Английская Википедия:Chinglish

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox language Шаблон:Infobox Chinese Chinglish is slang for spoken or written English language that is either influenced by a Chinese language, or is poorly translated.[1] In Hong Kong, Macau, Guangdong and Guangxi, the term "Chinglish" refers mainly to Cantonese-influenced English. This term is commonly applied to ungrammatical or nonsensical English in Chinese contexts, and may have pejorative or deprecating connotations.[2] Other terms used to describe the phenomenon include "Chinese English", "China English", "Engrish" and "Sinicized English".[3] The degree to which a Chinese variety of English exists or can be considered legitimate is still up for debate.[4]

Terminology

Файл:Tiger Hill Pagoda Sign.JPG
A sign on the wall surrounding the Tiger Hill Pagoda warning tourists not to climb up it demonstrates the complexity of translation.

The English word Chinglish is a portmanteau of Chinese and English. The Chinese equivalent is Zhōngshì Yīngyǔ (Шаблон:Zh).

Chinglish can be compared with other interlanguage varieties of English, such as Britalian (from Italian), Czenglish (from Czech), Denglisch (German), Dunglish (Dutch), Franglais (French), Greeklish (Greek), Manglish (Malaysia), Runglish (Russian), Spanglish (Spanish), Swenglish (Swedish), Hunglish (Hungarian), Hebrish (Hebrew), Engrish (Japanese), Hinglish (Hindi), Konglish (Korean), Taglish (Tagalog), Bislish (Visayan), Singlish (in Singapore), Ponglish (Polish) and Tinglish (Thai).

The Oxford English Dictionary defines the noun and adjective.

Chinglish, n. and a. colloq. (freq. depreciative). Brit. /ˈtʃɪŋglɪʃ/, U.S. /ˈtʃɪŋ(g)lɪʃ/. Forms: 19– Chinglish, 19– Chenglish [rare]. [Blend of Chinese n. and English n. Compare earlier Japlish n., Spanglish n. Compare also Hinglish n.2, Singlish n.2]

A. n. A mixture of Chinese and English; esp. a variety of English used by speakers of Chinese or in a bilingual Chinese and English context, typically incorporating some Chinese vocabulary or constructions, or English terms specific to a Chinese context. Also: the vocabulary of, or an individual word from, such a variety. Cf. Singlish n.2

B adj. Of or relating to Chinglish; expressed in Chinglish.[5]

This dictionary cites the earliest recorded usage of Chinglish (noted as a jocular term) in 1957 and of Chinese English in 1857.[6] However, Chinglish has been found to date from as early as 1936, making it one of the earliest portmanteau words for a hybrid variety of English.[7] Other colloquial portmanteau words for Chinese English include: Chenglish (recorded from 1979), Chinlish (1996), Chinenglish (1997), Changlish (2000) and Chinelish (2006).[8]

Файл:Vocabulary, Silk Market, Beijing, China.jpg
A sign from Beijing's Silk Street, giving translations of common English phrases vendors may use when serving English speaking customers, as well as phrases advised against.

Chinglish commonly refers to a mixture of English with Modern Standard Mandarin, but it occasionally refers to mixtures with Cantonese,[9] Shanghainese and Taiwanese Hokkien.[10]

Chinglish contrasts with some related terms. Chinese Pidgin English was a lingua franca that originated in the 17th century. Zhonglish, a term for Chinese influenced by English, is a portmanteau of Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh) and "English".[11][12]

Some peculiar Chinese English cannot be labeled Chinglish because it is grammatically correct, and Victor Mair calls this emerging dialect "Xinhua English or New China News English", based on the Xinhua News Agency. Take for instance, this headline: "China lodges solemn representation over Japan's permission for Rebiya Kadeer's visit". This unusual English phrase literally translates the original Chinese Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh), combining Шаблон:Lang "put forward; raise; pose bring up", Шаблон:Lang "serious; stern; unyielding; solemn", and Шаблон:Lang "mutual relations; negotiation; representation".[13] "Pure Chinese" is an odd English locution in a Web advertisement: "Шаблон:Lang/ CONFUCIUS INSTITUTE/ Teach you pure Chinese." This Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) is Chinese for the Confucius Institute, but Mair notes that "pure Chinese" curiously implies "impure Chinese".[14]

One author divides Chinglish into "instrumental" and "ornamental" categories. "Instrumental Chinglish is actually intended to convey information to English speakers. Ornamental Chinglish is born of the fact that English is the lingua franca of coolness. Meaning aside, any combination of roman letters elevates a commodity – khaki pants, toilet paper, potato chips – to a higher plane of chic by suggesting that the product is geared toward an international audience."[15]

History

Файл:Wom's bathing box.jpg
A lady's changing room, or "Wom's Bathing Box" in Chinglish.

