Английская Википедия:Campos Basin

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:Infobox sedimentary basin

The Campos Basin is one of 12 coastal sedimentary basins of Brazil. It spans both onshore and offshore parts of the South Atlantic with the onshore part located near Rio de Janeiro. The basin originated in Neocomian stage of the Cretaceous period 145–130 million years ago during the breakup of Gondwana. It has a total area of about Шаблон:Convert, with the onshore portion small at only Шаблон:Convert.[1]

Etymology

The basin is named after the Campos dos Goytacazes city.Шаблон:Cn

Description

The Campos Basin is bound on the south by the Cabo Frio High, separating the basin from the Santos Basin and on the north by the Vitória High, forming the boundary with the Espírito Santo Basin. Campos Basin contains the Paraiba do Sul River delta.[2]

Tectonic history

Файл:Pangea animation 03.gif
The break-up of Pangaea characterised the start of formation of the Santos Basin in the South Atlantic, forming at the same time the Kwanza Basin in Africa.Шаблон:Small
Файл:Formation of passive margins cropped.svg
Schematic diagram of the formation of a passive margin on a rift basin

The South Atlantic margin developed on Archean stable cratons consisting of hard and resistant rocks and partly on the Neoproterozoic mobile belts composed of less resistant metamorphic rocks.[3] The Precambrian basement of the Santos Basin is exposed as the Araçuaí Belt along the Brazilian coast, most notably in the inselbergs of Rio de Janeiro, of which Sugarloaf Mountain is the most iconic. The ancient rocks consist of a Neoproterozoic to Cambrian high-grade metamorphic core of granites and gneisses, formed during the collision of Gondwana in the Pan-African-Brasiliano orogeny.[4] Basalts similar to the Paraná and Etendeka traps, exposed to the west in the Paraná Basin, have been found underlying the Santos Basin.[5] The Tristan da Cunha hotspot, known as the Tristan hotspot, is considered the driver behind the formation of these flood basalts.[6]

During the Early Cretaceous, the former continent Gondwana, as southern part of Pangea, starting to break-up, resulting in a sequence of rift basins bordering the present-day South Atlantic. The Pelotas-Namibia spreading commenced in the Hauterivian, around 133 million years ago and reached the Santos Basin to the north in the Barremian. Seafloor spreading continued northwards to the Campos Basin in the Early Albian, at approximately 112 Ma.Шаблон:Cn

Five tectonic stages have been identified in the Brazilian basins:[7]

  1. Pre-rift stage – Jurassic to Valanginian
  2. Syn-rift stage – Hauterivian to Late Barremian
  3. Sag stage – Late Barremian to Late Aptian
  4. Post-rift stage – Early to Middle Albian
  5. Drift stage – Late Albian to Holocene

Stratigraphy

Oil reservoirs include formations deposited during the Aptian and pre-Aptian continental rift phase, of post-salt Albian-Cenomanian shallow-water marine carbonates and deepwater sandstones, and in turbidites of the open marine drift phase of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary ages.[2]

The Namorado Field "location was selected based on seismic interpretation of a structural high at the top of the Macaé Formation (Albian limestones)" at a depth of about Шаблон:Convert,[2] and the reservoirs are marine turbidite deposits transgressing over the Albian limestone shelf.[2]

The stratigraphy starts with basalt flows dated at 120 Ma, overlain by the Lagoa Feia Group, consisting of the organic-rich lacustrine "green shales" followed by lacustrine limestones and continental sandstones and conglomerates, transitioning into marine sediments with evaporites, limestones, and limestone altered dolomites.[2] The shallow marine limestones of the Macaé Formation follow, then the Namorado turbidite sandstones, and finally the Campos Formation, consisting of the turbidite sandstone Carapebus Member and the prograding slope and shelf Ubatuba Formation.[2]

Exploration

Файл:Oil platform in Campos oil field.jpg
View of an oil platform in Campos oil field, Brazil

The off-shore oil exploration in the Campos Basin began in 1968.[8] The first exploratory well was drilled in 1971. The first field to be discovered was Garoupa in 1974, at a shallow water depth of Шаблон:Convert, followed by Namorado in 1975 in Шаблон:Convert of water.[2] The first oil production started in 1977 from Enchova Field, at a water depth of Шаблон:Convert.[1] The largest fields, listed by their year of discovery year, include Linguado (1978), Carapeba (1982), Vermelho (1982), Marimba (1984),[9] Albacora (1984), Marlim (1985), Albacora-Leste (1986), Marlim Sul (1987), Marlim Leste (1987), Barracuda (1989), Caratinga (1989), Espadarte (1994), Roncador (1996), Jubarte (2002), Cachalote (2002), and Badejo (2008). The largest Marlim field is located in the northeast of the basin, Шаблон:Convert offshore in water depths ranging from Шаблон:Convert.[8]

By 2003, 41 oil and gas fields were discovered, which ranging at distances from Шаблон:Convert from the coast and at water depths varying from Шаблон:Convert. Of these fields, 37 are being developed by Petrobras. By 2003, the oil production from the basin had reached 1.21 million barrels per day. The production comes from a variety of reservoirs including siliciclastic turbidites, fractured basalts, coquinas, calcarenites (limestones). The total cumulative production from the Campos Basin by 2003 was 3.9 billion barrels of oil with remaining reserves of 8.5 billion barrels.[1]

In February 2010, a new 65 million barrel discovery was made by Petrobras near the Barracuda oil field.[10]

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Шаблон:Clearboth

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography and further reading

Brazil general

Campos Basin geology

Campos Basin exploration

External links

Шаблон:Sedimentary basins of Brazil

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
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Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Bruhn et al., 2003
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 Bacoccoli et al., 1980
  3. ↑ Clemente, 2013, p.3
  4. ↑ Owen, 2014, p.36
  5. ↑ Peate, 1997, p.220
  6. ↑ Beasley et al., 2010, p.31
  7. ↑ Contreras, 2011, p.7
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Fraga et al., 2003
  9. ↑ Horschutz et al., 1992, pp.137–152
  10. ↑ Flower 2010
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