Английская Википедия:Autoroutes of France

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Sign used denote the start of an Autoroute

Файл:France autoroutes map-fr.svg
Map of French autoroutes in 2012

The autoroute (Шаблон:IPA-fr, highway or motorway) system in France consists largely of toll roads (76% of the total). It is a network of Шаблон:Convert of motorways as of 2014. On road signs, autoroute destinations are shown in blue, while destinations reached through a combination of autoroutes are shown with an added autoroute logo. Toll autoroutes are signalled with the word péage (toll or toll plaza).

Файл:French A1.jpg
The French autoroute A1
Файл:French Autoroute.jpg
A French motorway.
Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Source: Observatoire national interministériel de la sécurité routière.[1]

Length

Network length (Privately managed & national statistics)
Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Source ASFA.,[2] ASFA 2018;[3] Eurostat (road_if_motorwa serie)[4]

Numbering scheme

Unlike other motorway systems, there is no systematic numbering system, but there is a clustering of Autoroute numbers based on region.

A1, A3, A4, A5, A6, A10, A13, A14, A15, A16 radiate clockwise from Paris, with A2, A11, and A12 branching from A1, A10, and A13, respectively. A7 begins in Lyon, where A6 ends. A8 and A9 begin from the A7.

The 20s are found in northern France. The 30s are found in eastern France. The 40s are found near the Alps. The 50s are in the southeast, near the French Riviera . The 60s are found in southern France. The 70s are found in the center of the country. The 80s are found in western France.

Named routes

Шаблон:More citations needed Autoroutes are often given a name, even if these are not very used:

  • A1 is the autoroute du Nord (Northern motorway).
  • A4 is the autoroute de l'Est (Eastern motorway).
  • A6 and A7 are autoroutes du Soleil (Motorways of the Sun), as both lead from northern France to the sunny beach resorts of southern France.
  • A8 is named La provençale as it cross the geographical region of Provence.
  • A9 is named La Languedocienne as it crosses the geographic region of Languedoc and also La Catalane because it leads to the region Catalonia in Spain
  • A10 is named L'Aquitaine because it leads to Bordeaux and the region Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
  • A11 is named L'Oceane because it leads to the Atlantic Ocean (Nantes)
  • A13 is named the autoroute de Normandie as it traverses the region Normandy.
  • A16 is named L'Européenne (the European) because it connects Paris with several European destinations such as the Belgium–France border, as well as Calais, which is connected with England.
  • A20 is named L'occitane as it leads to the region Occitanie in south-west France.
  • A21 is named the rocade minière (mining road) because it crosses the Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin, the largest mining stub in France.
  • A26 is named the autoroute des Anglais (motorway of the English) as it connects Calais, the main point of arrival for cars and lorries from the UK, before continuing to Troyes, and through the Champagne region, whose wines are loved by the British. In addition, it passes near the sites of the most famous battles fought by the British Army in World War I, such as Arras, Cambrai, and the Somme and not far from Ypres and Mons in Belgium. It also passes sites of earlier UK interest such as Crecy and The Field of the Cloth of Gold.
  • A35 is called l'Alsacienne or autoroute des Cigognes (Storks' motorways) as it passes only through the historical region of Alsace, for whom storks are a cultural symbol
  • A36 is called la Comtoise after the old region Franche Comté
  • A40 is named the autoroute blanche (white motorway) as it connects the French winter resort towns and the Alps.
  • The A61 and A62 are named autoroute des deux mers (the two seas motorway) because these roads connect the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea from Bordeaux via Toulouse to Narbonne.
  • A68 is called autoroute du Pastel because it leads to Albi and to the Lauragais where woad was cultivated to produce pastel.
  • A71 is called L'Arverne.
  • A75 is called La Méridienne.
  • A77 is called Autoroute de l'Arbre.
  • A84 is called Autoroute des Estuaires. It is part of the main route between Belgium and Spain, avoiding Paris.
  • A104, one of Paris's beltways, is also known as La Francilienne because it circles the region of Ile-de-France.

Administration

The status of motorways in France has been the subject of debate through years, from their construction until recently. Originally, the autoroutes were built by private companies mandated by the French government and followed strict construction rules as described below. They are operated and maintained by mixed companies held in part by private interests and in part by the state. Those companies hold concessions, which means that autoroutes belong to the French state and their administration to semi-private companies. Vinci controls around Шаблон:Convert of motorway. The different companies are as follows:

Only in the Brittany region do most of the autoroutes belong to the government. They are operated by the regional council and are free from tolls.