English first arrived in China in 1637, when British traders reached Hong Kong, Macau and Guangzhou (Canton).[16] In the 17th century, Chinese Pidgin English originated as a lingua franca for trade between British people and mostly Cantonese-speaking Chinese people. This proto-Chinglish term "pidgin" originated as a Chinese mispronunciation of the English word "business".[17] Following the First and Second Opium War between 1839–1842, Pidgin English spread north to Shanghai and other treaty ports.[18] Pidgin usage began to decline in the late 19th century when Chinese and missionary schools began teaching Standard English.[19] In 1982, the People's Republic of China made English the main foreign language in education.[20] The spelling of words in Chinese education follows British English standards, while the pronunciation in the tape recording adheres to American English.[21] Current estimates for the number of English learners in China range from 300 to 500 million.[22]

Chinglish may have influenced some English expressions that are "calques" or "loan translations" from Chinese Pidgin English, for instance, "lose face" derives from Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Zh Some sources claim "long time no see" is a Chinglish calque from Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Zh.[23] More reliable references note this jocular American English phrase "used as a greeting after prolonged separation" was first recorded in 1900 for a Native American's speech, and thus more likely derives from American Indian Pidgin English.[24][25]

Chinese officials carried out campaigns to reduce Chinglish in preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and the Expo 2010 in Shanghai.

Файл:Shenzhen River chinglish warning sign.JPG
A sign in Shenzhen.

Soon after Beijing was awarded the 2008 Summer Olympics in 2001, the Beijing Tourism Bureau established a tipster hotline for Chinglish errors on signs, such as emergency exits at the Beijing Capital International Airport reading "No entry on peacetime".[26] In 2007, the Beijing Speaks Foreign Languages Program (BSFLP) reported they had, "worked out 4,624 pieces of standard English translations to substitute the Chinglish ones on signs around the city", for instance, "Be careful, road slippery" instead of "To take notice of safe: The slippery are very crafty." BSFLP chairperson Chen Lin said, "We want everything to be correct. Grammar, words, culture, everything. Beijing will have thousands of visitors coming. We don't want anyone laughing at us."[27][28] Reporting from Beijing, Ben Macintyre lamented the loss of signs like "Show Mercy to the Slender Grass" because, "many of the best examples of Chinglish are delightful, reflecting the inventiveness that results when two such different languages collide".[29] The Global Language Monitor doubted that Beijing's attempt to eradicate Chinglish could succeed, noting that "attempting to map a precise ideogram to any particular word in the million-word English lexicon is a nearly impossible task", and pointing out that the Games' official website contained the phrase "we share the charm and joy of the Olympic Games" (using "charm" as a transitive verb).[30]

In Shanghai, for Expo 2010, a similar effort was made to replace Chinglish signs. A New York Times article by Andrew Jacobs[31] reported on accomplishments by the Shanghai Commission for the Management of Language Use. "Fortified by an army of 600 volunteers and a politburo of adroit English speakers, the commission has fixed more than 10,000 public signs (farewell "Teliot" and "urine district"), rewritten English-language historical placards and helped hundreds of restaurants recast offerings."[32] James Fallows attributed many Shanghai Chinglish errors to "rote reliance on dictionaries or translation software", citing a bilingual sign reading "Шаблон:Lang Translate server error" (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang means "dining room; restaurant"). While conceding that "there's something undeniably Colonel Blimp-ish in making fun of the locals for their flawed command of your own mother tongue", Fallows observed a Shanghai museum with "Three Georges Exhibit" banners advertising a Three Gorges Dam exhibit, and wrote, "it truly is bizarre that so many organizations in China are willing to chisel English translations into stone, paint them on signs, print them on business cards, and expose them permanently to the world without making any effort to check whether they are right."[33] On a Chinese airplane, Fallows was given a wet wipe labeled "Wet turban needless wash", translating Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh).[34] Shanghai's Luwan District published a controversial "Bilingual Instruction of Luwan District for Expo" phrasebook with English terms and Chinese characters approximating pronunciation: "Good morning! (Шаблон:Lang)" [pronounced Шаблон:Lang] (which could be literally translated as "ancient cat tranquility") and "I'm sorry (Шаблон:Lang)" [[[:Шаблон:Lang]]] (which is nonsensical).[35]

