Английская Википедия:Bowery

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Attached KML Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox street

Файл:The Bowery around 1910.jpg
Looking north from Grand Street, showing the tracks of the Third Avenue Elevated, Шаблон:Circa

The Bowery (Шаблон:IPAc-en)[1][2] is a street and neighborhood in Lower Manhattan in New York City, United States. The street runs from Chatham Square at Park Row, Worth Street, and Mott Street in the south to Cooper Square at 4th Street in the north.[3] The eponymous neighborhood runs roughly from the Bowery east to Allen Street and First Avenue, and from Canal Street north to Cooper Square/East Fourth Street.[4][5][6] The neighborhood roughly overlaps with Little Australia. To the south is Chinatown, to the east are the Lower East Side and the East Village, and to the west are Little Italy and NoHo.[6][7] It has historically been considered a part of the Lower East Side of Manhattan.[8]

In the 17th century, the road branched off Broadway north of Fort Amsterdam at the tip of Manhattan to the homestead of Peter Stuyvesant, director-general of New Netherland. The street was known as Bowery Lane prior to 1807.[9] "Bowery" is an anglicization of the Dutch Шаблон:Lang, derived from an antiquated Dutch word for "farm": In the 17th century the area contained many large farms.[3]

The New York City Subway's Bowery station, serving the BMT Nassau Street Line (Шаблон:NYCS trains), is located close to the Bowery's intersection with Delancey and Kenmare Streets. There is a tunnel under the Bowery intended for use by a never-built subway extension.[10][11] The M103 bus runs on the entire Bowery.

History

Файл:NYC1776.jpg
The Bowery (unmarked), leading to the "Road to Kings Bridge, where the Rebels mean to make a Stand" in a British map of 1776

Colonial and Federal periods

The Bowery is the oldest thoroughfare on Manhattan Island, preceding European intervention as a Lenape footpath, which spanned roughly the entire length of the island, from north to south.[12] When the Dutch settled Manhattan island, they named the path Bouwerie road – "bouwerie" (or later "bouwerij") being an old Dutch word for "farm"[13] – because it connected farmlands and estates on the outskirts to the heart of the city in today's Wall Street/Battery Park area.

In 1654, the Bowery's first residents settled in the area of Chatham Square; ten freedmen and their wives set up cabins and a cattle farm there. Petrus Stuyvesant, the last Dutch governor of New Amsterdam before the English took control, retired to his Bowery farm in 1667. After his death in 1672, he was buried in his private chapel. His mansion burned down in 1778 and his great-grandson sold the remaining chapel and graveyard, now the site of the Episcopal church of St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery.[14]

In her Journal of 1704–05, Sarah Kemble Knight describes the Bowery as a leisure destination for residents of New York City in December:

Their Diversions in the Winter is Riding Sleys about three or four Miles out of Town, where they have Houses of entertainment at a place called Bowery, and some go to friends Houses who handsomely treat them. [...] I believe we mett 50 or 60 slays that day – they fly with great swiftness and some are so furious that they'le turn out of the path for none except a Loaden Cart. Nor do they spare for any diversion the place affords, and sociable to a degree, they'r Tables being as free to their Naybours as to themselves.[15]

By 1766, when John Montresor made his detailed plan of New York,[16] "Bowry Lane", which took a more north-tending track at the rope walk, was lined for the first few streets with buildings that formed a solid frontage, with market gardens behind them; when Lorenzo Da Ponte, the librettist for Mozart's Don Giovanni, The Marriage of Figaro, and Così fan tutte, immigrated to New York City in 1806, he briefly ran one of the shops along the Bowery, a fruit and vegetable store. In 1766, straight lanes led away at right angles to gentlemen's seats, mostly well back from the dusty "Road to Albany and Boston", as it was labeled on Montresor's map; Nicholas Bayard's was planted as an avenue of trees. James Delancey's grand house, flanked by matching outbuildings, stood behind a forecourt facing Bowery Lane; behind it was his parterre garden, ending in an exedra, clearly delineated on the map.

