Английская Википедия:Apocalypse

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Файл:Orthodox-Apocalypse-Fresco.jpg
Apocalypse depicted in Christian Orthodox traditional fresco scenes in Osogovo Monastery, North Macedonia

Шаблон:Eschatology

Apocalypse (Шаблон:Etymology) is a literary genre in which a supernatural being reveals cosmic mysteries or the future to a human intermediary.Шаблон:Sfn The means of mediation include dreams, visions and heavenly journeys,Шаблон:Sfn and they typically feature symbolic imagery drawn from the Hebrew Bible,Шаблон:Sfn cosmological and (pessimistic) historical surveys, the division of time into periods, esoteric numerology, and claims of ecstasy and inspiration.Шаблон:Sfn Almost all are written under pseudonyms (false names), claiming as author a venerated hero from previous centuries,Шаблон:Sfn as with the Book of Daniel, composed during the 2nd century BC but bearing the name of the legendary Daniel.Шаблон:Sfn

Eschatology, from Greek eschatos, last, concerns expectations of the end of the present age,Шаблон:Sfn and apocalyptic eschatology is the application of the apocalyptic world-view to the end of the world, when God will bring judgment to the world and save his followers.Шаблон:Sfn An apocalypse will often contain much eschatological material, but need not: the baptism of Jesus in Matthew's gospel, for example, can be considered apocalyptic in that the heavens open for the presence of a divine mediator (the dove representing the spirit of God) and a voice communicates supernatural information, but there is no eschatological element.Шаблон:Sfn

Scholars have identified examples of the genre ranging from the mid-2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD,Шаблон:Sfn and examples are to be found in Persian and Greco-Roman literature as well as Jewish and Christian.Шаблон:Sfn The sole clear case in the Jewish Bible (Old Testament) is chapters 7-12 of the Book of Daniel, but there are many examples from non-canonical Jewish works;Шаблон:Sfn the Book of Revelation is the only apocalypse in the New Testament, but passages reflecting the genre are to be found in the gospels and in nearly all the genuine Pauline epistles.Шаблон:Sfn

Definition and history

"Apocalypse" has come to be used popularly as a synonym for catastrophe, but the Greek word apokálypsis, from which it is derived, means a revelation.Шаблон:Sfn It has been defined by John J Collins as "a genre of revelatory literature with a narrative framework, in which a revelation is mediated by an otherworldly being to a human recipient, disclosing a transcendent reality which is both temporal, in that it envisages eschatological salvation, and spatial, insofar as it involves another, supernatural world."Шаблон:Sfn Collins later refined his definition by adding that apocalypse "is intended to interpret present, earthly circumstances in light of the supernatural world and of the future, and to influence both the understanding and the behaviour of the audience by means of divine authority."Шаблон:Sfn

The genre of Jewish and Christian apocalypse flourished c.250 BC-250 AD, but its antecedents can be traced back much further, in the Jewish prophetic and wisdom traditions (e.g., Ezekiel 1-3 and Zechariah 1-6), and in the mythologies of the Ancient Near East, which have left a legacy of symbology (e.g., the sea as a symbol of chaos in Daniel 7 and Revelation 13:1).Шаблон:Sfn Zoroastrian dualism may also have played a role.Шаблон:Sfn The reasons for its rise are obscure, but there seems to be a connection to times of crisis, such as the 2nd century BC persecution of the Jews reflected in Daniel's final vision, or the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD reflected in 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch.Шаблон:Sfn

Characteristics

Файл:BambergApocalypseFolio019v7AngelsWith7TrumpetsAnd1WithCenser.JPG
The Seven trumpets.

Apocalyptic revelations are typically mediated through such means as dreams and visions (the ancient world did not distinguish between these), angels, and heavenly journeys.Шаблон:Sfn These serve to connect two sets of axes, the spatial axis which has God and the heavenly realm above and the human world below, and the temporal axis of the present and the future.Шаблон:Sfn The revelation thus demonstrates that God rules the visible world, and that the present days are leading to an end-time in which divine justice will be done and God's rule will become visible.Шаблон:Sfn Mythic images with their roots in texts from the Hebrew Bible and rich in symbolic meaning are a significant characteristic of the genre.Шаблон:Sfn Further characteristics include transcendentalism, mythology, pessimistic cosmological and historical surveys, dualism (including a doctrine of two ages and the division of time into periods), numerology (e.g., the "number of the beast" in Revelation), claims of ecstasy and inspiration, and esotericism.Шаблон:Sfn

With the exception of the Apocalypse of John the authors of apocalyptic works released their books under pseudonyms (false names):Шаблон:Sfn the Book of Daniel, for example, was composed during the 2nd century BC but took the name of the legendary Daniel for its hero.Шаблон:Sfn Pseudonymity may have been used to secure acceptance for the new works, to protect the real authors from reprisals, or because the authors had experienced what they believed to be genuine revelations from the famous past figure or identified with him and claimed to write on his behalf.Шаблон:Sfn

Jewish apocalypses

Canonical (including proto-apocalyptic)

Non-canonical

Christian and gnostic apocalypses

Canonical (New Testament)

Non-canonical

Gnostic

See also

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References

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Sources

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