Английская Википедия:Basilica of Saint-Quentin
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox religious building
The Basilica of Saint-Quentin (Шаблон:Lang-fr), formerly the Collegiate Church of Saint-Quentin (Шаблон:Lang-fr) is a Catholic church in the town of Saint-Quentin, Aisne, France. There have been religious buildings on the site since the 4th century AD, which were repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt during the Early Middle Ages. The present basilica was constructed in stages between the 12th and 15th centuries. It was severely damaged in World War I (1914–18), and was only reopened in 1956 after extensive reconstruction.
Origins
The town of Saint-Quentin has been identified with the Roman city of Augusta Veromandurorum, a commercial center at an important crossroads. It takes its present name from the Christian missionary Saint Caius Quintinus, who was beheaded there in 287 AD.Шаблон:Sfn Legend says the body was found many years later in the nearby marches of the River Somme by a Roman widow named Eusebia. She reburied the remains at the top of the hill at the center of the present town and built a small shrine to the martyr. Excavations round the crypt of the present church have indeed found traces of a building from this date.Шаблон:Sfn
Some sources say the town became the seat of a bishopric around 365, but after barbarians destroyed it in 531 the bishop moved to Noyon.Шаблон:Sfn The chapel is listed as a pilgrimage destination by Gregory of Tours (Шаблон:Circa–594). Saint Eligius (Шаблон:Circa–660), Bishop of Noyon and counselor to Dagobert I, Merovingian king of France, rediscovered the tomb in the 7th century "under the pavement of the basilica". There are records of Saint Eligius having enlarged the building. Remains of a floor from this period have been found near the crypt.Шаблон:Sfn A large fragment of mosaic has been preserved.Шаблон:Sfn
The first community of monks was established in or around Saint-Quentin by the mid-7th century, probably by Irish monks with the backing of the bishops of Noyon. The bishops claimed ecclesiastic jurisdiction over most of Vermandois, including Saint-Quentin.Шаблон:Sfn The church was rebuilt with the assistance of Charlemagne (Шаблон:Circa–814), and consecrated by Pope Stephen IV (r. 816–817).Шаблон:Sfn There may have been two churches in the early Middle Ages, one dedicated to Saint Quentin and the other to the Virgin Mary. Archaeologists have found the remains of walls from the Carolingian period, when the location was a flourishing monastery and pilgrimage site.Шаблон:Sfn Limited archaeological investigations indicate that the crypt in the section of the nave between the two transepts may have replaced a Carolingian crypt with a circular corridor.Шаблон:Sfn
The church was burned down by the Normans in 816, rebuilt in 824 and burned down again in 883.Шаблон:Sfn The site was fortified after 883.Шаблон:Sfn In 900 the bodies of Saint-Quentin and two other saints were placed in stone sarcophagi in a newly constructed crypt.Шаблон:Sfn In the 10th century the Herbertian counts of Vermandois, principally Adalbert I (Albert the Pious Шаблон:Circa–987), replaced the monks with a congregation of secular canons. The counts claimed the title of abbot, and were overlords of the church.Шаблон:Sfn A dean administered the collegiate church. The dean was appointed by the count and reported only to the count, not to the bishop of Noyon and then to the archbishop of Reims.Шаблон:Sfn There are records of rebuilding in the mid-10th century.Шаблон:Sfn The church was damaged during local warfare in 1102–03. At one time Count Raoul of Vermandois (Шаблон:Circa–52) was thought to have rebuilt the church, but this now seems unlikely.Шаблон:Sfn
The canons of the collegiate chapter lived in separate houses within the church precincts, and most were not ordained priests. Often they were property owners and businessmen from noble families and main role was to administer the chapter's property. By 1200 the chapter was large and prosperous, with 72 canons. The semi-independent counts of Vermandois were originally closely associated with the County of Flanders, but gradually came under French control, a process that was completed when Eleanor of Vermadois died in 1214. That year Cardinal Robert of Courçon instituted a reform whereby ordained parish priests in nine parish churches would administer the sacraments, independent of the chapter, although they would pay the chapter a portion of their fees for baptisms, marriages and funerals.Шаблон:Sfn The construction of the huge new collegiate church may have been motivated in part by a desire of the collegiate chapter to reassert its authority after loss of jurisdiction to the town authorities and the parish priests.Шаблон:Sfn
History
Construction
A tower, now the bell tower, was started around 1170.Шаблон:Sfn It was completed between 1195 and 1200.Шаблон:Sfn Around 1190 the canons decided to build a more imposing church to welcome the growing numbers of pilgrims.Шаблон:Sfn The apse was completed in 1205.Шаблон:Sfn The apse was some distance to the east of the tower. Construction then continued westward from the apse towards the 12th-century tower, which eventually became the entrance to the collegiate church.Шаблон:Sfn