Файл:The Bull's Head Tavern in the Bowery (NYPL b13476046-423030).jpg
The Bull's Head Tavern in the Bowery, 1801 – Шаблон:Circa

The Bull's Head Tavern was noted for George Washington's having stopped there for refreshment before riding down to the waterfront to witness the departure of British troops in 1783. Leading to the Post Road, the main route to Boston, the Bowery rivaled Broadway as a thoroughfare; as late as 1869, when it had gained the "reputation of cheap trade, without being disreputable" it was still "the second principal street of the city".[17]

Early growth

As the population of New York City continued to grow, its northern boundary continued to shift northward, and by the early 1800s the Bowery was no longer a farming area outside the city. The street gained in respectability and elegance, becoming a broad boulevard, as well-heeled and famous people moved their residences there, including Peter Cooper, the industrialist and philanthropist.[3] The Bowery began to rival Fifth Avenue as an address.[3]

When Lafayette Street was opened parallel to the Bowery in the 1820s, the Bowery Theatre was founded by rich families on the site of the Red Bull Tavern, which had been purchased by Andrew Morris and John Jacob Astor; it opened in 1826 and was the largest auditorium in North America at the time.[3] Across the way the Bowery Amphitheatre was erected in 1833, specializing in the more populist entertainments of equestrian shows and circuses. From stylish beginnings, the tone of Bowery Theatre's offerings matched the slide in the social scale of the Bowery itself.

Economic decline

Файл:Blossom Restaurant; 103 Bowery by Berenice Abbott in 1935.jpg
Berenice Abbott photograph of a Bowery restaurant in 1935, when the street was lined with flophouses
Файл:Bowery Lodge 81 Bowery.jpg
The Bowery Lodge is one of the last remaining flophouses on the Bowery

By the time of the Civil War, the mansions and shops had given way to popular music halls, brothels, beer gardens, pawn shops, and flophouses, like the one at No. 15 where the composer Stephen Foster lived in 1864.[18] Theodore Dreiser closed his tragedy Sister Carrie, set in the 1890s, with the suicide of one of the main characters in a Bowery flophouse. The Bowery, which marked the eastern border of the slum of "Five Points", had also become the turf of one of America's earliest street gangs, the nativist Bowery Boys. In the spirit of social reform, the first YMCA opened on the Bowery in 1873;[19] another notable religious and social welfare institution established during this period was the Bowery Mission, founded in 1880 at 36 Bowery by Reverend Albert Gleason Ruliffson. The mission has remained along the Bowery throughout its lifetime. In 1909 the mission moved to its current location at 227–229 Bowery.

By the 1890s, the Bowery was a center for prostitution that rivaled the Tenderloin, also in Manhattan, and for bars catering to gay men and some lesbians at various social levels, from The Slide at 157 Bleecker Street, New York's "worst dive",[20] to Columbia Hall at 5th Street, called Paresis Hall. One investigator in 1899 found six saloons and dance halls, the resorts of "degenerates" and "fairies", on the Bowery alone.[21] Gay subculture was more highly visible there and more integrated into working-class male culture than it was to become in the following generations, according to historian George Chauncey.

From 1878 to 1955 the Third Avenue El ran above the Bowery, further darkening its streets, populated largely by men. "It is filled with employment agencies, cheap clothing and knickknack stores, cheap moving-picture shows, cheap lodging-houses, cheap eating-houses, cheap saloons", writers in The Century Magazine found it in 1919. "Here, too, by the thousands come sailors on shore leave, – notice the 'studios' of the tattoo artists, – and here most in evidence are the 'down and outs'".[22] Prohibition eliminated the Bowery's numerous saloons: One Mile House, the "stately old tavern... replaced by a cheap saloon"[23] at the southeast corner of Rivington Street, named for the battered milestone across the way,[24] where the politicians of the East Side had made informal arrangements for the city's governance, [25][26] was renovated for retail space in 1921, "obliterating all vestiges of its former appearance", The New York Times reported. Restaurant supply stores were among the businesses that had come to the Bowery,[27] and many remain to this day.

