Английская Википедия:Communist Party of India

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:For Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Indian English Шаблон:Infobox Indian political party Шаблон:Communist Parties Шаблон:Communism in India The Communist Party of India (CPI) is the oldest communist party in India. The CPI was founded in modern-day Kanpur on 26 December 1925.[1][2][3] Currently it has 2 members in Lok Sabha and 2 members in Rajya Sabha. In addition, it has 22 MLAs across 4 states and 1 MLC in Bihar. It has the current ECI status of a state party in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Manipur.[4]

CPI was heavily involved in resistance to British colonisation, the fight against the caste system and for land reform.[5] Between 1921 and 1933, many Communist leaders were arrested and imprisoned. In 1934, the British colonial administration banned the Communist Party and its affiliated trade union and peasant organisations, making membership a criminal offence.[6] The Communist Party continued its activities clandestinely, despite the repression. Between 1946 and 1951, it structured the peasant revolt in Telangana and organised guerrilla warfare against the feudal lords.[6] CPI was the main opposition party in India during 1950's to 1960's.

CPI was part of the ruling United Front government from 1996 to 1998 and had two ministers under Devegowda and Gujral Ministry. Left Front gave outside support to VP Singh government(1989–90) and UPA government(2004–2009). The Left Front governed West Bengal for 34 years (1977–2011) and Tripura for 25 years (1993–2018).

As of December 2023, the CPI is a part of the state government in Kerala led by LDF. CPI have 4 Cabinet Ministers and a Deputy Speaker in Kerala. In Tamil Nadu it is in power with SPA coalition led by DMK. In Telangana, it is in alliance with the INC.

CPI, along with the Left Front, is part of the INDIA alliance formed to defeat the incumbent BJP-led right-wing NDA government in 2024 General elections.

History

Formation

The Communist Party of India was formed on 26 December 1924 at the first Party Conference in Kanpur, which was then known as Cawnpore. Its founders included M. N. Roy, his wife Evelyn Trent, Abani Mukherji, and M. P. T. Acharya.[7] S.V. Ghate was the first General Secretary of CPI. There were many communist groups formed by Indians with the help of foreigners in different parts of the world, Tashkent group of Contacts were made with Anushilan and Jugantar the groups in Bengal, and small communist groups were formed in Bombay (led by S.A. Dange), Madras (led by Singaravelu), United Provinces (led by Shaukat Usmani), Punjab, Sindh (led by Ghulam Hussain) and Bengal (led by Muzaffar Ahmed).

Involvement in independence struggle

During the 1920s and the early 1930s the party was badly organised, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national co-ordination. The government had banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party very difficult. Between 1921 and 1924 there were three conspiracy trials against the communist movement; First Peshawar Conspiracy Case, Meerut Conspiracy Case and the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case. In the first three cases, Russian-trained muhajir communists were put on trial. However, the Cawnpore (now spelt Kanpur) trial had more political impact. On 17 March 1924, Shripad Amrit Dange, M.N. Roy, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, Singaravelu Chettiar, Ghulam Hussain and R.C. Sharma were charged, in Cawnpore Bolshevik Conspiracy case. The specific pip charge was that they as communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from Britain by a violent revolution." Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned, on such a large scale, about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India.[8]

Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness. M.N. Roy was in Germany and R.C. Sharma in French Pondichéry, and therefore could not be arrested. Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in Kabul and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced for various terms of imprisonment. This case was responsible for actively introducing communism to a larger Indian audience.[8] Dange was released from prison in 1927. Rahul Dev Pal was a prominent communist leader.

On 26 December 1925 a communist conference was organised in Kanpur.[9] Government authorities estimated that 500 persons took part in the conference. The conference was convened by a man called Satya Bhakta. At the conference Satyabhakta argued for a 'National communism' and against subordination under Comintern. Being outvoted by the other delegates, Satyabhakta left the conference venue in protest. The conference adopted the name 'Communist Party of India'. Groups such as Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan (LKPH) dissolved into the CPI.[10] The émigré CPI, which probably had little organic character anyway, was effectively substituted by the organisation now operating inside India.

