Английская Википедия:City of Brussels

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox Belgium municipality

The City of Brussels (Шаблон:Lang-fr Шаблон:IPA-fr or alternatively Bruxelles-Ville Шаблон:IPA-fr; Шаблон:Lang-nl Шаблон:IPA-nl or Brussel-Stad Шаблон:IPA-nl) is the largest municipality and historical centre of the Brussels-Capital Region, as well as the capital of the Flemish Region (from which it is separate) and Belgium.[1] The City of Brussels is also the administrative centre of the European Union, as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions in its European Quarter.Шаблон:Sfn[2]Шаблон:Efn

Besides the central historic town located within the Pentagon, the City of Brussels covers some of the city's immediate outskirts within the greater Brussels-Capital Region, namely the former municipalities of Haren, Laeken, and Neder-Over-Heembeek to the north, as well as the Avenue Louise/Louizalaan and the Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos park to the south-east, where it borders municipalities in Flanders.

Шаблон:As of, the City of Brussels had a population of 194,291 inhabitants. The total area is Шаблон:Convert which gives a population density of Шаблон:Convert. As of 2007, there were 75,998 registered non-Belgians in the City.[3] In common with all of Brussels' municipalities, it is legally bilingual (French–Dutch).

Territorial history

Файл:Brussel.1610.a.jpg
Engraving of Brussels from Шаблон:Circa

Historically, the City of Brussels was simply defined, being the area within the second walls of Brussels, the modern-day Small Ring (Brussels' inner ring road). As the city grew, the surrounding villages grew as well, eventually growing into a contiguous city, though the local governments retained control of their respective areas.

The construction of the Avenue Louise/Louizalaan was commissioned in 1847 as a monumental avenue bordered by chestnut trees that would allow easy access to the popular recreational area of the Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos. However, fierce resistance to the project was put up by the town of Ixelles (which was then still separate from Brussels) through whose land the avenue was supposed to run. After years of fruitless negotiations, Brussels finally annexed the narrow band of land needed for the avenue plus the Bois de la Cambre itself in 1864. That decision accounts for the unusual south-eastern protrusion of the City of Brussels and for Ixelles being split in two separate parts. Part of the Шаблон:Lang (ULB)'s Solbosch campus is also part of the City of Brussels, partially accounting for the bulge in the south-eastern end.

Unlike most of the municipalities in Belgium, the ones located in the Brussels-Capital Region were not merged with others during mergers occurring in 1964, 1970, and 1975.[4] However, a few neighbouring municipalities have been merged into the City of Brussels, including Haren, Laeken and Neder-Over-Heembeek in 1921.[5] These comprise the northern bulge in the municipality. To the south-east is also a strip of land along the Avenue Louise that was annexed from Ixelles.

Quarters

Файл:Pentagone Bxl.01.jpg
Map of Brussels' Pentagon and its districts (in French)

Pentagon

Шаблон:Main

Central Quarter

The origins of Brussels can be traced back to the heart of Saint-Géry/Sint-Goriks Island, formed by the river Senne, on which a first keep was built around 979. Nowadays, the neighbourhood around the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, a former covered market, is one of the capital's trendiest districts.[6] In this Central Quarter (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl), there are some vestiges of the 13th-century first walls of Brussels, which encompassed the area between the first port on the Senne, the old Romanesque church (later replaced by the Brabantine Gothic Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula),[7] and the former ducal palace of Coudenberg in today's Royal Quarter. At the centre of this triangle are the Grand-Place/Grote Markt (Brussels' main square);[8] the Îlot Sacré district, which takes its name from its resistance to demolition projects, itself crossed by the Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries;[9] the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang district, which welcomed pilgrims on their way to Santiago de Compostela; as well as the former Brussels Stock Exchange building, erected on the site of a former Franciscan convent whose remains have been unearthed.Шаблон:Sfn[10]