Chinglish is pervasive in present-day China "on public notices in parks and at tourist sites, on shop names and in their slogans, in product advertisements and on packages, in hotel names and literature, in restaurant names and on menus, at airports, railway stations and in taxis, on street and highway signs – even in official tourist literature."[36]

Файл:Chinglish in a Chinese hospital.jpg
A sign in a Chinese hospital uses the term "cunt examination" for "vulvar examination".

The Global Language Monitor predicts Chinglish will thrive, and estimates that roughly 20 percent of new English words derive from Chinglish, for instance, shanzhai (Шаблон:Zh) meaning "counterfeit consumer goods; things done in parody"[37] — Huang Youyi, president of the China Internet Information Center, predicts that linguistic purism could be damaged by popular Chinese words of English origin (such as OK and LOL). "If we do not pay attention and we do not take measures to stop Chinese mingling with English, Chinese will no longer be a pure language in a couple of years."[38]

Specifying Chinglish to mean "Chinese words literally translated into English", an experiment in linguistic clarity conducted by Han and Ginsberg (2001) found that mathematical terms are more readily understandable in Chinglish than English.[39] English words for mathematics typically have Greek and Latin roots, while corresponding Chinese words are usually translations of neologisms from Western languages; thus quadrilateral (from Latin quadri- "four" and latus "sided") is generally less informative than Chinese Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Zh). For example, compare the semantic clarity of English axiom, Chinese Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang, and Chinglish (literal translation) "universal-principle"; median, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang, and "centre-number"; or trapezoid, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang, and "ladder-figure". The study involved three groups of mathematics teachers who rated the clarity of 71 common mathematical terms. Group 1 with native speakers of Chinese judged 61% of the Chinese terms as clear; Group 2 with native speakers of English judged 45% of the English terms as clear. Group 3 with English-speaking teachers (both native and nonnative speakers) judged the comparative clarity of English and Chinglish word pairs: more clear for 42.3% of the Chinglish and 5.6% of the English, equally clear for 25.4% of the Chinglish-English pairs, and neither clear for 19.7%.

In 2017, the Government of the People's Republic of China introduced the national standard for its English translations to replace Chinglish. This took effect on 1 December of that year.[40]

Features

Файл:Fujian 021.jpg
A sign in Fujian.

Chinglish is the combination of the Chinese culture and the English language. China English has linguistic characteristics that are different from the normative English in all linguistic levels, including phonology, lexicon, syntax, and discourse.[41]

At the phonological level, Chinglish does not differentiate between various vowel qualities because they don't exist in Chinese. As a result, there is no contrast between the two sounds for Chinglish speakers. For example, cheap and chip would be the same pronunciation. Another phonological feature is that speakers are unaware of the "graduation"[41] of words which are said in different tones depending on the context. The word for is stressed and said differently in the phrases "what is it for?" and "this is for you." To a Chinglish speaker, the two are the same. Chinglish speakers use Chinese phonological units to speak English, and retain the syllable timing of Chinese in place of the stress timing of English which together gives them a notable accent.

At the lexical level, China English manifests itself through many ways such as transliteration and loan translations. Transliteration has brought many interesting words and expressions from the Chinese language into English. Speakers are able to merge the two because of pinyin, a Latin alphabet used to write Chinese. In loan translations, Chinese words have been translated directly into English. This phenomenon can be found in a lot of compound words like red bean, bean curd, and teacup. The other way that loan translations are made is when speakers translate Chinese terms into English. These words come from the Chinese culture and are ideas, thoughts, or expressions that do not exist in English. For example, spring rolls would otherwise not have meaning in English if not for Chinglish speakers making it a loan translation to describe the food. In addition, speakers use subordinate conjunctions differently and also exhibit copula absence in their speech. Examples include "Because I am ill, so I can't go to school" and "The dress beautiful."[42]

As Chinese grammar does not distinguish between definite and indefinite articles, Chinese speakers struggle with when to use or not use the English definite article the.