Soon after the 1926 conference of the Workers and Peasants Party of Bengal, the underground CPI directed its members to join the provincial Workers and Peasants Parties. All open communist activities were carried out through Workers and Peasants Parties.[11]

The sixth congress of the Communist International met in 1928. In 1927 the Kuomintang had turned on the Chinese communists, which led to a review of the policy on forming alliances with the national bourgeoisie in the colonial countries. The Colonial theses of the 6th Comintern congress called upon the Indian communists to combat the 'national-reformist leaders' and to 'unmask the national reformism of the Indian National Congress and oppose all phrases of the Swarajists, Gandhists, etc. about passive resistance'.[12] The congress did however differentiate between the character of the Chinese Kuomintang and the Indian Swarajist Party, considering the latter as neither a reliable ally nor a direct enemy. The congress called on the Indian communists to use the contradictions between the national bourgeoisie and the British imperialists.[13] The congress also denounced the WPP. The Tenth Plenum of the executive committee of the Communist International, 3 July 1929Шаблон:Spaced ndash19 July 1929, directed the Indian communists to break with WPP. When the communists deserted it, the WPP fell apart.[14]

Файл:Meerut prisoners outside the jail.jpg
Portrait of 25 of the Meerut Prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal, S. S. Josh, H. L. Hutchinson, Shaukat Usmani, B. F. Bradley, A. Prasad, P. Spratt, G. Adhikari. Middle Row: Radharaman Mitra, Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, S. Bannerjee, K.N. Joglekar, P. C. Joshi, Muzaffar Ahmed. Front Row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R.S. Nimbkar, S.S. Mirajkar, S.A. Dange, S.V. Ghate, Gopal Basak.

On 20 March 1929, arrests against WPP, CPI and other labour leaders were made in several parts of India, in what became known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. The communist leadership was now put behind bars. The trial proceedings were to last for four years.[15][16]

As of 1934, the main centres of activity of CPI were Bombay, Calcutta and Punjab. The party had also begun extending its activities to Madras. A group of Andhra and Tamil students, amongst them P. Sundarayya, were recruited to the CPI by Amir Hyder Khan.[17]

The party was reorganised in 1933, after the communist leaders from the Meerut trials were released. A central committee of the party was set up. In 1934 the party was accepted as the Indian section of the Communist International.[18]

When Indian left-wing elements formed the Congress Socialist Party in 1934, the CPI branded it as Social Fascist.[12]

The League Against Gandhism, initially known as the Gandhi Boycott Committee, was a political organisation in Calcutta, founded by the underground Communist Party of India and others to launch militant anti-Imperialist activities. The group took the name 'League Against Gandhism' in 1934.[19]

In connection with the change of policy of the Comintern toward Popular Front politics, the Indian communists changed their relation to the Indian National Congress. The communists joined the Congress Socialist Party, which worked as the left-wing of Congress. Through joining CSP, the CPI accepted the CSP demand for a Constituent Assembly, which it had denounced two years before. The CPI however analysed that the demand for a Constituent Assembly would not be a substitute for soviets.[20]

In July 1937, clandestine meeting held at Calicut.[21] Five persons were present at the meeting, P. Krishna Pillai, K. Damodaran, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, N. C. Sekhar and S.V. Ghate. The first four were members of the CSP in Kerala. The CPI in Kerala was formed on 31 December 1939 with the Pinarayi Conference.[22] The latter, Ghate, was a CPI Central Committee member, who had arrived from Madras.[23] Contacts between the CSP in Kerala and the CPI had begun in 1935, when P. Sundarayya (CC member of CPI, based in Madras at the time) met with EMS and Krishna Pillai. Sundarayya and Ghate visited Kerala at several times and met with the CSP leaders there. The contacts were facilitated through the national meetings of the Congress, CSP and All India Kisan Sabha.[17]

In 1936–1937, the co-operation between socialists and communists reached its peak. At the 2nd congress of the CSP, held in Meerut in January 1936, a thesis was adopted which declared that there was a need to build 'a united Indian Socialist Party based on Marxism-Leninism'.[24] At the 3rd CSP congress, held in Faizpur, several communists were included into the CSP National Executive Committee.[25]

In Kerala communists won control over CSP, and for a brief period controlled Congress there.