Royal Quarter

The Royal Quarter (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl) is so named because it houses, on the one hand, the Place Royale/Koningsplein ("Royal Square" or "King's Square"), built under Charles-Alexander of Lorraine on the Coudenberg hill, on the site of the former Palace of the Dukes of Brabant, of which certain levels of foundation still exist,[11] and on the other hand, the Royal Palace of Brussels,[12] which faces Brussels Park,[13][14] on the other side of which is the Belgian House of Parliament (Palace of the Nation).[15] Below the Royal District is the Central Station and the Mont des Arts/Kunstberg,[16] home to the Royal Library of Belgium (KBR),[17] the Royal Belgian Film Archive (Cinematek), the Brussels Centre for Fine Arts,[18] the Museum of Cinema, the Musical Instruments Museum (MIM),[19] the BELvue Museum, and the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium.[20]

Sablon/Zavel Quarter

Шаблон:Main

From the Place Royale/Koningsplein, the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang crosses the Sablon/Zavel Quarter (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl),[21] made of the larger Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Large Sablon") square in the north-west[22] and the smaller Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Small Sablon") square and garden in the south-east,[23] divided by the Church of Our Blessed Lady of the Sablon.[24] It is a swanky district, where an antiques market is held, and in which antique and art dealers, as well as other luxury shops, have their businesses. Not far from there stood the Art Nouveau Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis by the famous architect Victor Horta, until its demolition in 1965. The Sablon is also home to the Egmont Palace[25] and the Royal Conservatory of Brussels.[26]

Marolles/Marollen Quarter

Шаблон:Main

In the shadow of the gigantic Palace of Justice lies the Marolles/Marollen Quarter (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl, not to be confused with the Marolle that purists delimit to only seven streets).[27] From the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang[28] to the Place du Jeu de Balle/Vossenplein, where a daily flea market known as the Old Market has been held since 1873,[29] along the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, second-hand and popular shops have for some years given way to antique dealers, marking a profound transformation of the district.[30][31] The Cité Hellemans, a remarkable example of an early 20th-century collective housing complex, was built to replace the neighbourhood's many squalid cul-de-sacs.[32] The Rue Haute, one of the city's longest and oldest streets, follows the course of an old Gallo-Roman road,[30] and runs along Saint Peter's Hospital, built in 1935 on the site of a leprosium,[33] to end at the Halle Gate, the only remaining gate in a series that allowed passage inside the second walls of Brussels.[34]

Midi–Lemonnier or Stalingrad Quarter

It was in the heart of the Midi–Lemonnier Quarter (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl), where the Place Rouppe/Rouppeplein is today, that Brussels' first South Station, the terminus of the South Line, was built in 1839. It was known as Bogards' railway station for the eponymous convent whose site it was built on, and to which the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang is now the only reference.[35][36] The former presence of a station at this location also explains the unusual width of the current Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, which goes from the square to the Small Ring, cleared of its train tracks since the inauguration of Brussels-South Station, built outside the Pentagon in 1869.[35][37] Because of this, the neighbourhood is sometimes called the Stalingrad Quarter (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl). At the same time, following the covering of the Senne, the district saw the construction of Haussmann-esque grand central boulevards, including the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang,[38] bordered by the Place Fontainas/Fontainasplein[39] and the Place Anneessens/Anneessensplein (former location of the Old Market),[40] as well as by the Midi Palace.[41] Each Sunday morning, the Midi district hosts the second largest market in Europe.