At the syntactic level, Chinese thinking has influenced Chinglish speakers to utilize a different sequence and structure to make sentences. For English speakers, a common sequence is subject → predicate → object → adverbial ("John entered the room quietly").[41] On the other hand, the Chinese sequence is subject → adverbial → predicate → object ("Lijing quiet enter room"). Chinese speakers tend to leave the most important information (the topic) at the end of the sentence, while English speakers present it at the start.

Linguists and language teachers employ error analysis to fathom Chinglish. Liu et al. list four characteristic features of Chinglish mistranslations,[43]

  • Cultural meanings. The English idiom "work like a horse" means "work hard", but in China horses are rarely used as draft animals and the equivalent Chinese expression uses Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang "cattle".
  • Problems of direct translation. Some Chinglish menus translate Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang as "bean curd", which "sounds very unappetizing" to English speakers, instead of "tofu".
  • Wordiness. Unnecessary words and convoluted sentences are hallmarks of Chinglish translation. For example, the Civil Aviation Administration of China announced, "CAAC has decided to start the business of advance booking and ticketing", which could simply say "CAAC now accepts advance booking and ticketing."
  • Wrong word order. A host in Shenyang toasted a group of foreign investors with "Up your bottoms!" instead of "Bottoms up!"[44]

Chinglish reflects the influence of Chinese syntax and grammar.[45] For instance, Chinese verbs are not necessarily conjugated and there is no equivalent article for English "the", both of which can create awkward translations.

Causes

Файл:Xi'an Xianyang International Airport unrecyling bin.JPG
A trash bin for non-recyclable waste at the Xi'an Xianyang International Airport.

Chinglish has various causes, most commonly erroneous Chinese dictionaries, translation software, and incorrect English as a foreign language textbooks. Other causes include misspelling, mediocre English-language teaching, sloppy translation, and reliance on outdated translation technology. Liu, Feather and Qian warn that

Шаблон:Blockquote

Common causes include:

  • Lack of inclusion of native English speakers in the translation or editing process
  • Word-for-word dictionary translation: rigidly substituting Chinese words with English ones from dictionaries, without considering the impact of polysemy
  • Use of machine translation without post-editing[46]
  • Competently translated text which has been subsequently edited by non-native speakers
  • Linguistic differences and mother tongue interference[47][48]
  • Different thinking patterns and culture[49]
  • Outdated Chinese-English dictionaries and textbook-style English[50]
  • Mediocre English-language teaching and lack of English-language environment[49]

Vocabulary

Файл:Namtso Chinglish.jpg
A sign in Namtso.

Some similar words are generally confused by most Chinglish speakers, for example "emergent" instead of "emergency" or "urgent", because of incorrect entries in dictionaries.

In Chinglish, "I know" Шаблон:Zh is generally used instead of the term "I see", when used to tell others that you understand what they said.

"See", "watch", "read", and "look" all refer to Шаблон:Zh in Chinese. For example, Шаблон:Zh means "to see a film" or "to watch a movie", Шаблон:Zh means "to read a book", Шаблон:Zh means "to look at me". Because of that, Chinglish speakers use "look" instead of "see", "watch", or "read". The same phenomena can be found in the use of "speak", "say", and "talk" Шаблон:Zh. The expression "Can you say Chinese?" (Шаблон:Zh) would mean "Do you speak Chinese?"Шаблон:Citation needed

Another misuse of vocabulary is "to turn on/off" and "open/close". Chinese speakers use Шаблон:Zh to refer to turning off things like electrical appliances or to close a door or window. Accordingly, a Chinglish speaker would say "close the light" instead of "turn off the light". In the same way, Шаблон:Zh refers to turning those things on, or to open a door or window. As a result, they would say "open the TV" instead of "turn on the TV".