Privately managed
Шаблон:Graph:Chart Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Source ASFA[2]

Safety on French autoroutes

Motorway Speed Limits

France has the following speed limits for limited access roads classified as motorways:

Limited access roads classified as express roads have lower speed limit (Шаблон:Convert).

In normal conditions, there is a minimum speed of Шаблон:Convert in the leftmost lane. There is no minimum speed on the others lanes, however the speed must be adapted to the conditions and not constitute a hazard by being too low.

Safe design

Файл:Dynamic Information on French Autoroute.jpg
Dynamic information panel used on the French Autoroute.

The autoroutes are designed to increase driver safety and allow for higher speed limits (Шаблон:Convert) than on regular roads (Шаблон:Convert) without increasing the risk of accidents.

The safety features include:

  • one way driving: the lanes driving in the opposite direction are separated by at least a crash barrier designed to resist the oblique impact of a car at up to Шаблон:Convert; there are no intersecting roads but overpasses and underpasses;
  • wider carriageways, with at least 2 (often 3) lanes driving in the same direction, with a larger turning radius - some recently built autoroutes have one-lane-only sections; for privately operated motorways, in 2017, the proportion is 6800 km (74%) in 2x2 lanes, 2252 km (25%) in 2x3 lanes, 84 km (1%) in 2x4 lanes.[2] Each lane is 3.5m wide.[5]
  • long entrance and exit ramps or slip roads to get in or out of the autoroute without disturbing the traffic;
  • an emergency lane, where it is forbidden to drive (except for emergency services), to park (except in case of emergency) and to walk;[6] Since 2000, new emergency lanes on newly built motorways should be 2.5m wide (or 3m if there are more than 2000 trucks a day). According to the 2000 standard, the emergency lane must be included in a 10m wide (8.5m for sections limited to 110 km/h) security zone without obstacles (in case the security zone includes an upwards slope, it is limited to the line where the slope reaches a height of 3m).[5]
  • presence of emergency call boxes every Шаблон:Convert on each side, that allow to call for help with the possibility to locate the call; some call boxes have flashing light that warn when there is a problem ahead;
Sign indicating a picnic place in an aire de repos.
Sign indicating a picnic place in an aire de repos.
  • rest areas (aire de repos, i.e. car park with public toilets) every Шаблон:Convert (4–6 minutes of driving) and service areas (aire de service with a least a gas station) every Шаблон:Convert (20–30 minutes of driving) - on most recently built autoroutes these distances may be longer, up to 30/60km;
  • regularly patrolling security services, to clear any obstacle and protect drivers in trouble (usually a breakdown or a flat tyre) with appropriate warning signs and beacons;
  • dynamic information panels that warn about possible difficulties ahead (e.g. accident, roadworks, traffic jam);
  • a radio station (107.7 MHz in FM) provides traffic information bulletins every 15 minutes (with a report in English in certain areas) and breaking news for emergencies;
  • on heavy traffic days (e.g. beginning and end of school holidays), specific information and recreation events may be organised in rest areas;
  • radars automatiques (speed cameras) are installed in many locations, and announced by a specific road sign.

Safety results

Fatalities on motorways have decreased between 2002 and 2016.

Fatalities
Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Source ASFA[7][8]

Fatalities accidents scenario

On French motorways, in 2016, 121 fatal accidents are direct/initial accidents representing 82% of fatal accidents, 16 (11%) fatal accidents occurs after a previous accident, and 10 (7%) fatal accidents occur after an incident.[8]

Three scenarios catch two-thirds of initial accidents:[8]

  • A01 simple collision of two vehicle without direction change
  • A06 crash on protection system such as safety traffic barrier
  • A05 loss of vehicle control

Fatalities and accidents remaining factors

Most of fatalities occur by night.

Fatal accident by Light condition Fatal accident cause
Шаблон:Graph:Chart Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Source Sécurité routière[9] Source ASFA[2]

Several factor of accidents are more highly probable by night in proportion to the traffic, although inattentiveness remains risky during the day.

Influence of time on the risk of accident (% of accidents divided by % of traffic)
Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Source ASFA[8]

Young drivers

Young drivers between 18 and 34 years old represent 19% of motorway drivers, but they are overrepresented in fatal motor vehicle collisions[7] and are involved in more than half of fatal accidents.[7]

Involvement of young drivers in 2016, in fatal accidents
young drivers in dangerous manoeuvre young drivers in inattentiveness young drivers in excessive speeding
Шаблон:Graph:Chart Шаблон:Graph:Chart Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Source ASFA[7]

Pedestrians

Although pedestrians are forbidden on motorways in conformity with the Vienna Convention, they are still sometimes killed on motorways.

