Английская Википедия:Aruna (Hittite mythology)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox deity Aruna was the god of the sea in Hittite religion. His name is identical with the Hittite word for the sea, which could also refer to bodies of water, treated as numina rather than personified deities. His worship was not widespread, and most of the known attestations of it come exclusively from the southeast of Anatolia. He was celebrated in cities such as Ḫubešna and Tuwanuwa.
While most myths about the sea found in Hititte archives have Hurrian background, compositions involving Aruna are nonetheless known. The best known example is Telipinu and the Daughter of the Sea God, where he kidnaps the Sun god of Heaven, prompting Tarḫunna to send his son Telipinu to his abode. Out of fear Aruna offers him his daughter, possibly to be identified as the goddess Ḫatepuna, as a bride. Later he demands a bride price, which Telepinu's father agrees to pay. The composition of the myth is not preserved. Aruna and the sun god also appear together in the myth of Шаблон:Ill, though here he tries to save the latter, rather than kidnap him.
Name and character
Aruna was the Hittite sea god.Шаблон:Sfn The word aruna means sea in Hittite, though according to Gernot Wilhelm it is possible that it was a loan from Hattic, as no plausible Indo-European etymology has been identified for it so far.Шаблон:Sfn The view that it originates in a pre-Indo-European language is also considered plausible by Rostislav Oreshko.Шаблон:Sfn
The sea and the deity representing it only had a marginal role in Hittite religion.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Most of the available evidence comes from southeastern Anatolia or from Zalpa in the north.Шаблон:Sfn While there is no direct evidence for a distinct cult of a sea deity in central Anatolia, Volkert Haas proposed such a tradition might have also existed in this area based on the discovery of literary texts involving Aruna which originated there.Шаблон:Sfn
In addition to references to the personified sea deity, the worship of non-personified sea as a numen is also attested in Hittite sources.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the latter case, the name was written in cuneiform without the so-called "divine determinative" (dingir), a sign used to designate theonyms.Шаблон:Sfn Known sources mention two distinct bodies of water in such a role, the "Great Sea", to be identified with the Mediterranean Sea, and the tarmana sea, possibly the Gulf of Iskenderun.Шаблон:Sfn Iyaya, a spring goddess, played a role in rites pertaining to both of them.Шаблон:Sfn Non-personified sea is also present among divine witnesses in Hittite treaties.Шаблон:Sfn Most like the Mediterranean was meant in this case.Шаблон:Sfn
Worship
In a ritual from the Middle Hittite period dedicated to the goddess Ḫuwaššanna, Aruna appears alongside Anna, Zarniza and Šarmamma.Шаблон:Sfn Collectively they were referred to with the term ḫantezziuš DINGIRMEŠ, which according to Piotr Taracha designated them as primordial deities.Шаблон:Sfn This group was worshiped in Ḫubešna (modern Ereğli).Шаблон:Sfn
A festival involving Aruna, as well as Ḫudumana (or Ḫurdumana; otherwise unattestedШаблон:Sfn) and a deity designated by the logogram IŠTAR (Shaushka in Gary Beckman's translationШаблон:Sfn), was celebrated in the city of Tuwanuwa, corresponding to later Tyana, located in the proximity of modern Bor.Шаблон:Sfn He received offerings of offal during it.Шаблон:Sfn
Queen Puduḫepa made a vow to the sea at Izziya (modern Kinet Hüyük), promising to deliver it sacrifices in exchange for delivering a certain Piyamaradu, presumed to be a warlord from western Anatolia.Шаблон:Sfn No other similar votive texts dedicated to the sea are known.Шаблон:Sfn The word is written in this text with a logogram, A.AB.BA, and without the divine determinative, but Ian Rutherford nonetheless presumes that a connection with the worship of Aruna in nearby Tuwanuwa is possible.Шаблон:Sfn He suggests that Piyamardu might have originated in Ahhiyawa, and that perhaps the Hittites saw the god of the sea as possessing a unique connection to this land.Шаблон:Sfn He also makes a tentative connection with the numerous attestations of Poseidon in Mycenean texts.Шаблон:Sfn
A "ritual of the sea" (A-NA ZAG a-ru-na-aš; CTH 436) performed by kings after return from a military campaign was supposed to affirm the continuity of the borders of their domain and eliminate impurity.Шаблон:Sfn Most likely, in this case the actual body of water is meant, rather than a personified deity.Шаблон:Sfn A form of the Anatolian weather god associated with the sea, dU arunaš, appears in this text, but is otherwise scarcely attested.Шаблон:Sfn
Mythology
In most cases myths found in Hittite archives which feature the personified sea have foreign, specifically Hurrian, origin.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn One of such examples is the Song of the Sea.Шаблон:Sfn Additionally, multiple such compositions portray the sea as an ally of Kumarbi.Шаблон:Sfn Comparisons have been made between the portrayal of the sea god in them and Yam in Ugaritic texts.Шаблон:Sfn
An exception from the aforementioned rule is the text CTH 322, which has Hittite origin.Шаблон:Sfn It is referred to as Telipinu and the Daughter of the Sea God in modern publications.Шаблон:Sfn In this composition, the sea, portrayed as a personified deity, kidnaps the Sun god of Heaven and hides him.Шаблон:Sfn As a result, the world drowns in darkness,Шаблон:Sfn which prompts Tarḫunna, the weather god, to send his firstborn son Telipinu to retrieve him.Шаблон:Sfn His arrival apparently scares Aruna, who offers him his daughter as a bride.Шаблон:Sfn} While not named in the myth, she is presumed to be one and the same as Telipinu's well attested spouse Ḫatepuna.Шаблон:Sfn The myth states that she subsequently stayed with Telepinu, and that both of them came to live with his father.Шаблон:Sfn Aruna apparently sent a messenger, possibly represented as a personified river, to demand a bride price from the storm god, prompting the latter to consult Ḫannaḫanna about the best course of action to take.Шаблон:Sfn Ḫannaḫanna advises him to pay the expected bride price, and as a result in the final preserved section of the narrative the sea god receives a thousand cattle and a thousand sheep.Шаблон:Sfn The tablet breaks off at this point, with the only other preserved line mentioning the brothers of an unspecified figure, though it is possible that the text KBo 26.128, a short fragment of a literary text in which Telipinu informs the sea god that he slept with his daughter, belongs to the same composition.Шаблон:Sfn
Aruna also plays a role in the myth of Шаблон:Ill ("frost").Шаблон:Sfn However, in this composition, the sun god is instead endangered by the aforementioned being instead, and the sea god tries to save him, as apparently he could be extinguished after falling down to earth otherwise.Шаблон:Sfn Possibly he suggests that he hide his light in a sealed container, which is then hidden underwater.Шаблон:Sfn
The text KUB 17 refers to the goddess Kamrušepa as the "mother of the sea".Шаблон:Sfn
Other references to the sea in Hittite literature
The sea could be connected to other adversaries of the gods, for example in the Illuyanka myth.Шаблон:Sfn The eponymous monster is described as the "snake of the sea" (arunaš mušilluyanka).Шаблон:Sfn Occasionally the sea was a metaphorical designation of distant locations or borders of the Hittite realm, as in the case of a ritual stating that the goddesses Istustaya and Papaya lived on its shores.Шаблон:Sfn The sea was also believed to be the residence of three goddesses bearing the name Ammama, presumably related to the traditions of the city of Zalpa,Шаблон:Sfn though their point of origin might have been the Mediterranean coast.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Citation