Examples

Файл:No soliciting and whoring prostitutes.jpg
A sign over a sink in Xicheng advising "No soliciting and whoring prostitutes."

Collections of Chinglish are found on numerous websites (see below) and books.[51][52][53] Owing to the ubiquity of Chinglish mistakes throughout the Sinophone world, the following examples will exclude common misspellings (e.g., "energetically Englsih-friendly environment")[54] and typographical errors (a bilingual bus sign reading "Шаблон:Lang To unknow"; Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang means "to; toward" and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang "don't know")[55] that can occur anywhere in the English-speaking world.

Файл:Steek.JPG
A multilingual sign on a door in Taipei uses the unusual Scottish English word steek ("shut") instead of close.
Файл:Chinglish-GoStraightOnPublic.JPG
A sign at the bus station in Shaowu, Fujian.
  • Please steek gently appears on a Taipei government building door. This form of Chinglish uses obscure English terms, namely, Scottish English steek "enclose; close; shut" instead of the common word.
  • Bumf Box for Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh), employs the British English word bumf, originally a shortened form of bumfodder meaning "toilet paper", now used to mean "useless documents".[61]
  • Braised enterovirus in Clay Pot appears on a Chinese menu for Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh), which is a stuffed sausage popular in Sichuanese-Hunanese cuisine. This example occurred following the Enterovirus 71 epidemic in China, and mistranslates Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh) as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh).[62]
  • Fried enema on a menu mistranslates Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh). The Jinshan Ciba dictionary confused the cooking and medical meanings of guanchang "(make) a sausage; (give) an enema".[63]
  • A weak 'pyridaben carbazole' sound is found on translated instructions for a photographic light, "Install the battery into the battery jar, when heard a weak 'pyridaben carbazole' sound the installation is completed." The original Chinese has an onomatopoetic term Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh) rendered into Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh) and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh).[64]
  • 4 Uygur theater is printed on the bilingual instructions for a Chinese 4-D film about dinosaurs. The Chinese term Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh) uses Шаблон:Lang "tie up; maintain, uphold; estimate" that commonly transcribes foreign names such as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh).[65]
  • Exterminate Capitalism Lobster Package was the Chinglish rendering of Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh) on a menu mentioned by The New York Times.[66] Victor Mair analyzed the linguistic impossibility of rendering Taotie (Шаблон:Lang) "a mythical beast; glutton; greedy person" as "exterminate capitalism" and concluded somebody "mischievously provided an absurd translation, perhaps with the intention of poking fun at the Chinese Communist system which has given rise to such luxurious and fancy dining practices as reflected in pretentious menus of this sort."[67]
  • Шаблон:Vanchor is a mistranslation, albeit a substantially intelligible one (e.g., "[I] do not want [what is happening to happen]") of "Nooooo-!" exclaimed by Darth Vader in a bootleg version of Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, a phrase which has since become an internet meme. A bootleg copy of the film entitled "Star War – The third gathers: Backstroke of the West" was bought in China, and featured erroneous English subtitles that were machine translated back from a Chinese translation of the original English, i.e. a re-translation, which was posted online due to its humorous use of poor English.[68][69] Having gone viral, the phrase has spread as a meme used on messageboards online.[70] The mistranslation is an example of translation decay following an English translation to Chinese, which is then re-translated back into English; the exclamation "no" would be correctly translated as Шаблон:Zh in Chinese, however since Шаблон:Zh can also mean "want", and Шаблон:Zh is used as a negation particle, Шаблон:Lang can also be translated as "don't want" or "do not want". As an example, the phrase Шаблон:Lang correctly translates to "I (don't/do not) want to go", however the discussion Шаблон:Lang translates to "Do you want to eat?"/"No." as well. Other humorous mistranslations from this movie include "They're all over me" as "He is in my behind", "The Jedi Council" as "The Presbyterian Church", and the notorious phrase "May the force be with you" as "The wish power are together with you".[69]
A light-colored sign with Chinese characters and "Note that the level of gap" written on it in blue
The ubiquitous "Mind the gap" in Chinglish on a Shanghai Ferry dock.
Файл:Cryptic clothing label.jpg
Misspelling on clothing label from a pair of shorts purchased in Huwei, Taiwan.
  • Don't stampede is featured on signs in lavatories to inform users that using a sitting toilet like a squatting toilet is prohibited.[71]
  • Mustard Silk is a mistranslation of "shredded pickled vegetables", (literally, "pickled mustard shred.") The product was employed by China Eastern Airlines.
  • Civilization tour is found on signs on boats on the West Lake in Hangzhou, Zhejiang as a mistranslation for Шаблон:Zh

