Joe" Porrello.Шаблон:Sfn Todaro was killed by Lonardo family in June 1929.[15]

Corn sugarШаблон:Efn was the key to the manufacture of corn whiskey. Corn whiskey was usually made with cornmeal or unground corn mixed with rye as the mash. Corn sugar could not only be substituted for grain as the mash ingredient but also permitted faster production of the final liquor.Шаблон:Sfn Control of the corn sugar industry as well as the distribution of illegal liquor was critical to creating wealth, and the Porrellos produced and distributed most of the corn sugar in northeast Ohio. Frank Milano wanted the Porrellos' business, and in early 1930 invited Joseph Porrello and his top lieutenant, Sam Tilocco, to meet at Milano's Venetian Restaurant as 12601 Mayfield Road in Cleveland. Polizzi attended the meeting. It quickly became apparent to Porrello that Milano wanted to take over his business, not form a partnership. Porrello made a counter-proposal: That he be allowed to join the East End BiPartisan Political Club, an organization Milano had founded to put mafia money and organizational muscle behind preferred political candidates. Milano refused.Шаблон:Sfn

In late June, Porrello established his own political club. On July 4, Polizzi telephoned Porrello and arranged a meeting for the following day at the Venetian Restaurant. Polizzi greeted Porrello and Tilocco as they arrived shortly before 2 PM on July 5.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Also present were Milano and Mayfield Road mobsters John Angersola and Charles Colletti.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The six men played cards and discussed business.Шаблон:Sfn Gunfire erupted, and both Porrello and Tilocco were killed.Шаблон:Sfn

Milano and the Mayfield Road Mob were now in control of the Cleveland crime family.Шаблон:Sfn Polizzi, who fled the scene of the crime,Шаблон:Sfn was wanted by the police for questioning. By the time he turned himself in to the police at the end of July, the police declined to interview him. The investigation into the Porrello/Tilocco murder had turned up no clues, and the police had no questions to ask him.[16]

Cleveland police arrested Milano in March 1932 for being a "suspicious person". Police officials at the time suspected him of bootlegging and attempting to take over a number of different rackets in the area.[17] A court dismissed the charge, saying being "suspicious" is not enough to warrant arrest.[18]

Career under Milano

Along with John Angersola, Charles Colletti, and Anthony Milano, Alfred Polizzi was one of the top leaders of the Cleveland crime family under Milano's rule.Шаблон:Sfn Police believed he ran more numbers rackets in the area than any other criminal,[11] and he became close to Cleveland mobsters John DeMarco and John T. Scalish.Шаблон:Sfn Although the Cleveland crime family had a reputation for using murder as a way of dealing with threats, Polizzi came to favor bribery instead.Шаблон:Sfn He spent many years attempting bribe officials into paroling Toledo, Ohio, gangster Thomas "Yonnie" Licavoli,Шаблон:Sfn who was convicted of murder in 1934.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

In December 1932, Polizzi and eight others from the Cleveland Syndicate and the Cleveland crime family formed Buckeye Enterprises Company.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Buckeye Enterprises invested in a wide range of legal and illegal businesses, including the Thomas Club (a luxury casino in the Cleveland suburb of Maple Heights),Шаблон:Sfn[19] the Continental Supper Club (a casino and restaurant located at 8591 Carnegie Avenue in Cleveland), Shaw-Clair Catering, Superior Catering, Eastern Service Company (a company which laundered income from Buckeye Enterprises so as not to draw attention from the Internal Revenue Service), and Buckeye Catering (which acted as a front for a slot machine leasing and profit-skimming business).[4]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

Polizzi co-owned Tornello Importing Co.,Шаблон:Sfn an olive oil, pasta, and tomato paste importation business,[11] with Frank Milano. It was a front for numerous illegal activities, and used to launder money.Шаблон:Sfn With Frank Milano and Moe Dalitz,Шаблон:Sfn Polizzi was also a partner in the Molaska Corporation.Шаблон:Sfn Formed in 1933 just 10 days after the end of Prohibition,[20] it manufactured dehydrated molasses for use in alcohol manufacturing nationwide.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn This product was also used in the illegal manufacture of alcohol, which was sold tax-free and often adulterated.[20]