Senne/Zenne or Dansaert Quarter

The damp and marshy land around the present-day Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang was occupied by craftsmen since the Middle Ages.[42][43] An arm of the river crossed the defences of the second walls at the level of the Ninove Gate via the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Small Lock"), which served as a maritime gate, an end of which remaining there until the 1960s. Later, small industries and many artisan breweries (now disappeared) established themselves in the area, as evidenced by the names of the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Hops Street")[44] and the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Old Grain Market Street").[45] The Shot Tower (Шаблон:Lang), which was used to manufacture lead shot for hunting,[46] and the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Gunpowder Street"),[47] also testify to the neighbourhood's former activities. Long neglected following the relocation of businesses outside the city centre, the Senne/Zenne Quarter (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl) has in recent years been the object of renewed interest and is undergoing gentrification due to the many disused industrial premises being converted into lofts. The area around the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang has become a trendy district and is attracting a younger, more well-off, and mostly Dutch-speaking population.[48] This new situation, which has resulted in rising rents, is not without problems for the neighbourhood's less fortunate inhabitants.

Quays or Maritime Quarter

The Quays Quarter (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl) is that of the old Port of Brussels, which for a long time played the role of "belly" of the city. Boats coming from the river Scheldt penetrated through the former Shore Gate (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl), on the site of the present-day Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, to join one of the canals, whose docks were each reserved for one type of goods.[49] Filled in the late 19th century with the opening of Brussels' new port, these basins were replaced by wide boulevards, whose names on both sides still recall their former function: the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Brick Wharf"),[50] the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Firewood Wharf"),[51] the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Quarry Stone Wharf"),[52] the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Hay Wharf"),[53] etc., or references to the neighbourhood's commercial activities: the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Warehouse Street"),[54] the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Traders Street"),[55] the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Pig Market Street")[56] and the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Trade Wharf").[57] Along the quaysides, numerous bourgeois houses, once belonging to wealthy merchants, have preserved the entrances to the warehouses. On the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, one can still cross food wholesalers, now supplied by trucks that have replaced the boats.[58] The district also includes the Great Beguinage of Brussels, with the Church of St. John the Baptist[59] and the remarkable Grand Hospice Pachéco.[60]

Marais–Jacqmain Quarter

Few of the buildings in the Marais–Jacqmain Quarter (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl) have escaped 20th-century demolition, from the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang[61] to the Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat.[62] They have given way to the State Administrative Centre, press printers, banking facilities, and commercial galleries. The current trend is to restore the neighbourhood's social mix by redeveloping former office buildings into housing. Despite the district's long-time grim aspect, the centuries-old Meyboom tradition has been maintained, and the former Art Nouveau Magasins Waucquez by Victor Horta have been preserved to house, since 1993, the Belgian Comic Strip Center.[63] Another preserved islet is the 18th-century neoclassical Place des Martyrs/Martelaarsplein, which has gradually been renovated.[64] The victims of the Belgian Revolution of 1830 are buried there in an open crypt with a memorial. Nearby is the Rue Neuve, one of Belgium's main shopping streets, with more than Шаблон:Convert of stores on both its sides;[62] the Boulevard Adolphe Max/Adolphe Maxlaan, a traditional 19th-century artery;[65] and the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang (where the Théâtre National Wallonie-Bruxelles has been installed since 2004),[66] close to the Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein. The latter, a very busy square, is dominated at its southern end by two block-style towers, but for the rest, it has totally (Hotel Métropole and its neighbour the Hotel Atlanta) or partially (UGC cinema) retained its old facades.[67][68][69]

Freedom Quarter

The Freedom Quarter (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl) is situated between the Belgian Parliament and the Rue Royale/Koningsstraat, not far from the crossroads with the Small Ring. Its focal point is the Congress Column (erected in memory of the National Congress of 1830–31, the founder of democratic liberties in Belgium), under which also lies the tomb of the Unknown Soldier with an eternal flame.[70] Not far from there is the Hotel Astoria, dating from 1911, which is currently being renovated and enlarged, to be reopened in the coming years.[71] In the 19th century, the district was known as Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang and was predominantly inhabited by working-class people. The authorities' desire to clean up the squalid parts of the city led to the expulsion of the population and the neighbourhood's complete destruction. A new bourgeois district was developed during the last quarter of the century. The choice was made to commemorate Belgian independence: the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Liberty Square"),[72] the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Barricades' Square"),[73] the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Revolution Street"),[74] the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ("Congress Street"), etc.[75] The four streets leading off the Place de la Liberté bear the names of the four constitutional liberties, symbolised by four allegorical bronze female sculptures surrounding the Congress Column: Freedom of the Press, Worship, Association and Education.[70] This eclectic urban complex is one of the best preserved in the Pentagon.

