Английская Википедия:Calvi-class submarine
Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship class overviewШаблон:Infobox ship characteristics
The Calvi class was a class of three submarines built by Oderno-Terni-Orlando in Genoa for the Royal Italian Navy (Шаблон:Lang-it). The submarines were built in 1935, and all three served in the Mediterranean at the start of the Second World War. The boats were transferred to the BETASOM Atlantic submarine base at Bordeaux in August 1940. In December 1941 the boats were used for a rescue mission of 254 sailors from the sunken Шаблон:Ship. After Calvi had been sunk, Finzi and Tazzoli were selected for conversion to "transport submarines" in order to exchange rare or irreplaceable trade goods with Japan. Cargo capacity of 160 tons reduced reserve buoyancy from 20–25% to 3.5–6%; and armament was reduced to defensive machine guns.[1]
Design and description
The Calvi class was an improved and enlarged version of the preceding Шаблон:Sclass submarine cruisers. They displaced Шаблон:Convert surfaced and Шаблон:Convert submerged. The submarines were Шаблон:Convert long, had a beam of Шаблон:Convert and a draft of Шаблон:Convert.[2] They had an operational diving depth of Шаблон:Convert.[3][2] They had an operational diving depth of Шаблон:Convert.[3] Their crew numbered 77 officers and enlisted men.[2]
For surface running, the boats were powered by two Шаблон:Convert diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a Шаблон:Convert electric motor. They could reach Шаблон:Convert on the surface and Шаблон:Convert underwater. On the surface, the Calvi class had a range of Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert; submerged, they had a range of Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert.[3]
The boats were armed with eight Шаблон:Convert torpedo tubes, four each in the bow and in the stern for which they carried a total of 16 torpedoes. They were also armed with a pair of [[120 mm Italian naval gun#45-calibre OTO 1931|Шаблон:Convert]] deck guns, one each fore and aft of the conning tower, for combat on the surface. Their anti-aircraft armament consisted of two twin-gun mounts for [[Breda Model 1931 Machine Gun|Шаблон:Convert]] machine guns.[2]
Ships
Pietro Calvi
Pietro Calvi (pennant number CV) was launched 31 March 1935.[2] During the Spanish Civil War, she unsuccessfully fired a pair of torpedoes each at the Шаблон:GRT mail steamer Шаблон:SS and the 3946 Шаблон:Abbr mail steamer Шаблон:SS during a patrol on 1–17 January 1937. During the night of 12/13 January she bombarded the port of Valencia.[4]
The first patrol during the Second World War was from Liguria to the Atlantic Ocean, and lasted from 3 July to 6 August 1940. After overhaul at La Spezia, Calvi sailed on 6 October 1940 for a second Atlantic patrol reaching Bordeaux on 23 October. Calvi suffered storm damage during its third patrol off the British Isles from 3 to 31 December 1940. The fourth patrol was between the Canary Islands and the Azores from 31 March to 13 May 1941. Calvi sailed on 1 August 1941 for a fifth patrol off the Canary Islands. During the sixth patrol from 7 to 29 December 1941 Calvi, Finzi and Tazzoli rescued sailors of the sunken raider Atlantis. The seventh patrol was off Brazil from 7 March to 29 April 1942. Calvi sailed on 2 July 1942 for its eighth patrol.[5] Calvi was rammed and sunk on 14 July 1942 by convoy SL 115 escort Шаблон:HMS.[6] Three officers and 32 sailors survived.[5]
| Ship | Country | Patrol | Date | Tonnage ([[gross register tons|Шаблон:Abbr]]) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carlton | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 3rd | 20 December 1940 | 5,162 | freighter from convoy OB 260; 4 survivors from a crew of 35 |
| Tredinnick | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 7th | 25 March 1942 | 4,589 | freighter, no survivors |
| T.C. McCobb | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 7th | 1 April 1942 | 7,452 | tanker; 24 killed; first US ship sunk by an Italian submarine |
| Eugene V.R. Thayer | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 7th | 9 April 1942 | 7,138 | tanker; 11 killed |
| Balkis | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 7th | April 1942 | 2,161 | freighter |
| Ben Brush | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 7th | April 1942 | 7,691 | tanker; 1 killed |
| Total: | 34,193 | ||||
Giuseppe Finzi
Giuseppe Finzi (pennant number FZ) was launched 29 June 1935.[2] The first war patrol was from Cagliari to the Atlantic, and lasted from 5 June to 10 July 1940. The submarine sailed on 7 September 1940 and passed the Strait of Gibraltar on 13 September for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux, France, on 29 September. Admiral Karl Dönitz visited Giuseppe Finzi on 30 September to welcome Шаблон:Lang sailors to the German base. The third patrol near the British Isles from 24 October to 4 December 1940 revealed that the diesel engine air intake was too exposed for North Atlantic winter weather. The fourth patrol was near the Canary Islands from 10 March to 17 April 1941 and the fifth patrol was off Gibraltar in August. During the sixth patrol from 7 to 29 December 1941 Шаблон:Ship, Giuseppe Finzi and Шаблон:Ship rescued sailors of the sunken German commerce raider Шаблон:Ship. The submarine sailed for Operation Neuland on 6 February 1942 and returned on 31 March. She returned to the Caribbean Sea for an eighth patrol from 6 June to 18 August 1942. On 26 November 1942 Giuseppe Finzi sailed for a ninth patrol to Brazil; but mechanical problems required return to base on 10 December. The boat patrolled the West African coast from 11 February to 18 April 1943. Conversion to a transport submarine was never completed, and the boat was seized by the Germans on 9 September 1943 when Italy surrendered to the Allies. Renamed UIT21 in German service, she was scuttled at Le Verdon-sur-Mer on 25 August 1944 to prevent her capture by advancing Allied forces.[7][8]