Pressure for a new name after World War I came to naught[27] and in the 1920s and 1930s, it was an impoverished area. From the 1940s through the 1970s, the Bowery was New York City's "Skid Row," notable for "Bowery Bums" (disaffected alcoholics and homeless persons).[28] Among those who wrote about Bowery personalities was New Yorker staff member Joseph Mitchell (1908–1996). Aside from cheap clothing stores that catered to the derelict and down-and-out population of men, commercial activity along the Bowery became specialized in used restaurant supplies and lighting fixtures.[3] In the 1930s and again in 1947, there were efforts to change the name of the Bowery to something more "dignified and prosaic", such as "Fourth Avenue South".[29]

Revival and gentrification

Шаблон:Multiple image The vagrant population of the Bowery declined after the 1970s, in part because of the city's effort to disperse it.[3] Since the 1990s the entire Lower East Side has been reviving, and gentrification has contributed to ongoing change along the Bowery. In particular, the number of high-rise condominiums is growing.[30] In 2007, the SANAA-designed facility for the New Museum of Contemporary Art opened between Stanton and Prince Street.[31] In 2008, AvalonBay Communities opened Avalon Bowery Place, its first luxury apartment complex on the Bowery; the structure includes a Whole Foods Market. Avalon Bowery Place was quickly followed with the development of Avalon Bowery Place II.[30]

The new development has not come without social costs. Michael Dominic's 2001 documentary Sunshine Hotel followed the lives of residents of one of the few remaining flophouses. Construction on the Wyndham Garden Hotel at 93 Bowery in the late Aughts destabilized neighboring building 128 Hester Street (owned by the same man, William Su), and 60 tenants were thrown out of the building with the help of the Department of Buildings.[32] At least 75 tenants were displaced from 83 to 85 Bowery in January 2018 in frigid temperatures due to long-overdue repairs that needed to be made. Tenants accused the landlord of using this displacement to start renovating the buildings into a hotel,[33] and they went on a hunger strike.[34]

The Bowery from Houston to Delancey Street still serves as New York's principal market for restaurant equipment and from Delancey to Grand for lamps.

Areas

Upper and Lower Bowery

The upper Bowery refers to the portion of the Bowery above Houston Street; the lower Bowery refers to the portion below it.[35]

Bowery Historic District

Шаблон:Multiple image

In October 2011, a Bowery Historic District was registered with the New York State Register of Historic Places and therefore was automatically nominated for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. A grassroots community organization named Bowery Alliance of Neighbors (BAN) in association with the community-based housing organization called the Two Bridges Neighborhood Council led the effort for creation of the historic district. The designation means that property owners will have financial incentives to restore rather than demolish old buildings on the Bowery.[36] BAN was recognized for its preservation efforts with a Village Award from the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation in 2013.[37] The historic district runs from Chatham Square to Astor Place on both sides of the Bowery.[38]

Little Saigon

New York's "Little Saigon", though not officially designated, exists on the Bowery between Grand Street and Hester Street.[39] New York magazine claims that while this street blends in with neighboring Chinatown, the area is filled with Vietnamese restaurants.[40]

Notable places

Файл:William Louis Sonntag Jr. -- Bowery at Night.jpg
Crowds along the "Bowery at night," Шаблон:Circa painting by William Louis Sonntag, Jr.

Amato Opera

Шаблон:Main

This company, founded in 1948 by Tony Amato and his wife, Sally, found a permanent home at 319 Bowery next to the former CBGB and afforded many young singers the opportunity to hone their craft in full-length productions with a cut-down orchestration. The curtain fell on this well-established NYC opera forum on May 31, 2009, when Tony Amato retired.

