Английская Википедия:Bois Protat
The woodblock fragment Bois Protat (Шаблон:IPA-fr ("Protat wood[block]"); also Protat block or Protat woodblock, Шаблон:Circa) is a fragmentary woodblock for printing, and the images on it are the oldest surviving woodcut images from the Western world. It is cut on both sides, with a scene from Christ's crucifixion on the recto, and a kneeling angel from a presumed Annunciation scene on the verso. The crucifixion scene likely consisted of three or more blocks; the surviving block fragment features Longinus the Roman centurion at the Crucifixion, shown speaking with a banderole, a mediaeval precursor to the modern speech balloon containing his words.
The Bois ProtatШаблон:'s name comes from the Mâconnais printer Jules Protat who acquired the block after its discovery in 1898 near La Ferté Abbey in Saône-et-Loire, France, where it was wedged under a stone floor. Because of such poor preservation, only a quarter of the block has survived, and only one side was able to withstand making prints at the time of discovery. It is kept in the Department of Prints and Photographs at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, the National Library of France in Paris.
Description
A Шаблон:ConvertШаблон:Sfnm fragment remains of the Bois Protat, a walnut woodblock engraved on both sides for printing on cloth or paper.Шаблон:Sfn One side is a fragment of a Crucifixion scene. Part of the cross with the left arm of Christ is visible; to the right two Roman soldiers and a centurion stand speaking. A phylactery, or speech scroll, emanates from the centurion's mouth and contains the Latin text, "Шаблон:Lang" ("This was really the son of God"), as written in the Vulgate translation of Matthew Шаблон:Bibleref2-nb. On the reverse side remains a kneeling angel, probably part of an Annunciation scene.Шаблон:Sfn
Judging from the Crucifixion fragment, coming from a very commonly depicted scene, it is thought that only a quarter to a third of the original block remains. The surface of the complete scene is believed to have been about Шаблон:Convert, which is larger than contemporary paper sizes,Шаблон:Efn indicating it may have been intended for printing on cloth,Шаблон:Sfn as was already common with patterns for clothing textiles. It is usually thought that it was intended for printing cloth altar frontals or hangings.Шаблон:Sfn It is rare for such a block to be carved with images on both sides,Шаблон:Sfn and was likely not intended to be printed using a press, as that would have defaced one side.Шаблон:Sfn
Background
Relief printing, in the form of woodblocks, originated in China. The earliest examples were printed on cloth; paper prints followed the invention of paper Шаблон:Circa. Most printed images were religious Buddhist scenes,Шаблон:Sfn and the method was also the method used for texts of all sorts.
The Bois Protat is the earliest surviving example of the 14th-century arrival of woodblock printing in Europe.Шаблон:Sfnm The technology did not become widespread until the 15th century, when paper became readily available. Prints tended to be religious; they were more affordable to most people than devotional paintings, and often illustrated religious books. Playing cards and other secular prints were also popular. From the mid-15th century woodcuts were combined with Gutenberg's moveable type; particularly in Germany, woodcuts appeared by master artists such as Albrecht Dürer, and the form enjoyed a high level of artistry.Шаблон:Sfn
History
The Bois Protat was discovered in 1898Шаблон:Sfn in France in a corner of masonry in a house in Laives in the department of Saône-et-Loire, which had been a dependency of the Abbey of La Ferté until the abbey was destroyed in 1793 during the French Revolution.Шаблон:Sfn The board suffered from pressure and humidity,Шаблон:Sfn as it was wedged under pavement.Шаблон:Sfn
After its discovery the block was purchased by Mâconnais printer and collector Jules Protat (1852–1906), and came to be called Шаблон:Lang ("the Protat block").Шаблон:Sfn Jules Protat made some test prints on China paper, one of which he exhibited at the 1900 World's Fair in Paris. The block is not in a state to withstand repeated printings, as three-quarters of the original has been lost to damage from humidity and insects; the reverse especially has not held up well,Шаблон:Sfn and is not in a condition suitable for making impressions.Шаблон:Sfn The curator of prints at the National Library of France Henri Bouchot published a study on the block in 1902 called Шаблон:Lang ("An Ancestor of Wood Engraving").Шаблон:Sfn Though some contested his conclusions, Bouchot dated the work to the 14th century based on technical details such as the style of art, the Uncial script of the centurion's speech, and the costumes and weapons of the centurion and soldiers.Шаблон:Sfn No historical impressions (prints) made from the block are known, but other early woodcuts have been attributed to the same artist.Шаблон:Sfn
For some time the Bois Protat remained in Protat's family before it was entrusted to Bouchot.Шаблон:Sfn In 2001 it was donated to the National Library of France.Шаблон:Sfn
Notes
References
Works cited
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Dead linkШаблон:ISBN?
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External links
- Английская Википедия
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- 14th-century works
- Annunciation in Christian art
- Prints depicting the Crucifixion of Jesus
- French art
- Woodcuts
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