Polizzi also invested widely in distilleries.Шаблон:Sfn These investments were an attempt to "go legit" (invest in legal business enterprises),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Among the more important ones was Lubeck Brewing and Distributing of Cleveland, which he obtained control of in 1939.[11] The following year, Polizzi purchased the Sunrise Brewing Company of Cleveland. He changed the name to Tip Top Brewing, and the purchased an independent beer distributor.Шаблон:Sfn Polizzi established a fake bank account at the Morris Plan Bank in Cleveland under the name of Fred W. Garmone,Шаблон:Sfn a well-known local criminal defense attorney who did extensive work for the Cleveland crime family.[21] The money in this account was used to guarantee loans the bank made to retail customers of Tip Top. In return, the retailers purchased their alcoholic beverage exclusively from Tip Top. This created a "tied house" arrangement in violation of federal law.Шаблон:Sfn

Boss of the Cleveland crime family

Becoming boss

On January 30, 1935, Milano fled to MexicoШаблон:Sfn to avoid prosecution for income tax evasion.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As Milano could not run the Cleveland crime family from across the border, he stepped down as boss and was succeeded by Alfred Polizzi.Шаблон:Sfn Although most sources say Polizzi was officially named boss in 1935,Шаблон:Sfn former Cleveland FBI chief Joe Griffin says power did not transfer until 1942.Шаблон:Sfn

National leadership and power-sharing

Polizzi gained a seat on the Grand Council of the Sicilian Mafia, a group of nine leaders of the Sicilian Mafia in the United States.Шаблон:Sfn According to future Cleveland crime family underboss Angelo Lonardo, Polizzi also had a seat on The Commission, a seven-member group of American mafia families that handled high-level disputes,Шаблон:Sfn and began to associate with mobsters such as Frank Costello, Joe Doto (Шаблон:Aka Joe Adonis), Lucky Luciano, and Joe Profaci.Шаблон:Sfn

It's unclear how much control Polizzi had over the Cleveland mafia. Cleveland mafia historian Rick Porrello has written that The Commission made it clear to Polizzi that Syndicate leader Moe Dalitz was the real authority in Cleveland.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Dalitz and Polizzi also stayed in routine touch with Frank Milano in Mexico, occasionally traveling to see and consult with him.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Polizzi partnered with Dalitz in various illegal enterprises while head of the Cleveland crime family, which allegedly made both men wealthy.Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, at one point U.S. Senate investigators characterized Polizzi as one of the most influential members of the American mafia.Шаблон:Sfn

In addition to his partnerships with Moe Dalitz, Polizzi continued to engage in a wide range of lucrative criminal activities on his own.Шаблон:Sfn Mobster James Ragen and U.S. Senate investigators believed that Polizzi controlled the wire service in Cleveland, bringing him extensive income from betting shops and parlors.Шаблон:Sfn[22] During Polizzi's tenure as boss in Cleveland, he relinquished control of mafia activities in Youngstown, Ohio, to another family. (It is unclear whether he did so on his own initiative, or at the request of another crime family.)Шаблон:Sfn The Cleveland crime family continued to receive 25 percent of the profits from the Youngstown rackets (primarily gambling and vending machines), which averaged about $5,000 to $6,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation to $Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) a month in the 1970s.Шаблон:Sfn

Polizzi was also an investor in the Beverly Hills Country Club of Newport, Kentucky. The casino, established in 1937, was one of the most lucrative gambling establishments in the region and heavily patronized by organized crime leaders.Шаблон:Sfn Polizzi received a portion of the profits, and continued to do so long after he had retired.[23]