Bank buildings

The Bowery Savings Bank was chartered in May 1834, when the Bowery was an upscale residential street, and grew with the rising prosperity of the city.[41] Its 1893 headquarters building at 130 Bowery is an official New York City designated landmark,[42] as is the 1920s domed Citizens Savings Bank.[43]

Bowery Ballroom

Шаблон:Main

The Bowery Ballroom is a music venue. The structure, at 6 Delancey Street, was built just before the Stock Market Crash of 1929. It stood vacant until the end of World War II, when it became a high-end retail store. The neighborhood subsequently went into decline again, and so did the caliber of businesses occupying the space.[44] In 1997 it was converted into a music venue. It has a capacity of 550 people.[45]

Directly in front of the venue's entrance is the Bowery station (Шаблон:NYCS trains) of the New York City Subway.

The club serves as the namesake of at least one recording: Joan Baez's Bowery Songs album, recorded live at a concert at the Bowery Ballroom in November 2004.

Bowery Mural

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Multiple image The Bowery Mural is an outdoor exhibition space located on the corner of Houston Street and the Bowery, on a wall owned by Goldman Properties since 1984. Real estate developer Tony Goldman began the project with Jeffery Deitch and Deitch Projects in 2008. Goldman's goal was to use this wall to present the top contemporary artists from around the world, with an emphasis on artists who work on the streets. Seasonal murals have appeared on the wall curated and organized in collaboration with The Hole, NYC, an art gallery in SoHo run by former Deitch Projects directors Kathy Grayson and Meghan Coleman.

The mural series was initiated from March to December 2008 with a tribute to Keith Haring’s noted 1982 Bowery mural. This was followed by a mural by the Brazilian twin-brother duo Os Gêmeos, which they dedicated to artist Dash Snow, who had recently died from a drug overdose; this was presented from July 2009 to March 2010. The next mural, by Shepard Fairey, was on exhibit from April through August 2010, and was followed by a mural by Barry McGee which celebrated the role of graffiti tagging in the history of New York City street art; it was on display from August to November 2010. This was followed by a tribute to Dash Snow by Irak, which ran from November 24–26, 2010.[46] Other artists to have murals presented include the twins How & Nosm (2012), Crash (2013), Martha Cooper (2013), Revok and Pose (2013), Swoon (2014), and Maya Hayuk.[47][48]

Bowery Poetry

Файл:BoweryPoetryClub.JPG
Bowery Poetry Club (2006)

Шаблон:Main Bowery Poetry is a performance space at Bowery and Bleecker Street. It was founded in 2001 as Bowery Poetry Club (BPC), and provided a home base for established and upcoming artists. It was founded by Bob Holman, owner of the building and former Nuyorican Poets Café Poetry Slam MC (1988–1996). The BPC featured regular shows by Amiri Baraka, Anne Waldman, Taylor Mead, Taylor Mali, along with open mic, gay poets, a weekly poetry slam, and an Emily Dickinson Marathon, amongst other events. The club closed in 2012 and reopened in 2013 as a shared performance space under the name "Bowery Poetry". Bowery Arts + Science presents poetry, and Duane Park presents alternative burlesque in this space.[49]

Bowery Theatre

Шаблон:Main The Bowery Theatre was a 19th-century playhouse at 46 Bowery. It was founded in the 1820s by rich families to compete with the upscale Park Theatre. By the 1850s, the theatre came to cater to immigrant groups such as the Irish, Germans, and Chinese. It burned down four times in 17 years, and a fire in 1929 destroyed it for good.

CBGB

Файл:CBGB club facade.jpg
The former CBGBs

Шаблон:Main

CBGB, a club that was opened to play country, bluegrass & blues (as the name CBGB stands for), began to book Television, Patti Smith, and the Ramones as house bands in the mid-1970s. This spawned a full-blown scene of new bands (Talking Heads, Blondie, edgy R&B-influenced Mink DeVille, rockabilly revivalist Robert Gordon, and others) performing mostly original material in a mostly raw and often loud and fast attack. The label of punk rock was applied to the scene even if not all the bands that made their early reputations at the club were punk rockers, strictly speaking, but CBGB became known as the American cradle of punk rock. CBGB closed on October 31, 2006, after a long battle by club owner Hilly Kristal to extend its lease. The space is now a John Varvatos boutique.