In case a vehicle on a carriage cannot move, motorways safety rules remains applicable: it is forbidden for a pedestrian to travel on the motorway by article 421-2 from the "Code de la route" law.[10] For this reason, in case of accident or breakdown, it is advised to turn on hazard warning lights, wear high-visibility clothing, and go in a safer place such as the other side from the traffic barrier where there is no traffic. Since 2008, it is clarified that warning triangles are no longer mandatory when they would endanger the driver of the disabled vehicle.[11]

Pedestrians killed in 2016
Place where pedestrians are killed Reason for pedestrian presence
Шаблон:Graph:Chart Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Source ASFA

Economics

Barrière de péage
Toll barrier in Hordain (north of France), on autoroute A2

The toll roads were granted as concessions to mixed-economy corporations; the free roads are directly administered by the national government. Tolls are either based on a flat-rate for access to the road or on the distance driven. The latter case is the most common for long distances; users take a ticket from an automatic machine when they enter the autoroute, and pay according to the distance when exiting; toll booths accept multiple payment methods.

Sign indicating a péage.
Sign indicating a péage.

In 2005, the Villepin government proposed a controversial plan to sell all of the state's holdings in autoroute companies to private investors. Critics contend that the price announced is well below the profit forecasts for these companies, and thus that the government sacrifices the future to solve current budgetary problems.[12]

Mode of payment
Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Source ASFA[2][3]

List of Autoroutes

Шаблон:Routelist top Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist row Шаблон:Routelist bottom

Others

Файл:Autoroute A10.jpg
A10 autoroute near Paris
Файл:A13 Giberville.jpg
A13 in the outskirts of Caen

Radio coverage

Файл:107.7coverage.png
The complete coverage map of FM 107.7.

The FM 107.7 radio coverage is available in 2017 on 8902 kilometres of the (ASFA) network.[3] This is list of highways that are updated in 107.7 FM every 15 minutes, live 24/7 (if the highway is said alone, it means that the station covers all around it):

Sanef 107.7 (1850km)

Nord
  • A1: Roissy-en-France - Carvin
  • A2: A1 - Hordain
  • A16: L'Isle-d'Adam - Boulogne-sur-Mer
  • A26: Calais - Saint-Quentin
  • A29: Neufchâtel-en-Bray - Saint-Quentin
Est
Ouest
  • A13: Orgeval - Caen
  • A14: Carrières-sur-Seine - Orgeval
  • A29: (Beuzeville - Saint-Saëns; outside Normandy)
  • A132
  • A139
  • A154
  • A813

Autoroute INFO (2487km)

Centre-Est (live from Dijon)
  • A5: Lieusant - Langres
  • A6: Fleury-en-Bière - Limonest
  • A19: Courtenay - Sens
  • A26: northern Troyes - southern Troyes
  • A31: Beaune - Toul
  • A36: Beaune - Mulhouse
  • A39: Dijon - Bourg-en-Bresse
  • A40: Mâcon - Bellegarde
  • A46: Anse - Vaulx-en-Velin
  • A71: Bourges - Clermont-Ferrand
  • A77: A6 - Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire
  • A105
  • A311
  • A391
  • A406
  • A411
  • A430
  • A714
Rhône-Alpes (live from Chambéry)
  • A40: Bellegarde - Le Fayet
  • A41: Genève - Chambéry - Grenoble
  • A42: Bourg-en-Bresse - Vaulx-en-Velin
  • A43: Saint-Priest - Chambéry - Tunnel du Fréjus
  • A48: Bourgoin-Jallieu - Saint-Égrève
  • A49
  • A51: Le Pont de Claix - Col du Fau

Environment

99% of the privately managed network is protected by natural fencing.[3]

Privately managed motorways have 1764 wildlife crossing structures.[3]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commonscatinline

Шаблон:Autoroutes Шаблон:Motorways in Europe

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Bilan de l'accidentalité de l'année 2015
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 http://www.autoroutes.fr/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/ASFA_cles17.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 http://www.autoroutes.fr/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/ASFA_Chiffres_Cles18%282%29.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
  4. ↑ https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ttr00002/default/table?lang=en
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ by definition motorways are forbidden to pedestrians
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 http://www.autoroutes.fr/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/Chiffres%20cl%C3%A9s%20accidents%20mortels%202016.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 http://www.autoroutes.fr/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/Analyse%20des%20accidents%20mortels%20et%20corporels%202016%201.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Press release of 12-14-2005 Шаблон:Webarchive
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Autoroutes_of_France&oldid=13328546