Two communists, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and Z.A. Ahmed, became All India joint secretaries of CSP. The CPI also had two other members inside the CSP executive.[20]

On the occasion of the 1940 Ramgarh Congress Conference CPI released a declaration called Proletarian Path, which sought to use the weakened state of the British Empire in the time of war and gave a call for general strike, no-tax, no-rent policies and mobilising for an armed revolutionary uprising. The National Executive of the CSP assembled at Ramgarh took a decision that all communists were expelled from CSP.[26]

In July 1942, the CPI was legalised, as a result of Britain and the Soviet Union becoming allies against Nazi Germany.[27] Communists strengthened their control over the All India Trade Union Congress. At the same time, communists were politically cornered for their opposition to the Quit India Movement.

CPI contested the Provincial Legislative Assembly elections of 1946 on its own. It had candidates in 108 out of 1585 seats, winning in eight seats. In total the CPI vote counted 666 723, which should be seen with the backdrop that 86% of the adult population of India lacked voting rights. The party had contested three seats in Bengal, and won all of them. One CPI candidate, Somnath Lahiri, was elected to the Constituent Assembly.[28]

The Communist Party of India opposed the partition of India and did not participate in the Independence Day celebrations of 15 August 1947 in protest at the division of the country.[29] Шаблон:Communism sidebar Шаблон:Marxism–Leninism sidebar Шаблон:Marxism

After independence

Файл:Armed peasants - Telangana armed struggle.jpg
The Telangana armed struggle (1946–1952), was a peasant rebellion by communists against the feudal lords of the Telangana region in the princely state of Hyderabad.
Файл:Telangana Armed Struggle guerrillas.jpg
Guerrillas of the Telangana armed struggle
Файл:A Communist Party camp in Karol Bagh, Delhi, 1952.jpg
CPI election campaign in Karol Bagh, Delhi, for the 1952 Indian general election
Файл:Kerala Council of Ministers 1957 EMS.jpg
First Council of Ministers, First CPI Ministry in Kerala

During the period around and directly following Independence in 1947, the internal situation in the party was chaotic. The party shifted rapidly between left-wing and right-wing positions. In February 1948, at the 2nd Party Congress in Calcutta, B. T. Ranadive (BTR) was elected General Secretary of the party.[30] The conference adopted the 'Programme of Democratic Revolution'. This programme included the first mention of struggle against caste injustice in a CPI document.[31]

In several areas the party led armed struggles against a series of local monarchs that were reluctant to give up their power. Such insurgencies took place in Tripura, Telangana and Kerala.Шаблон:Citation needed The most important rebellion took place in Telangana, against the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Communists built up a people's army and militia and controlled an area with a population of three million. The rebellion was brutally crushed and the party abandoned the policy of armed struggle. BTR was deposed and denounced as a 'left adventurist'.

In Manipur, the party became a force to reckon with through the agrarian struggles led by Jananeta Irawat Singh. Singh had joined CPI in 1946.[32] At the 1951 congress of the party, 'People's Democracy' was substituted by 'National Democracy' as the main slogan of the party.[33]

Communist Party was founded in Bihar in 1939. Post independence, communist party achieved success in Bihar (Bihar and Jharkhand). Communist party conducted movements for land reform, trade union movement was at its peak in Bihar in the sixties, seventies and eighties. Achievement of communists in Bihar placed the communist party in the forefront of left movement in India.Шаблон:Citation needed Bihar produced some of the legendary leaders like Kishan leaders Sahajanand Saraswati and Karyanand Sharma, intellectual giants like Jagannath Sarkar, Yogendra Sharma and Indradeep Sinha, mass leaders like Chandrasekhar Singh and Sunil Mukherjee, Trade Union leaders like Kedar Das and others.Шаблон:Citation needed In the Mithila region of Bihar Bhogendra Jha led the fight against the Mahants and Zamindars. He later went on the win Parliamentary elections and was MP for seven terms.Шаблон:Citation needed