In 1938, former Detroit gangster James T. Licavoli, Yonnie Licavoli's cousin, asked Polizzi for permission to operate in Cleveland. The Licavolis had left Detroit for Toledo in 1931,Шаблон:Sfn[24] but returned to Detroit about 1933 or 1934.Шаблон:Sfn The establishment of the Detroit crime family in 1931 under William "Black Bill" ToccoШаблон:Sfn[25] left the Licavolis with no room to operate. Polizzi gave Licavoli permission to resettle in Cleveland and begin criminal activities.[26]

Protecting Angelo Lonardo

Lonardo says he sought permission from boss Frank Milano to kill Giuseppe "Dr. Joe" Romano, whom Lonardo believed to be involved in the murder of his father, Joseph "Big Joe" Lonardo. Milano approved the assassination, which occurred on June 10, 1936.Шаблон:Sfn[27] The revenge-killing of a crime family boss required approval by The Commission, approval that had not been sought. To protect Lonardo (who was not then a "made man" and member of any mafia) from assassination, Alfred Polizzi was forced to defend the killing before a meeting of the Commission. Lonardo was permitted to live only because Polizzi successfully argued that as a "civilian" he did not yet know the rules of the mafia.Шаблон:Sfn

Liquor dealing conviction

In 1943, Polizzi got involved in an illegal liquor sales operation that later led to a conviction under federal law.

At the time, the state of Ohio had a monopoly on the sale of liquor, which sold it to dealers and retailers at a set price. Liquor was scarce due to World War II, so the state permitted liquor to be purchased from out-of-state manufacturers. The state required that out-of-state suppliers be registered, and taxes paid on the alcohol.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Polizzi purchased 1,501 cases of liquor from Peerless and sold it to tavern owners at a price $9.00 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) above the legal price. Of this markup, $5.00 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) went to Peerless and $4.00 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) to Polizzi.Шаблон:Sfn

The venture proved so profitable that Polizzi made a new deal with Peerless. Peerless agreed to register the Ohio Department of Liquor as an importer of out-of-state liquor and as a liquor retailer.Шаблон:Sfn Out-of-state liquor manufacturers often found themselves with excess stock they could not sell, or for which they lacked bottles. Peerless obtained this excess stock and brought it to Ohio.Шаблон:Sfn Polizzi illegally sold the liquor, and kicked back $1.00 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) for every case of liquor imported.Шаблон:Sfn The scheme worked so long as the state of Ohio and the federal government believed the imported liquor remained in warehouses and was not sold. For this, Peerless and Polizzi needed warehouse receipts. Through a series of middlemen, Polizzi purchased legitimate warehouse receipts for use by his liquor distributors.Шаблон:Sfn The scheme made an extremely large amount of money.Шаблон:Sfn

The scheme fell apart when Polizzi's warehousemen failed to produce the proper receipts for federal inspectors.Шаблон:Sfn Polizzi and three others were arrested in late December 1943 on 28 counts of federal liquor and tax law violations.[28][29] Deciding to get out of the brewery business, Polizzi sold Tip Top Brewing in July 1944 for $1 million ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars).[30] Polizzi reached a plea bargain with federal prosecutors about September 20, 1944,[29] under which he agreed to plead guilty to a single count of selling liquor without a federal wholesale liquor dealer's license. Polizzi was sentenced to two years in jail, and required to pay a $5,000 fine ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars).[31][32]

Polizzi was released in prison in late 1945 (having served a total of two years),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and moved to Coral Gables, Florida. He retired as boss of the Cleveland crime family,Шаблон:Sfn and was succeeded by John T. Scalish.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Post-conviction career

Legitimate business activities

By his own account, Polizzi moved to Florida with $300,000 to $500,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation to $Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) in profits from past criminal and legitimate activities.Шаблон:Sfn Media reports in 1951 said the amount was closer to $300,000,[33] although mafia historian Rick Porrello puts the amount at $400,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars)Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