There were frequent disputes between the chapter and the Bishops of Noyon, whose authority they refused to recognize. In the early 1220s Bishop Gérard de Bazoches placed the chapter under interdict, but in 1228 Pope Gregory IX rescinded the interdict. That year Nicolas de Roye, who was related to several of the canons, became the new bishop after Gérard's death.Шаблон:Sfn Later in 1228 the relics of Saint Quentin, Saint Victoric of Amiens and Saint Cassian of Auxerre were moved from the old crypt to a temporary location in the nave.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn The remains of the saints were exposed for veneration. Their heads, hands and arms were detached from their bodies, and each body part was placed in its own reliquary. After completion of the sanctuary the reliquaries were placed behind the high altar. The crypt, its tombs now empty, was preserved as a sacred place.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn
A synod was held in the church in August 1231. The archbishop sat in the center of the apse, with the bishops of Soissons, Beauvais, Noyon, Tournai and Senlis to his left, and the bishops of Laon, Châlons, Amiens, Thérouanne and Arras to his right.Шаблон:Sfn In 1257 Louis IX of France (1214–70) (Saint Louis) attended a great ceremony in which the relics of the saint were translated to the choir. The choir was mostly completed at that time apart from the high windows, which were built in the last third of the 13th century.Шаблон:Sfn
Construction proceeded slowly due to lack of funds and structural problems. In 1316 the master mason Jean Le Bel had to strengthen the pillars of the choir. His successor, Gilles Largent, repaired the cracked vaults in 1394.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn In 1417 Louis XI of France (1423–83) donated 1,000 gold crowns to completely rebuild the south arm of the small transept, which was at risk of collapsing. The large transept was completed in the middle of the 15th century.Шаблон:Sfn The nave was completed in 1456, finally linking the apse to the 12th-century tower of St. Michel. The portal in the tower was completed in 1477.Шаблон:Sfn In 1509 foundations were laid for a massive facade with two towers to replace the existing entrance tower, but this project was soon abandoned due to lack of funds.Шаблон:Sfn
Fire, war and revolution
The building was damaged by a large fire in 1545, and by another fire during the Spanish siege of 1557. There was yet another fire in 1669. During the French Revolution (1789–99) the building was damaged by Jacobins who converted it into a Temple of Reason, then a fodder store and a stable. The building was given a Monument historique classification in 1840. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) the building damaged by 18 shells on 19 January 1871. The building was designated a minor basilica in 1876 by Pope Pius IX.Шаблон:Sfn
During World War I (1914–18) the city was occupied by German forces on 28 August 1914. The priest managed to hide the most valuable possessions. On 1 July 1916 an allied airplane dropped a bomb on the railway station, which ignited a wagon of explosives. Great damage was done to the buildings of the city by the explosion, and seven of the large windows of the basilica were broken. The city was evacuated on 15 March 1917. The church roof was destroyed by fire on 15 August 1917.Шаблон:Sfn
When French forces recaptured Saint-Quentin on 1 October 1918 they arrested a German engineer who was preparing to blow up the severely damaged building. 93 holes had been made in the walls and pillars and filled with explosives for this purpose. By then the vaulting of the central nave had completely collapsed. Parts of the flying buttresses had been destroyed, and the walls and buttresses had many breaches. There was a risk that falls of unstable masonry could trigger larger collapses.Шаблон:Sfn
Modern reconstruction
Reconstruction of the basilica began in 1919, directed by the Historical Monuments Commission.Шаблон:Sfn Emile Brunet was charged with reconstruction. As a first step about Шаблон:Convert of cut stone and rubble were cleared by German prisoners of war. Some further damage was caused to carvings and decorations in the process. Specialized workers undertook urgent reinforcements of masonry, and parts of damaged sculptures were stored for later restoration. A temporary roof was built to protect the structure from weather, covered by fibro-cement and Ruberoid sheeting.Шаблон:Sfn
It took 25 years to complete the basic restoration.Шаблон:Sfn The surviving 13th-century stained glass windows were reinstalled in 1948, with modern windows made by Hector de Pétigny (1904–92) to replace those that were missing, The restored basilica was reopened for worship in 1956. The steeple over the transept crossing was only finished in 1983.Шаблон:Sfn Further restoration work was undertaken in 2006 to clean the walls and restore the gatehouse to its state at the end of the 17th century.Шаблон:Sfn