Miner's Bowery Theatre

Шаблон:Main Miner's Bowery Theatre was a vaudeville or variety show theater opened by Senator Henry Clay Miner in 1878.[50] The theater was known for its method of encouraging anyone to get on stage and perform on amateur nights, and for its method of removing bad performers from the stage by yanking them off with a wooden hook.[51] Starting in the 1890s, a stage-prop shepherd's hook was used to pull bad performers bodily from the stage, after audience members shouted, "Give 'im the hook."[51] The phrase, "Give him the hook" originated at Miners Bowery Theatre.[51]

New Museum

Шаблон:Main In December 2007, the New Museum opened the doors of its new location at 235 Bowery, at Prince Street, continuing its focus of exhibiting international and women artists and artists of color. This new facility, designed by the Tokyo-based firm Sejima + Nishizawa/SANAA and the New York-based firm Gensler, has greatly expanded the museum's exhibitions and space. In March 2008, the museum's new building was named one of the architectural seven wonders by Conde Nast Traveler.[52] The museum has an ongoing Bowery Project honoring artists who lived on the Bowery with taped interviews and archived records.[53]

Notable people

Шаблон:Div col

In popular culture

Файл:Steve Brodie's bar.jpg
Steve Brodie's bar at 114 Bowery
Файл:The Bowery.jpg
Шаблон:Center

Literature

Music

Stage

  • The phrase "On the Bowery", which has since fallen into disuse, was a generic way to say one was down-and-out. It originated in the song "The Bowery" from the 1891 musical A Trip to Chinatown,[62] which included the chorus "The Bow'ry, The Bow'ry!/They say such things,/and they do strange things/on the Bow'ry".[63]Шаблон:Unreliable source?
  • On the Bowery, an 1894 play starring Steve Brodie, supposed Brooklyn Bridge jumper and Bowery saloonkeeper.
  • In Disney's Newsies, the showgirls featured in the song "I Never Planned on You/Don't Come a-Knocking" are called the Bowery Beauties.

Film and television

Art

  • The Bowery in Two Inadequate Descriptive Systems, a collection of photographs and poems by Martha Rosler.[67]

Advertising

  • In the 1960s, radio and television commercials for the Bowery Savings Bank featured a jingle with the lyrics "The Bowery, The Bowery / The Bowery pays a lot / The Bowery pays you 6% / Commercial banks in New York simply do not." The number changed according to the amount of interest available on a passbook savings account offered by the bank.

Wrestling

  • Professional wrestler Raven is kayfabe billed as being from the Bowery. The professional wrestler Scott Levy however was born in Philadelphia and lives in Atlanta.[68]

See also

References

Notes Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

  • Fodor's Flashmaps New York, 1991
  • Fodor's See It New York City, 2004, Шаблон:ISBN
  • Valentine's Manual of Old New York / No. 7, Ed. Henry Collins Brown, Pub. Valentine's Manual Inc. 1922