Eastern Quarters

European Quarter and Leopold Quarter

Шаблон:Main

The European Quarter (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl) is located to the east of the Pentagon, around the Place du Luxembourg/Luxemburgplein and the Robert Schuman Roundabout, and includes the smaller Leopold Quarter (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl). The European Parliament was built near the Place du Luxembourg, on the site of the former Leopold Quarter railway station, and of which only the central building overlooking the square remains, having been replaced by the underground Brussels-Luxembourg railway station. The European Commission, housed in the Berlaymont building, is located on the Schuman Roundabout, not far from the Cinquantenaire Park. Across the street stands the Justus Lipsius building and the Europa building (part of the Residence Palace), serving as the seat of the European Council and the Council of the EU. In Leopold Park, the House of European History (HEH) initiates visitors to the social history of the European continent. There is a visitor centre in the main European Parliament building, known as the Parliamentarium, and another smaller one in the Justus Lipsius building for the European Council. It is accessible on certain days, by appointment. Many of the attractions in the European Quarter are free to visit.

Squares Quarter

The Squares Quarter (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl) is the northern spur of the European Quarter, located between Saint-Josse-ten-Noode and the Leopold Quarter. The district is bounded by the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang to the north, the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang to the east, the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang to the south, as well as the Small Ring to the west. The toponym refers to the many squares in the area, in particular the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang. The area between the Small Ring and the Square Marie-Louise is sometimes considered to be part of the Leopold Quarter.

Northern Quarters

Laeken

Шаблон:Main

Laeken is a former municipality in the north of the Brussels-Capital Region, annexed by the City of Brussels in 1921. It is home to, among others, the Royal Domain of Laeken, the Palace of Laeken, the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken, the Church of Our Lady of Laeken (whose crypt contains the tombs of the Belgian royal family) and Laeken Cemetery, known for its wealth of monuments and sculptures. On the territory of Laeken also lies the Heysel/Heizel Plateau, the site of the World's Fairs of 1935 and 1958, and which includes the King Baudouin Stadium, Bruparck (with the Atomium, Mini-Europe miniature park and Kinepolis cinema), the Centenary Palace, home to the Brussels Exhibition Centre (Brussels Expo), and the Port of Brussels, next to which the Monument to Work by Constantin Meunier was erected. On its southern part, it holds the former Tour & Taxis former industrial site, which was annexed by the City of Brussels in 1897, twenty-four years before the rest of the municipality.

Mutsaard

Sometimes also known as the Pagoda district, the Japanese Tower district or De Wand district, Mutsaard (also spelled Mutsaert), is an old hamlet and a historic district located between Laeken and Neder-over-Heembeek and centred around the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang. The district was part of the former municipality of Laeken (postcode: 1020), but also a piece of Neder-over-Heembeek, annexed by Laeken in 1897. It is separated from the rest of Laeken by the Royal Domain and is the site of the Museums of the Far East. The district also extends a little into the neighbouring Flemish municipalities of Vilvoorde and Grimbergen.

Neder-Over-Heembeek

Шаблон:Main

Neder-Over-Heembeek is a former municipality incorporated into the City of Brussels in 1921, at the same time as Laeken and Haren. It has the distinction of having the oldest place name in the Brussels-Capital Region, as it was mentioned in an ordinance as early as the 7th century.Шаблон:Citation needed This is where the Queen Astrid Military Hospital, which is the National Burns and Poisons Centre, as well as recruitment services of the Belgian Armed Forces are located.

