Английская Википедия:An Dương Vương

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Файл:AnDuongVuong, crop.jpg
Statue of An Dương Vương in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

An Dương Vương (Шаблон:IPA-vi) was the king and the only ruler of the kingdom of Âu Lạc, an ancient state centered in the Red River Delta. As the leader of the Âu Việt tribes, he defeated the last Hùng king of the state of Văn Lang and united its people – known as the Lạc Việt – with his people, the Âu Việt. An Dương Vương fled and committed suicide after the war with Nanyue forces in 179 BCE.

Biography

Origin and foundation of Âu Lạc

It seems that King An Dương was an actual historical figure.Шаблон:Sfn Written accounts associated him with the Ancient Kingdom of Shu, conquered by King Huiwen of Qin in 316 BCE.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn However, there are some problems inherent in accepting this traditional view.Шаблон:Sfn Many chronicles including Records of the Outer Territories of the Jiao province,[1] Đại Việt sử lược, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư stated that he was Shu prince (ms. "蜀王子", literal meaning: "son of the Shu king"), but they were unable to describe precisely his origin. Later historians had a more nuanced view. In Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục, the writers expressed doubts about An Dương Vương's origin, claiming it was impossible for a Shu prince to cross thousands of miles, through forests, many kingdoms to invade Văn Lang.[2]Шаблон:Sfn

In 1963, an oral tradition of Tày people in Cao Bằng titled Шаблон:Lang "Nine Lords Vying for Kingship" was recorded.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to this account, at the end of Hồng Bàng dynasty, there was a kingdom called Nam Cương (lit. "southern border") in modern-day Cao Bằng and Guangxi.Шаблон:Sfn This was a confederation of 10 mườngs, in which the King resided in the central one (present-day Cao Bằng Province).The other nine regions were under the control of nine lords.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn While King An Dương's father (Шаблон:Ill Шаблон:Linktext) died, he was still a child; yet, his intelligence enabled him to retain the throne and all the lords surrendered. Nam Cương became more and more powerful while Văn Lang became weak.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Subsequently, he invaded Văn Lang and founded the state of Âu Lạc in approximately 257 BCE, proclaiming himself King An Dương (An Dương Vương).Шаблон:Sfn

Construction of Cổ Loa Citadel

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Historical accounts claim, after purportedly taking power, Kinh An Dương ordered to construct a fortified settlement in Tây Vu known to history as Cổ Loa as his seat of power.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It looked like a snail shell design (its name, Cổ Loa 古螺, means "old snail": according to Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư, the citadel is shaped like a snail[‡ 1]).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The events associated with the construction of this spiral-shaped citadel are remembered in the legend of the golden turtle. According to this legend, when the citadel was being built, all the work done was mysteriously undone by a group of spirits led by thousand-year-old white chicken seeking to avenge the son of the previous king.Шаблон:Sfn In response to the king's plea, a giant golden turtle suddenly emerged from the water, and protected the King until the citadel's completion. The turtle gave the King one of his claws before leaving and instructed him to make a crossbow using it as a trigger, assuring him he would be invincible with it.[‡ 2]Шаблон:Sfn A man called Cao Lỗ (or Cao Thông) was tasked to create that crossbow. It was then called "Saintly Crossbow of the Supernaturally Luminous Golden Claw" (靈光金爪神弩; SV: Linh Quang Kim Trảo Thần Nỏ); one shot could kill 300 men.[‡ 3]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

War with Nanyue

In 204 BCE, in Panyu (now Guangzhou), Zhao Tuo established the kingdom of Nanyue.Шаблон:Sfn Taylor (1983) believed that when Nanyue and Âu Lạc co-existed, Âu Lạc temporarily acknowledged Nanyue to show their mutual anti-Han sentiment, and this did not imply that Nanyue exerted any real authority over Âu Lạc. Nanyue's influence over Âu Lạc waned after relationship with Han dynasty become normal. The army Zhao Tuo had created to oppose the Han was now available to deploy against the Âu Lạc.Шаблон:Sfn

Details of the campaign are not authentically recorded. Zhao Tuo's early setbacks and eventual victory against King An Dương were mentioned in Record of the Outer Territory of Jiao Region (交州外域記) and Records of the Taikang Era of the Jin (晉太康記).[note 1][‡ 4] Records of the Grand Historian mentioned neither King An Duong nor Zhao Tuo's military conquest of Âu Lạc only that after Empress Lü's death (180 BCE), Zhao Tuo used his troops to menace and his wealth to bribe the Minyue, the Western Ou, and the Luo into submission.[‡ 5] However, the campaign inspired a legend whose theme is the transfer of the turtle claw-triggered crossbow from King An Duong to Zhao Tuo. According to the myth, ownership of the crossbow conferred political power: "He who is able to hold this crossbow rules the realm; he who is not able to hold this crossbow will perish."Шаблон:Sfn

Unsuccessful on the battlefield, Zhao Tuo asked for a truce and sent his son Zhong Shi to submit to King An Dương and serve him.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn There, he and King An Duong's daughter, Mỵ Châu, fell in love and were married.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A vestige of the matrilocal organization required the husband to live in the residence of his wife's family.Шаблон:Sfn As a result, they resided at An Duong's court until Zhong Shi discovered the secrets and strategies of King An Dương.Шаблон:Sfn Meanwhile, King An Duong mistreated Cao Lỗ, and he left.Шаблон:Sfn

Zhong Shi had Mỵ Châu showed him the crossbow, at which point he secretly changed its trigger, neutralizing its special powers and rendering it useless.Шаблон:Sfn He then asked to return to his father, who thereupon launched a new attack on Âu Lạc and this time defeated King An Dương.Шаблон:Sfn History records that, with his defeat, the King was told by the turtle about his daughter's betrayal and killed his daughter for her treachery before going into the watery realm.[‡ 6]Шаблон:Sfn

Legacy

Vietnamese historians typically view the main events of the era as having roots in historical fact. However concordance of the history with Soviet doctrine of history was incomplete in the 1950s.[3] The capital of King An Dương, Cổ Loa, was the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era.Шаблон:Sfn The site consists of two outer sets of ramparts and a citadel on the inside, of rectangular shape. The moats consist of a series of streams, including the Hoang Giang River and a network of lakes that provided Cổ Loa with protection and navigation.Шаблон:Sfn Kim estimated the population of Cổ Loa possibly ranged from 5,000 to around 10,000 inhabitants.Шаблон:Sfn

In popular culture

  • The British video game Stronghold : Warlords.


See also

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Notes

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Citations

Early

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Modern

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Bibliography

Early

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Modern

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External links

Шаблон:S-start Шаблон:S-hou Шаблон:S-bef Шаблон:S-ttl Шаблон:S-aft Шаблон:S-end

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  1. ↑ As quoted in Li Daoyuan's Commentary on the Water Classic,Vol. 37
  2. ↑ Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (欽定越史通鑑綱目)
  3. ↑ Patricia M. Pelley -Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past – Page 50 2002 "who relied more on the work of Lenin — most notably Trần Quốc Vượng, Hà Văn Tấn, and Phan Huy Lê – published two pathbreaking studies, Primitive Communism and The History of Feudalism, from which they conspicuously omitted the .....proceeding instead directly from primitive communism to feudalism. Inspired by Lenin's assertions regarding the Slavic countries, historians at the university insisted that beginning with the Hùng kings and the kingdom of Văn Lang... during the reign of An Dương Vương, who ruled the kingdom of Âu Lạc, and through the early era of the Chinese occupation (from 2879 BC to 43 AD) Vietnamese society was based on primitive communism "


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