Building
Dimensions
The basilica is the largest religious building in Picardy after Amiens Cathedral.Шаблон:Sfn It is Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert high. The nave is Шаблон:Convert wide. There are 110 windows. The 1976 steeple gives the building Шаблон:Convert of height.Шаблон:Sfn The entrance tower is Шаблон:Convert high.Шаблон:Sfn The interior is Шаблон:Convert long, Шаблон:Convert wide, and rises to Шаблон:Convert below the vault.Шаблон:Sfn
Exterior
The building has a bold design with flamboyant details. It shows the evolution of the Gothic style during its lengthy construction period. It has a square tower above the transept crossing topped by a slender steeple that was installed in 1983. The entrance to the church dates from the 9th century. It was once part of the Carolingian church, and has been extensively modified. It now has three levels above the semi-circular entrance.Шаблон:Sfn There is a chapel dedicated to Saint Michael above the entrance passage.Шаблон:Sfn The central section of the building is braced by flying buttresses and by the side aisles.Шаблон:Sfn The two transepts, of unequal width, add to the monumental strength of the building. The facade of the north arm is attributed to Gilles Largent, and is notable for its sober composition.Шаблон:Sfn
Interior
The nave is built to a conventional 12th-century plan with three levels: arcades, triforium and high windows. The great high window is crowned by a magnificent star with five branches. The rich medieval decoration of the interior has been lost.Шаблон:Sfn The floor of the nave has an octagonal labyrinth of black and white paving stones from the late 15th century, Шаблон:Convert in length. The pilgrim was invited to follow the complex course of black stones before opening his soul to God. One wall of the nave has a half relief stone sculpture of the Tree of Jesse, the genealogy of Christ, from the 16th century.Шаблон:Sfn
To the east of the main transept there are four straight bays of choir and then a second, narrower transept. The curved structure of the east end extends from this transept. The choir and chevet assembly was probably built between around 1220 to 1257. The double-transept plan is found in the Cluny Abbey church of 1088, but is otherwise very unusual in France. The concept seems to have come from England, where it was becoming popular at the time.Шаблон:Sfn The south branch of the small transept was almost ruined in 1460, and was completely rebuilt by Colard Noël in Flamboyant Gothic style. The north branch is mostly the original 13th-century structure, although the windows were remodeled in the 15th century.Шаблон:Sfn
The ambulatory has a scalloped eastern wall from which five radiating chapels open. Each chapel is round, with independent dome-like vaulting and is lower than the ambulatory, so a clerestory above the chapels can illuminate the ambulatory.Шаблон:Sfn The chapels, built around 1190, are each brightly lit by seven windows. They each open onto the ambulatory through three arches divided by two columns.Шаблон:Sfn
Organ
The organ was completely destroyed by fire in 1669.Шаблон:Sfn A new grand organ was donated by Louis XIV of France, completed in 1703. It fills the space above the last bay of the nave.Шаблон:Sfn The organ case was built by Robert Clicquot between 1699 and 1703.Шаблон:Sfn The cabinet was drawn by Jean Bérain. Its rich design incorporates large seraphim angels with outstretched wings, cherub musicians and a medallion representing the Assumption of the Virgin supported by two angels. There is a statue of the apostle Quentin on the central turret, executed by Pierre Vaideau, one of the king's carpenters. The support platform was made by the local sculptor Girard de la Motte.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1840 Antoine Sauvage, a follower of Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, undertook a full restoration. He installed a Barker machine and made changes that reflected the new romantic aesthetic. In 1917 the piping was melted, the mechanism destroyed and the cabinet seriously damaged.Шаблон:Sfn The cabinet was rebuilt during the restoration of the basilica. Haerpfer-Erman of Boulay-Moselle, was given the job of reconstructing the organ in 1961, and the new organ was inaugurated on 27–28 May 1967. It has four keyboards with 61 notes and a pedal with 32 notes.Шаблон:Sfn
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Ruined interior 18 October 1918
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Nave
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Organ
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Crucifixion
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Tree of Jesse
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Art Deco window
Notes
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite journal
Further reading
Шаблон:Basilicas in France Шаблон:Authority control
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