Haren

Шаблон:Main

Like Laeken and Neder-Over-Heembeek, the former municipality of Haren was annexed by the municipality (City) of Brussels in 1921, which allowed the extension of Schaerbeek railway station north of its territory. But it was above all the presence, south-west of the town, of an airfield, created by the Germans during the First World War, and where the former Belgian national airline Sabena was born, that precipitated the annexation of Haren. For almost fifty years, Haren has been home to NATO's headquarters. It is also the location of many other administrations and companies, such as the headquarters of Eurocontrol.

Demographics

Foreign population

The City of Brussels has a large immigrant population, with both the EU and non-European migrant communities outnumbering the native Belgians. Akin to neighbouring Ixelles, Etterbeek and Schaerbeek, the City of Brussels also has a large Muslim population, mainly of North African origin.

Шаблон:As of, taking into account the nationality of birth of the parents, 55.84% of the City of Brussels's population is from non-European countries (predominantly Morocco), 27.21% is from another European country (mainly France, Romania, Italy, Spain, and Poland), while the native Belgian population is 16.94%.[76] Among all major migrant groups from outside the EU, a majority of the permanent residents have acquired Belgian nationality.[77]

Migrant communities in the City of Brussels with over 1,000 people as of 1 January 2020:[78]

Шаблон:Flag 9,049
Шаблон:Flag 7,431
Шаблон:Flag 7,057
Шаблон:Flag 5,175
Шаблон:Flag 4,690
Шаблон:Flag 2,777
Шаблон:Flag 1,832
Шаблон:Flag 1,758
Шаблон:Flag 1,704
Шаблон:Flag 1,591
Шаблон:Flag 1,573
Шаблон:Flag 1,565
Шаблон:Flag 1,511
Шаблон:Flag 1,389
Шаблон:Flag 1,309
Шаблон:Flag 1,177
Group of origin Year
2023[79][80]
Number %
Belgians with Belgian background 32,916 16.94%
Belgians with foreign background 85,377 43.94%
Neighbouring country 4,194 2.16%
EU27 (excluding neighbouring country) 6,629 3.41%
Outside EU 27 74,554 38.37%
Non-Belgians 75,998 39.12%
Neighbouring country 13,512 6.95%
EU27 (excluding neighbouring country) 28,534 14.69%
Outside EU 27 33,952 17.47%
Total 194,291 100%

Politics

Шаблон:See also As in every other Belgian municipality, the City of Brussels is headed by a mayor, who should not be confused with the Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region or the Governor of Brussels-Capital. The current city council was elected in the October 2018 elections.[81] The current mayor of the City of Brussels is Philippe Close, a member of PS, who is in coalition on the municipal council with Ecolo - Groen, DéFI and Forward.[82]

City of Brussels local election – 14 October 2018
Файл:Bruxelles2018.svg
Party
Votes % Swing (pp) Elected
2018 		Шаблон:Abbr
Шаблон:Party name with colour 19,997 28.38 Шаблон:Decrease0.74 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Decrease1
Шаблон:Party name with colour - Groen 11,847 16.81 Шаблон:Increase4.42 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Increase2
Шаблон:Party name with colour - Open Vld 9,772 13.87 Шаблон:Decrease4.02 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Decrease3
Шаблон:Party name with colour 8,159 11.58 Шаблон:Increase10.02 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Increase6
Шаблон:Party name with colour - CD&V 6,543 9.29 Шаблон:Decrease8.72 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Decrease5
Шаблон:Party name with colour 5,317 7.55 Шаблон:Decrease0.08 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Steady
Шаблон:Party name with colour 2,606 3.70 Шаблон:Increase0.64 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Steady
Шаблон:Party name with colour (Change Brussels) 2,269 3.22 New Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Increase1
Шаблон:Party name with colour 1,138 1.61 Шаблон:Increase0.59 Шаблон:Composition bar -
Шаблон:Party name with colour 1,125 1.60 Шаблон:Decrease1.30 Шаблон:Composition bar -
Others 1,694 2.40 Шаблон:Decrease1.56 Шаблон:Composition bar -