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Wiktionary Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Interlanguage varieties

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  1. ↑ Jing, Xiao and Zuo, Niannian. (2006). "Chinglish in the oral work of non-English majors" Шаблон:Webarchive. CELEA Journal Vol. 29, No. 4
  2. ↑ Nury Vittachi (2000) From Yinglish to sado-mastication. World Englishes 19 (3), 405–414 Шаблон:Doi
  3. ↑ He, Deyuan & Li, David C.S. (2009). Language attitudes and linguistic features in the 'China English' debate. World Englishes Vol. 28, No. 1
  4. ↑ Hu, Xiaoqiong. (2004). "Why China English should stand alongside British, American, and the other ‘world Englishes’." English Today. 78 (20.2). 26–33
  5. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary online edition, 2004.
  6. ↑ Maurice Freedman (1957, 1970). Chinese Family and Marriage in Singapore, Johnson Reprint Corp., p. 101. "The noun ‘keep’ is sometimes used in Chinese-English. [Note] Sometimes jocularly referred to as ‘Chinglish’." S.v., lingua. Matthew C. Perry and Robert Tomes (1857). The Americans in Japan: an abridgment of the government narrative of the U.S. expedition to Japan. D. Appelton. p. 179. "Many of the women speak a little of the lingua called Chinese English, or, in the cant phrase, pigeon Шаблон:Sic."
  7. ↑ Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 14. Шаблон:Doi
  8. ↑ Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 23. Шаблон:Doi
  9. ↑ "Foreign tongues: Hong Kong.(corruption of English and Chinese in Hong Kong)" The Economist 2 March 1996.
  10. ↑ Daniel J. Bauer, "Chinglish a problem for teachers", The China Post 10 May 2009.
  11. ↑ Victor Mair, "Xinhua English and Zhonglish", Language Log, 4 February 2009.
  12. ↑ Victor Mair, "Zhonglish: a high-impact ride?", Language Log, 13 June 2010.
  13. ↑ Victor Mair, "Protests, Complaints, and Representations", Language Log, 29 July 2009.
  14. ↑ Victor Mair, "Pure Chinese?", Language Log, 28 August 2010.
  15. ↑ Abigail Lavin (2008), "Feudal to Translate", Weekly Standard 31 March 2008.
  16. ↑ Yamuna Kachru and Cecil L. Nelson (2006), World Englishes in Asian Contexts. Hong Kong University Press, p. 157.
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  18. ↑ Kachru and Nelson (2006), p. 158.
  19. ↑ McArthur, Tom. (2002). Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  20. ↑ Lam, A. (2002). English in education in China: policy changes and learners’. experiences. World Englishes, 21(2), 245–256
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ McArthur (2002)
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ 'Oxford English Dictionary, online edition, 2004, s.v. long, a., 7.c.
  25. ↑ Eric Partridge, Tom Dalzell, Terry Victor (2006). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z, p. 1229.
  26. ↑ BBC News (2006/10/15) – Beijing stamps out poor English
  27. ↑ Beijing getting rid of badly translate signs Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:Sic, China Daily 27 February 2007. In addition, this article misspells "Chinglis".
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Who could resist the temptation of a plate of worm pig stomach?, The Times 15 August 2008.
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ A Sampling of Chinglish, The New York Times, 2 May 2010.
  32. ↑ Jacobs (2010).
  33. ↑ James Fallows, "Uncle! Or let's make that, 叔叔!", The Atlantic, 6 August 2010
  34. ↑ Mark Lieberman, "Wet turban needless wash", Language Log, 5 August 2010.
  35. ↑ Chinglish booklet stirs debate ahead of Expo, People's Daily Online 21 January 2010.
  36. ↑ Huimei Liu, Frank Feather, and Wei Qian (2004), Lost in Translation: Millions of Tourists to China are Confused by a Myriad of "Chinglish" Misinterpretations Шаблон:Webarchive, US-China Foreign Language 2.10, p. 17.