| Ship | Country | Patrol | Date | Tonnage ([[gross register tons|Шаблон:Abbr]]) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Melpomese | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 7th | 6 March 1942 | 7,011 | tanker, no casualties |
| Boren | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 7th | 6 March 1942 | 4,528 | freighter; no casualties |
| Charles Racine | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 7th | 10 March 1942 | 9,957 | tanker; no casualties |
| Granicos | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 10th | 28 March 1943 | 3,689 | iron ore freighter sank in less than 30 seconds, one survivor from a crew of 31 |
| Celtic Star | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 10th | 29 March 1943 | 5,575 | freighter, 2 killed |
| Total: | 30,760 | ||||
Enrico Tazzoli
Enrico Tazzoli (pennant number TZ) was launched 14 October 1935.[2] It was named after Enrico Tazzoli, a martyr of the Italian wars of independence. The first wartime patrol was off the coast of North Africa from 21 June to 2 July 1940. The second was an unsuccessful attempt to pass the Strait of Gibraltar from 30 July to 9 August 1940. After overhaul at La Spezia, Enrico Tazzoli sailed on 2 October 1940 and passed the Strait of Gibraltar on 7 October for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux on 24 October. The fourth patrol was off the British Isles from 13 December 1940 to 6 January 1941. The boat sailed on 7 April 1941 to patrol between Freetown and the Azores; and shot down an attacking Bristol Blenheim while returning to port on 23 May. The sixth patrol was again off Freetown from 15 July to 11 September 1941. During the seventh patrol from 7 to 27 December 1941 Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship and Tazzoli rescued sailors of the sunken German commerce raider Шаблон:Ship. The submarine sailed for Operation Neuland on 2 February 1942 and returned on 31 March. The ninth patrol was again to the Caribbean from 18 June to 5 September 1942; and the tenth patrol was to Brazil from 14 November 1942 to 2 February 1943.[9] After conversion to a transport submarine, Enrico Tazzoli sailed for Japan on 16 May 1943 and was sunk by aircraft in the Bay of Biscay on 23 May.[10]
| Ship | Country | Patrol | Date | Tonnage ([[gross register tons|Шаблон:Abbr]]) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orao | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 3rd | 12 October 1940 | 5,135 | Freighter shelled then torpedoed while radioing; 2 killed |
| Ardanbahn | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 4th | 27 December 1940 | 4,980 | No survivors from freighter of unescorted Convoy OB 263 |
| Aurillac | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 5th | 15 April 1941 | 4,248 | Freighter, 1 killed |
| Fernlane | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 5th | 7 May 1941 | 4,310 | Freighter with ammunition cargo, no casualties |
| Alfred Olsen | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 5th | 10 May 1941 | 8,817 | Tanker, no casualties |
| Sildra | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 6th | 19 August 1941 | 7,313 | Tanker, no casualties |
| Astrea | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 8th | 6 March 1942 | 1,406 | Freighter, no casualties |
| Tonsbergfjord | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 8th | 6 March 1942 | 3,156 | Freighter; 1 killed |
| Montevideo | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 8th | 8 March 1942 | 5,785 | Freighter; 14 killed |
| Cygnet | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 8th | 10 March 1942 | 3,628 | Freighter; no casualties |
| Daytonian | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 8th | 13 March 1942 | 6,434 | Freighter; 1 killed |
| Athelqueen | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 8th | 15 March 1942 | 8,780 | Tanker; 3 killed |
| Kastor | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 9th | 2 August 1942 | 5,497 | Freighter; 4 killed |
| Havsten | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 9th | 6 August 1942 | 6,161 | Tanker; 2 killed |
| Empire Hawk | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 10th | 12 December 1942 | 5,032 | Freighter, no casualties |
| Ombillin | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 10th | 12 December 1942 | 5,658 | Freighter, no casualties |
| Queen City | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 10th | 21 December 1942 | 4,814 | Freighter, 6 killed |
| Doña Aurora | Шаблон:Flagcountry | 10th | 25 December 1942 | 5,011 | Freighter, 7 killed |
| Total: | 96,165 | ||||
See also
References
Notes
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
External links
- Classe Pietro Calvi Marina Militare website
Шаблон:Portal bar Шаблон:Calvi-class submarine Шаблон:WWII Italian ships
- ↑ Brice pp. 129, 131
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 Chesneau, p. 305
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Bagnasco, p. 152
- ↑ Frank, p. 95
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Blair, pp. 669–670
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Gröner, Erich, German Warships 1815–1945, Volume Two: U-Boats and Mine Warfare Vessels, London: Conway Maritime Press, 1991, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 109.
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Brice, pp. 131–133