In early 1950s young communist leadership was uniting textile workers, bank employees and unorganised sector workers to ensure mass support in north India. National leaders like S A Dange, Chandra Rajeswara Rao and P K Vasudevan Nair were encouraging them and supporting the idea despite their differences on the execution. Firebrand Communist leaders like Homi F. Daji, Guru Radha Kishan, H L Parwana, Sarjoo Pandey, Darshan Singh Canadian and Avtaar Singh Malhotra were emerging between the masses and the working class in particular.Шаблон:Citation needed This was the first leadership of communists that was very close to the masses and people consider them champions of the cause of the workers and the poor.

In 1952, CPI became the first leading opposition party in the 1st Lok Sabha, while the Indian National Congress was in power.

In the 1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election, Communist Party was banned, so it couldn't take part in the election process.[34] In the general elections in 1957, the CPI emerged as the largest opposition party. In 1957, the CPI won the state elections in Kerala. This was the first time that an opposition party won control over an Indian state. E. M. S. Namboodiripad became Chief Minister. At the 1957 international meeting of Communist parties in Moscow, the Chinese Communist Party directed criticism at the CPI for having formed a ministry in Kerala.[35]

Liberation of Dadra-Nagar Haveli: The Communist Party of India, along with its units in Bombay, Maharashtra and Gujarat, decided to start armed operations in the area in the July 1954. Both the areas were liberated by the beginning of August. Communist leaders like Narayan Palekar, Parulekar, Vaz, Rodriguez, Cunha and others emerged as the famous Communist leaders of this movement. Thereafter, the struggle to liberate Daman and Diu was begun by the Communist Party in Gujarat and other forces.[36]

Goa Satyagraha: The countrywide Goa satyagraha of 1955–56 is among the unforgettable pages in the history of freedom struggle, in which the Communists played a major and memorable role. The CPI decided to send batches of satyahrahis since the middle of 1955 to the borders of Goa and even inside. Many were killed, many more others arrested and sent to jails inside Goa and inhumanly treated. Many others were even sent to jails in Portugal and were brutally tortured. The satyagraha was led and conducted by a joint committee known as Goa Vimochan Sahayak Samiti. S.A. Dange, Senapati Bapat, S.G. Sardesai, Nana Patil and several others were among the prominent leaders of the Samiti. Satyagraha began on 10 May 1955, and soon became a countrywide movement.[37]

Ideological differences led to the split in the party in 1964 when two different party conferences were held, one of CPI and one of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).Шаблон:Citation needed

During the period 1970–77, CPI was allied with the Congress party. In Kerala, they formed a government together with Congress as part of a coalition known as the United Front, with the CPI-leader C. Achutha Menon as Chief Minister. This government continued governing throughout the emergency period and was responsible for the many acts of repression throughout the period carried out against political opponents in the guise of fighting naxals, manifesting most infamously in the Rajan case. The United Front government also used this opportunity to pursue class struggle by punishing those from the managerial classes, money lenders, bosses with anti-labour stances, ration shopkeepers and truckers engaged in black marketing, under stringent provisions of MISA and DIR.[38]

After the fall of the regime of Indira Gandhi, CPI reoriented itself towards co-operation with CPI(M).

In the 1980s, CPI opposed the Khalistan movement at Punjab. In 1986, CPI's leader in Punjab and MLA in the Punjabi legislature Darshan Singh Canadian was assassinated by Sikh extremists. Altogether about 200 communist leaders out of which most were Sikhs were killed by Sikh extremists in Punjab.Шаблон:Citation needed

Present situation

Файл:Communist CM's in India.png
Left parties' regional control Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend
Файл:Cpipkvtvnd (87).JPG
Mural in Thiruvananthapuram

