Английская Википедия:Army of the Rhine (1791–1795)

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Infobox military unit Шаблон:Campaignbox First Coalition Шаблон:Campaignbox Rhine Campaign of 1793-94 Шаблон:Campaignbox First Coalition 1795 The Army of the Rhine (Шаблон:Lang-fr; Шаблон:Lang-de) was formed in December 1791, for the purpose of bringing the French Revolution to the German states along the Rhine River. During its first year in action (1792), under command of Adam Philippe Custine, the Army of the Rhine participated in several victories, including Mainz, Frankfurt and Speyer. Subsequently, the army underwent several reorganizations and merged with the Army of the Moselle to form the Army of the Rhine and Moselle on 20 April 1795.

Файл:Armée du Rhin (page 1).png
Organization of French Armies, 1791–1793

Revolutionary Wars

The Army of the Rhine (Armée du Rhin) was one of the main French Revolutionary armies operated in the Rhineland theater, principally in the Rhine River valley, from 1791 to 1795. At its creation, the Army of the Rhine had 88,390 men. It was formed on 14 December 1791, to defend France's eastern frontier in conjunction with two other armies, the Army of the North and the Army of the Center (name changed in October 1792 to Army of the Moselle). These armies were subdivided, fresh forces were raised and gradually grew until, by 30 April 1793, eleven armies encircled France on its coastal and the land frontiers. In October 1792, a portion of the army was used to form the Army of the Vosges but these units rejoined the Army of the Rhine on 15 March 1793.[1]

Song of Glory

In the first months of fighting, victories for France were few. Although Custine had succeeded in driving the ecclesiastical authorities from the Swiss village of Porrentruy by 27 April 1792, this singular victory was accomplished largely through the enterprises of a local uprising assisted by some advanced guard and it was the last French victory for several weeks: subsequently, the borders of France had been assaulted by the Habsburgs and their allies. At Mons (18–29 April 1792), Tournay (29 April 1792), Bavay (17 May 1792), Rumegies (19 May 1792), Florennes 28 May 1792, and La Glisuelle, a village Шаблон:Convert north of Maubeuge (11 June 1792), Austrian skirmishers repeatedly defeated French forces.Шаблон:Sfn

Although much of the spring and summer of 1792 action continued throughout in the border regions with Belgium,Шаблон:Sfn the cities along the Upper Rhine, especially the city of Strasbourg, felt under threat of invasion by the Habsburg armies massing on the east side of the Rhine River. On 25 April 1792, Philippe Friedrich Dietrich, mayor of Strasbourg, asked a guest, Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, to compose a song to rally against the Habsburg threat.Шаблон:Sfn That evening, Rouget de Lisle wrote "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin" (English: "War Song for the Army of the Rhine"),Шаблон:Sfn and dedicated the song to Marshal Nicolas Luckner, a Bavarian in French service.Шаблон:Sfn The melody soon became the rallying call to the Revolution: Allons enfants de la Patrie (Arise, children of the Fatherland)/Le jour de gloire est arrivé! (The day of glory has arrived!). It was renamed "La Marseillaise".Шаблон:Sfn

Successes under Custine's command

The French government ordered Luckner to take command of the Army of the North, and Custine replaced him as overall commander of the Army of the Rhine in Spring 1793. Under his experienced command, the Army took several important positions on the Rhine, including at Speyer, Mainz, Limburg and Frankfurt (see chart of battles below).Шаблон:Sfn

Final reorganization

On 29 December 1794, the left wing of the Army and the right wing of the Army of the Moselle combined to form the Army besieging Mainz. The rest of the Army of the Moselle united with the Army of the Rhine on 20 April, to form the Army of the Rhine and Moselle. This army united with the Army of Sambre-et-Meuse to form the Army of Germany on 29 September 1797.[2]

Principal battles

Battles of the Army of the Rhine.[3]
1792–1795
Date Battle Victor Commander
28 April 1792 Battle of Porrentruy France Adam Philippe Custine[4]
21 October 1792 1st Mainz French Custine
30 September 1792 Capture of Speyer French Custine
21 October 1792 Capture of Frankfurt French Custine
10 November 1792 Limburg French Custine, Houchard commanding the advanced guard.
2 December 1792 Frankfurt am Main Coalition Custine, GdB van Helden commanding the garrison force
14 April–23 July 1793 2nd Mainz Coalition Alexandre de Beauharnais
13 October 1793 1st Wissembourg Coalition Jean Pascal Carlenc
20 August–23 December 1793 Landau French Louis Lazare Hoche (Army of the Moselle)
Jean-Charles Pichegru (Army of the Rhine)
18 November–22 December 1793 Haguenau French Pichegru
18–22 December 1793 Fröschwiller French Hoche
26–29 December 1793 2nd Wissembourg French Hoche and Pichegru
23 May 1794 2nd Kaiserslautern Prussian-Saxon Claude Ignace François Michaud
23 May 1794 Battle of Schifferstadt French Michaud
12–13 July 1794 Schänzel French Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
17–20 September 1794 3rd Kaiserslautern Prussian-Saxon François Ignace Schaal
25 December 1794 Battle of Mannheim bridge French Martial Vachot

1793 Order of Battle

In its five-year history, the Army had several Orders of Battle. This is the OOB at the beginning of the 1793 campaign.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Col-beginШаблон:Col-2

Right wing

  • 1st and 2nd Battalions Haute-Saône
  • 2nd Battalion Nièvre
  • 4th Battalion Vosges
  • 4th Battalion Seine-et-Oise
  • 3rd Battalion Bas-Rhin
  • 2nd Battalion Puy-de-Dôme
  • 1st, 3rd Battalions Ain
  • 3rd Battalion Grenadiers de l'Indre-et-Loire
  • 2nd Battalion Rhône-et-Loire
Total 20 battalions