George and John Angersola settled near Coral Gables as well.Шаблон:Sfn Polizzi loaned them a large amount of money, and went into business with them. The three established the Polkin Company (an amalgam King—the Angersola alias—and Polizzi)Шаблон:Sfn to build homes and hotels.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

In 1947, Polizzi went into business with Forrest Thompson.Шаблон:Sfn About six months earlier, Cleveland mafioso Vincent "Doc" Mangine introduced the two.Шаблон:Sfn Assisted by attorney Nick Mangine, Vincent's brother,Шаблон:Sfn they formed Thompson-Polizzi ConstructionШаблон:Sfn in Coral Gables.[34] By this time, Arthur McBride was also involved in real estate development in southern Florida.Шаблон:Sfn Partnering with McBride, Thompson-Polizzi Construction built extensively in and around Coral Gables.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The company built two luxury movie theaters, an A&P supermarket, and other structures which are now landmarks in the city.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn He built a shopping center for Charles "Bebe" Rebozo (a confidante of President Richard Nixon) in 1967.[34]

Polizzi and McBride often co-invested as individuals in construction projects which made substantial profits.Шаблон:Sfn Their first business transaction together occurred in 1948 when they formed H.&I. Holdings, a real estate development company. Both men turned over property to the company as their initial investment.[10] About 1949 or 1950, Polizzi and McBride purchased a former golf course in Coral Gables and built homes there.[10] The deal was worth at least $102,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars).[22]

Polizzi was also involved in Arizona real estate. On August 8, 1947, members of the Cleveland crime family and the Cleveland Syndicate formed Tucson Motels.Шаблон:Sfn Polizzi had become interested in Arizona during his 1937 and subsequent visits, and Moe Dalitz had a large ranch there which he used for hunting.Шаблон:Sfn Alfred Polizzi put in $35,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) into Tucson Motels, making him the biggest investor. Chuck Polizzi, Dalitz, Kleinman, Rothkopf, and Tucker each put up $14,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars).Шаблон:Sfn Tucson Motels constructed several luxury hotels in the area, which were used by visiting mobsters. Arizona quickly became heavily infiltrated by organized crime.Шаблон:Sfn

When Cleveland mobster Thomas J. McGinty settled in Palm Beach, Florida, in the early 1950s, Polizzi staked him the cash he needed to form his own real estate company.Шаблон:Sfn McGinty was one of a large group of gangsters who rapidly built up Palm Beach,Шаблон:Sfn and ending up owning extensive real estate north and south of the city as well.Шаблон:Sfn

Continuing criminal activity

While in prison awaiting trial, Polizzi was involved in helping a number of gangsters to flee Cleveland. In 1943, George Angersola, John Angersola, Shondor Birns, Angelo Lonardo, Chuck Polizzi, Milton Rockman (Scalish's brother-in-law), Angelo Sciria, and 17 other Cleveland area mobsters were indicted for running numbers rackets.Шаблон:Sfn[35] Although the indictments were a secret, most of these individuals fled Cleveland secretly aboard Arthur McBride's yacht, the Wood Duck, and relocated to Florida.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn On June 3, 1944, Polizzi purchased the Wood Duck for $5,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars).Шаблон:Sfn

In 1946, Polizzi helped James Licavoli win parole.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

When Wilbur Clark built the Desert Inn casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, in 1947, he sought and received capital from a group of mobsters that included Moe Dalitz, Maurice Kleinman, Thomas J. McGinty, Louis Rothkopf, and Sammy Tucker.Шаблон:Sfn Polizzi and the Cleveland crime family were asked to also provide capital. Polizzi turned down the deal, afraid that gambling licenses wouldn't be issued and the family would lose their investment.Шаблон:Sfn A few years later, this group sold a piece of their investment to John Angersola,Шаблон:Efn Frank Milano, and Alfred Polizzi.Шаблон:Sfn Polizzi agreed to prevent other organized crime figures from interfering with the casino and in return became a "silent partner" in the casino.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Profits skimmed from the casino continued to flow to the Polizzi and the Cleveland crime family until Howard Hughes purchased the Desert Inn in 1967.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Polizzi continued to receive part of the "skim" even in retirement, about $1,000 to $2,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation to $Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) a month.Шаблон:Sfn U.S. Senate investigators and former mafia members said Polizzi also invested secretly in the Stardust Resort and Casino. He shared in the $50,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) a month cut with John Angersola and John T. Scalish, a practice that continued into the mid-1960s.[36]