  37. ↑ Global Language Monitor: Many Chinglish into English, People's Daily Online, 7 February 2006.
  38. ↑ Malcolm Moore, "Chinese language 'damaged by invasion of English words'", The Telegraph, 15 March 2010.
  39. ↑ Yi Han and Herbert P. Ginsberg (2001), "Chinese and English Mathematics Language: The Relation Between Linguistic Clarity and Mathematics Performance", Mathematical Thinking and Learning 3, pp. 201–220.
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 41,2 Pingxia, Liu, and Quynh Lê. "China English and Its Linguistic Features." Ed. Thao Lê. Language, Society and Culture Journal 25 (2008): n. pag. Web. 6 August 2014. <Шаблон:Cite web>.
  42. ↑ Wang, You. "Chinglish: An Emerging New Variety of English Language?" Journal of Cambridge Studies 4.1 (2009): 28–34. Print.
  43. ↑ Huimei Liu, Frank Feather, and Wei Qian (2004), Lost in Translation: Millions of Tourists to China are Confused by a Myriad of "Chinglish" Misinterpretations Шаблон:Webarchive, US-China Foreign Language 2.10, pp. 18–20.
  44. ↑ Liu, Feather, and Qian (2004), p. 23.
  45. ↑ Li, Wenzhong. (1993). "China English and Chinglish" Шаблон:Webarchive. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Journal, Vol.4.
  46. ↑ Chinglish, by Kira Simon–Kennedy, SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS, Number 224 May 2012
  47. ↑ Victor H. Mair, ed., "Developments in Chinese Language and Script During the 20th and 21st Centuries"
  48. ↑ 李光霞. 中式英语与中介语理论[J]. 河南机电高等专科学校学报, 2006(1). 3.
  49. ↑ 49,0 49,1 Causes of and Remedies for Chinglish in Chinese College Students’ Writings Ping Wang1, Weiping Wang
  50. ↑ On Objective Causes of Chinglish and Strategies of Error Avoidance
  51. ↑ Pinkham, Joan (2000). The Translator's Guide to Chinglish. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  53. ↑ Radtke, Oliver Lutz (2009). More Chinglish: Speaking in Tongues. Gibb禁s-Smith.
  54. ↑ Mark Swofford, "Taiwan's energetically Englsih-friendly [sic] environment", Pinyin news, 12 December 2007.
  55. ↑ Victor Mair, "A Bus to Don't Know", Language Log, 6 September 2010.
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  57. ↑ Victor Mair, "GAN: WHODUNNIT, AND HOW, AND WHY?", Language Log, 31 May 2006.
  58. ↑ Victor Mair. "The Etiology and Elaboration of a Flagrant Mistranslation". Language Log, 9 December 2007. Accessed 30 April 2008.
  59. ↑ Victor Mair, THE SHRIMP DID WHAT TO THE CABBAGE?, Language Log, 11 September 2006.
  60. ↑ Victor Mair, "Mind your manners with the empress", Language Log, 14 July 2010.
  61. ↑ Victor Mair, Bumf box, Language Log, 2 May 2009.
  62. ↑ Mark Lieberman, "Braised enterovirus, anyone?", Language Log, 16 July 2008.
  63. ↑ Victor Mair, "Fried enema", Language Log, 5 April 2010.
  64. ↑ Victor Mair, "Wait Till You Hear a Weak Pyridaben Carbazole Sound", Language Log, 30 June 2010.
  65. ↑ Victor Mair, "4 Uygur Theater", Language Log, 12 June 2009.
  66. ↑ Allison Busacca and Marcia Allert, Strange Signs from Abroad, The New York Times, 11 May 2010
  67. ↑ Victor Mair, "Weird Signs", Language Log, 14 May 2010.
  68. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  69. ↑ 69,0 69,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  70. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  71. ↑ Chinglish by Kira Simon–Kenned SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 224 May 2012Developments in Chinese Language and Script During the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries edited and with an introduction by Victor H. Mair http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp224_chinese_scripts.pdf
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