Center

  • Column Custine, positioned at Mainz.
  • Grenadiers (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th battalions)
  • 57th Infantry Regiment (two battalions)
  • 62nd Infantry Regiment (one battalion)
  • 82nd Infantry Regiment (one battalion)
  • National Guard
  • 2nd Battalion Ain
  • 4th Battalion Haut-Rhin
  • 9th and 10th Battalions Haute-Saône
  • 4th Battalion Calvados
  • 10th Battalion Meurthe
  • 2nd Battalion Républicque
  • 1st Battalion Chasseurs républicains
  • 3rd, 7th, and 8th Battalions Vosges
  • 5th and 6th Battalions Bas-Rhin
  • 1st Battalion Fédérés Nationaux
  • 2nd Battalion Seine-et-Oise
  • 14th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
  • 2nd Chasseurs à Cheval (light cavalry) (1 squadron)
  • 7th Chasseurs à Cheval(4 squadrons)
  • 10th Chasseurs à Cheval (5 squadrons)
Total 26 battalions, 12 squadrons

Шаблон:Col-2

Left wing

Positioned at Bingen.

Brigade Houchard
  • 7th Light Infantry Regiment (1st Battalion)
  • 36th Infantry Regiment (1 battalion)
  • 37th Infantry Regiment (1 battalion)
National Guard
  • 4th and 6th Battalions Jura
  • 2nd Battalion Haute-Rhin
  • 1st Battalion Seine-et-Loire
  • 1st and 2nd Battalions Vosges
  • 8th Chasseurs à Cheval (4 squadrons)
2nd Brigade Gilot
  • 13th Infantry Regiment
  • 48th Infantry Regiment
  • National Guard
  • 1st Battalion Haute-Rhin
  • 1st Battalion Bas-Rhin
  • 1st Battalion Correze
  • 3rd Battalion Nievre

Cavalry

  • 2nd Chasseurs à Cheval (3 squadrons)
  • 2nd Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons
  • 3rd Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
  • 9th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
  • 11th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
  • 12th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
Total 22 squadrons

Reserves

  • Grenadiers (12 companies)
  • 6th Battalion of Chasseurs
  • 2nd Infantry Regiment
  • 2nd Carbine Regiment (3 Squadrons)
  • 16th Dragoon Regiment (3 squadrons)
  • National Guard
  • 6th, 10th and 13 Battalions Vosges
  • 5th Battalion de l'Eure
  • 6th Battalion Calvados
  • 12h Battalion Haute-Saône
  • Hussards de la Liberté (unknown )
  • National Gendarmarie
Reserve totals 8 battalions, 12 squadrons, 2 platoons

Шаблон:Col-end

Commanders

Stability of command of the Army of the Rhine reflected the overall chaos of the French Revolutionary governments, especially in the years 1791–1794. Four of the generals serving in those years were guillotined (see chart below).

Commanders-in-Chief of the Army of the Rhine
1791–1795
Italics indicates general was guillotined during Reign of Terror
Date Name
14 December 1791 – 6 May 1792 Nicolas LucknerШаблон:Sfn
7 May – 20 July 1792 Alexis Magallon de la Morlière (intérim)Шаблон:Sfn
21 July – 25 December 1792 Armand Louis de Gontaut (also called "Biron") *Шаблон:Sfn
26 December 1792 – 14 March 1793, Étienne Deprez-Crassier, interim and subordinate to Adam Philippe Custine, who commanded this and the Army of the MoselleШаблон:Sfn
15 March – 17 May 1793 Custine, also commander of the Army of the Moselle until 19 April; he was removed from command of both armies on 29 July 1793, tried and executed in August.Шаблон:Sfn
18–29 May 1793 Dominique Diettmann, interim and subordinate to Jean Nicolas Houchard* Шаблон:Sfn
30 May – 17 August 1793 Alexandre de Beauharnais, provisionally and subordinate to Houchard.Шаблон:Sfn
18 August – 29 September 1793 Charles Hyacinthe Leclerc de Landremont, interim to 23 August, then provisionallyШаблон:Sfn
30 September – 1 October 1793 Louis Dominique Munnier (interim)Шаблон:Sfn
2–26 October 1793 Jean Pascal Raymond Carlenc (provisional)Шаблон:Sfn
27 October 1793 – 13 January 1794 Jean-Charles Pichegru, subordinate to Lazare HocheШаблон:Sfn
14 January 1794 – 10 April 1795 Claude Ignace François Michaud, during his absences, Jean Philippe Raymond Dorsner
4 December 1794 – 13 February 1795 Jean-Baptiste Kléber, subordinate to the Army of Mainz
14 February – 29 April 1795 François Ignace Schaal, subordinate to Army of Mainz
11–16 April 1795, Jean-Baptiste Kléber (interim)
17–19 April 1795 Jean-Charles Pichegru, during assembly of the Armies of the Rhine and Moselle

Other incarnations

An army of the Bourbon Restoration bore this name. In 1815 during the Hundred Days the V Corps – Armée du RhinШаблон:Sfn under the command of General Jean Rapp, was cantoned near Strassburg, and fought holding actions against contingents of Russians and Austrians, the largest of which was the Battle of La Suffel on fought on 28 June 1815.Шаблон:Sfn

This name was also used for the French military forces posted to Germany during the Occupation of the Rhineland (1919–1930), following the First World War.

Related people

People known to have served in this Armée include:

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Further reading

Шаблон:Use dmy dates

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
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Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  2. ↑ Orders of Battle show the same troops, under the amalgamation, reformed into these armies Шаблон:Harv.
  3. ↑ Unless otherwise noted, all information in the chart comes from Шаблон:Harvnb
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; and Шаблон:Harvnb
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