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Historic district

Organizations

Шаблон:Navboxes Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite Dictionary.com
  2. ↑ "Bowery" (US) and Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 Jackson, Kenneth L. "Bowery" in Шаблон:Cite enc-nyc2, p. 148
  4. ↑ citidex.com 2006; Fodor's 1991
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Google maps
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Manhattan: City Council, Assembly, and State Senate (map)
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Brown, 1922
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Sanderson, Eric W. Mannahatta: A Natural History of New york City, 2009, p. 107, illus. "Lenape sites and trails", and Ch. 4 "The Lenape", passim.
  13. ↑ In modern Dutch, boerderij
  14. ↑ Fodor's 2004
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ The relevant section is illustrated in Sanderson 2009, p. 41, bottom.
  17. ↑ Smith, Matthew Hale. Sunshine and Shadow in New York, 1869, p. 214.
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite streetbook; A highly colored and disapproving panorama of the dissolute and lively Bowery on a Sunday is offered by Smith 1869, pp. 214–18.
  19. ↑ Levinson, David ed. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Homelessness, s.v. "Bowery, The".
  20. ↑ Chauncey, George (1994) Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940. New York: Basic Books. p. 37 Шаблон:Isbn
  21. ↑ Chauncey 1994:33.
  22. ↑ Frank, Mary and Carr, John Foster, "Exploring a neighborhood", The Century Magazine 98 (July 1919:378).
  23. ↑ Frank and Carr 1919:378; the old tavern had been the scene of at least one violent murder, in 1862 ("The Murder in the Bowery", New York Times, 4 November 1862 accessed March 14, 2010.
  24. ↑ The stone marked a mile from City Hall; it was still in evidence in 1909. Frank Bergen Kelly, Historical Guide to the City of New York (City History Club of New York), 1909:97.
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ One Mile House by Glenn O. Coleman, 1928 (Whitney Museum of American Art) epitomizes the scene. A ghostly painted sign on the side of the building still advertises One Mile House.
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Шаблон:Cite news Today, the gentrified designation "Cooper Square" extends down the Bowery as far as 4th Street.
  28. ↑ Giamo, Benedict, On the Bowery: confronting homelessness in American Society (University of Iowa Press) 1989.
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:NRISref
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ "History of the Bowery Ballroom", Bowery Ballroom website (archived 2007)
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ "Houston Bowery Wall" Шаблон:Webarchive on the Goldman Properties website
  47. ↑ "Bombed Again at the Houston/Bowery Mural Wall" on the EV Grieve website
  48. ↑ "Bowery Houston Mural" on the Arrested Motion website
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  51. ↑ 51,0 51,1 51,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news Шаблон:Dead link
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  58. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  60. ↑ Rachel, Cole T. "Jimmy Wright’S Downtown", NAD Now, September 23, 2020. Accessed April 25, 2022. "Jimmy Wright (NA 2018) is an artist currently based in New York City’s Bowery district."
  61. ↑ Fantastic Four #4 (1962).
  62. ↑ On the Bowery Шаблон:Webarchive, Steve Zeitlin and Marci Reaven, New York Folklore Society's journal Voices, Vol. 29, Fall–Winter, 2003.
  63. ↑ Information about the musical (Archived 2009-10-23)
  64. ↑ 64,0 64,1 Morris, Evan. "The Word Detective",Green Bay Press-Gazette, September 26, 2005. Accessed September 3, 2021, via Newspapers.com. "In The Bowery, a 1933 film, George Raft portrayed Brodie as Wallace Beery's rival for Fay Wray's affections. In the film, Brodie plans to fake his jump, but Beery's character forces him to do it for real. Brodie survives and wins Fay Wray's hand. An alternate account is supplied by the 1949 cartoon Bowery Bugs, wherein Brodie is driven to his jump by Bugs Bunny."
  65. ↑ Kehr, Dave, "Out of the Bowery’s Shadows (Then Back In)", The New York Times, February 24, 2012. Accessed September 3, 2021. "Lionel Rogosin's 1957 documentary On the Bowery is a fascinating transitional work, a film that looks forward to the dispassionate, observational style that would come to be known as cinéma vérité (and which continues, in the work of Frederick Wiseman and others, to dominate contemporary documentary making).... A study of life on the Bowery at a time before art galleries and high-end restaurants — when the wine of choice was muscatel rather than Montrachet, and the Third Avenue El cast its shadow over a transient population of alcoholics, drug addicts and mental patients — Rogosin’s film strains to capture an unfiltered reality, to offer direct access to a world that had largely gone unrecorded."
  66. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  67. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  68. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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