Environmental policy

Brussels is ranked sixth in the index of cities which are becoming greener fastest as for the year 2022, even though in the past it had a reputation of a "traffic-choked city of high rises and concrete". The authorities released a plan composed of seven steps on how to make the city even more sustainable. Those include introducing "a use-based, circular and low-carbon economy" and making the city "proactive". The city should become a "10-minute city" meaning "making the facilities essential to urban life accessible to every inhabitant in less than 10 minutes". Green spaces should be expanded. The plan includes participation of the population in decision-making and high life level for all.[83]

Culture

Museums

Шаблон:Main list There are many museums in and around Brussels' city centre. On the first Sunday of every month, free entry is granted to many of Brussels' museums. The Underwear Museum opened in 2009,[84] and was initially in the City of Brussels.[85] In 2016 it moved to Lessines, Hainaut, Wallonia.[86]

Below is a non-exhaustive list of museums in the City of Brussels:

Food

Brussels is well known for its food. Brussels sprouts were named after the city.[87] Like most of Belgium, moules-frites, waffles (gaufres), chocolate, French fries, and beer are common there.[88] It is home to one 2-starred and four 1-starred Michelin restaurants.[89]

Honorary citizens

Among the recipients of the honorary citizenship of the City of Brussels are:[90]

Date Name Notes
29 June 1945 Dwight D. Eisenhower
12 September 1945 Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
11 October 1945 Charles de Gaulle
16 October 1945 Sir Winston Churchill
16 April 1946 Sir Arthur Coningham
26 May 1982 Simone Veil
5 October 1984 Maurice Béjart
24 April 1985 Gaston Thorn
20 December 2001 José Géal
8 September 2004 Annie Cordy
18 May 2005 José Van Dam
22 June 2005 Marc Sleen
23 September 2005 Alberto Uderzo
24 November 2005 Jacques Van der Biest
20 December 2005 Dick Annegarn
4 Februari 2006 Guy Loiseau President of the Order of the Friends of Manneken Pis[90]
22 March 2006 Marcel Hastir
12 June 2006 Henri Vernes
24 June 2006 Bernard Foccroulle
19 October 2006 Jean-Baptiste Beken Compagnon de Saint-Laurent[90]
14 November 2006 Cécile Muller President of Miss Belgium
5 May 2007 Elisabeth t'Kint Manager of the Cirque Royal[90]
7 May 2007 Julot Verbeeck Press officer of the Cirque Royal[90]
17 April 2008 Expo 58 hostesses
12 October 2009 William Vance
24 February 2010 David Susskind (1925–2011) Belgian Jewish Leader and Peace Activist.[91][92]
12 May 2011 Stéphane Hessel
22 November 2011 Jean Van Hamme
25 September 2013 Agnès Varda
29 March 2014 Nathan Clumeck Professor and managing director of the Saint-Pierre Hospital
30 October 2015 Grand Jojo Also known as Lange Jojo
25 March 2016 Woltje Puppet from the Royal Theatre Toone
22 September 2017 Arno
27 September 2018 Diane von Fürstenberg

Symbols

Шаблон:Main

Heraldry

Шаблон:Infobox COA wide

Previous versions
Шаблон:Center The Original arms were plain Gules.[93] From the 16th century on, it was customary to put the figure of the city seal representing Saint Michael, first as a shadow then in a more elaborate form.[94]

Note: many of the arms of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels were variants of these arms.

Файл:Greater Coat of Arms of Brussels (1730).svg 1730 arms
Шаблон:Center Napoleonic arms[95]

Vexillology

Flag of the City of Brussels
Файл:Brussel vlag.svg
 Description:

Green and red with at its centre Saint Michael slaying the dragon (Devil).

Symbolism:

Saint Michael is the patron saint of the city.[96] See: Saint Michael slaying the Devil

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Footnotes

Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Geographic location Шаблон:Brussels Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

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