Polizzi was also suspected of running several illegal gambling rackets and assisting traffickers in illegal narcotics while living in Florida.Шаблон:Sfn He openly associated with organized crime figures such as Tony Accardo, Anthony "Little Augie Pisano" Carfano, Charles Fischetti, Rocco Fischetti, Vincent Mangano, Joe Massei, and Harry "Nig" Rosen.[33]

Polizzi himself strenuously denied that he was engaged in anything illegal. After Look magazine ran an article on organized crime which mentioned Polizzi, he sued the magazine for libel in June 1950 and demanded $500,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) in damages.[37]

1951 Senate testimony

The United States Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce held hearings in Cleveland, Ohio, in January 1951. Among area organized crime figures testifying where Alvin Giesey, Thomas J. McGinty, Arthur McBride, and Anthony Milano.Шаблон:Sfn Alfred Polizzi also testifiedШаблон:Sfn after being subpoenaed by the committee.[38] Polizzi's initial testimony before the committee was so vague and lacking in details that the committee threatened to pursue perjury and contempt of Congress charges against him. Polizzi voluntarily agreed to testify again.[39]

In testimony before the committee on February 19, 1951, Polizzi admitted to bootlegging during Prohibition and to having had a substantial ownership interest in Buckeye Catering, which at one time controlled 25 percent of the illegal slot machine business in northeast Ohio. He denied having had any involvement in casinos, and claimed to have left organized crime in 1938. Polizzi also told the committee that he had invested his earnings in real estate development, which included the Sands Hotel in Miami Beach, Florida. He said he had earned about $130,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) over the past six years.[4]

Death

Alfred Polizzi died on May 26, 1975, in Denver, Colorado, while attending his granddaughter's college graduation.[40] His funeral was held at St. Augustine Catholic Church in Coral Gables,[41] and he was buried at Our Lady of Mercy Catholic Cemetery in Doral, Florida.

Personal life

Polizzi became a naturalized citizen on June 8, 1928. The federal government sued in June 1939 to have his naturalization annulled on the grounds that he had lied about having no previous arrests.[1] The suit was unexpectedly dropped in November.[42] Polizzi sought a federal pardon from President Harry S. Truman in October 1949, but it was denied. He sought a pardon from President Dwight D. Eisenhower in March 1953, but again the pardon was denied.[32] The federal government sought to strip him again of his citizenship in 1952, but a court ruled against the government in December 1953.[43]

Alfred Polizzi married Philomena Valentino,Шаблон:Sfn a second cousin of the wife of Anthony Milano.Шаблон:Sfn Mobster Peter Licavoli, younger brother of Thomas J. Licavoli, was best man at their wedding.Шаблон:Sfn[33] The couple had three children: sons Raymond (b. 1932)[44] and Nicholas (b. 1935),Шаблон:Sfn and daughter Joanne. Шаблон:Sfn

Alfred Polizzi used a number of aliases during his career. "Big Al" was the most common nickname,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn because at Шаблон:Convert in height he was the tallest of all his friends and criminal associates.Шаблон:Sfn He was also known as "Albert Allen"[10] and by variations on his own name (e.g., "Al Polizzi").Шаблон:Sfn

References

Notes Шаблон:Notelist

Citations Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Cleveland crime family Шаблон:American Mafia

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 Шаблон:Cite news
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news; Шаблон:Cite news
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news; Шаблон:Cite news
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news; Шаблон:Cite news
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 33,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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