CPI was recognised by the Election Commission of India as a 'National Party'. Till 2022, CPI happened to be the only national political party from India to have contested all the general elections using the same electoral symbol. Owing to a massive defeat in 2019 Indian general election where the party saw its tally reduced to 2 MPs, the Election Commission of India has sent a letter to CPI asking for reasons why its national party status should not be revoked.[39][40][41][42][43]

Due to repeated poor performances in elections, Election Commission of India withdrew its national party status on 10 April 2023.[4]

On the national level they supported the Indian National Congress-led United Progressive Alliance government along with other parliamentary Left parties, but without taking part in it. Upon attaining power in May 2004, the United Progressive Alliance formulated a programme of action known as the Common Minimum Programme. The Left bases its support to the UPA on strict adherence to it. Provisions of the CMP mentioned to discontinue disinvestment, massive social sector outlays and an independent foreign policy.

On 8 July 2008, the General Secretary of CPI(M), Prakash Karat, announced that the Left was withdrawing its support over the decision by the government to go ahead with the United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act. The Left parties combination had been a staunch advocate of not proceeding with this deal citing national interests.[44]

In West Bengal it participates in the Left Front. It also participated in the state government in Manipur. In Kerala the party is part of Left Democratic Front. In Tripura the party is a partner of the Left Front, which governed the state till 2018. In Tamil Nadu it is part of the Secular Progressive Alliance and in Bihar it is the part of Mahagathbandhan. It is involved in the Left Democratic Front in Maharashtra. In 2022 February CPI and Congress formed an alliance in Manipur named Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance.[45][46] The current general secretary of CPI is D. Raja.

Presence in states

As of 2020, the CPI is a part of the state government in Kerala. Pinarayi Vijayan is Chief Minister of Kerala. CPI have 4 Cabinet Ministers in Kerala. In Tamil Nadu it is in power with SPA coalition led by M. K. Stalin. The Left Front governed West Bengal for 34 years (1977–2011) and Tripura for 25 years (1993–2018)

State Governments

S.No State/ Govt Since Chief Minister Alliance Coalition Seats in Assembly Last election
Portrait Name Party Seats Since
1 Kerala 26 May 2016 Файл:Pinarayi.JPG Pinarayi Vijayan bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | CPI(M) 62 26 May 2016 Left Democratic Front (Kerala) [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Шаблон:Composition bar]] 6 April 2021
2 Tamil Nadu 7 May 2021 Файл:Hon CM Photo.jpg M. K. Stalin bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" | DMK 133 7 May 2021 Secular Progressive Alliance [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Шаблон:Composition bar]] 6 April 2021
3 Telangana 7 December 2023 Файл:Revanth Reddy.png Revanth Reddy style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color;" | INC 64 7 December 2023 INC+ Шаблон:Composition bar 30 November 2023
Seats won by CPI in state legislative assemblies
State legislative assembly Last election Contested
seats 		Seats won Alliance Result Шаблон:Ref.
Bihar Legislative Assembly 2020 6 Шаблон:Composition bar Mahagathbandhan Шаблон:No2
Kerala Legislative Assembly 2021 23 Шаблон:Composition bar style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color;" | Left Democratic Front Шаблон:Yes2
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 2021 6 Шаблон:Composition bar Secular Progressive Alliance Шаблон:Yes2
Telangana Legislative Assembly 2023 1 Шаблон:Composition bar style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color;" | INC+ Шаблон:Yes2
Seats won by CPI in state legislative councils
State legislative assembly Last election Contested
seats 		Seats won Alliance Result Шаблон:Ref.
Bihar Legislative Council 2020 1 Шаблон:Composition bar Mahagathbandhan Шаблон:Yes2

List of members of parliament

List of Rajya Sabha (Upper House) members

Шаблон:Main

No. Name State Date of appointment Date of retirement
1 Binoy Viswam Kerala Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2 P. Sandosh Kumar Kerala Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts

List of Lok Sabha (Lower House) members

Шаблон:Main

No. Name Constituency State
1 K. Subbarayan Tiruppur Tamil Nadu
2 M. Selvarasu Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu

Leadership

The 24th Party Congress of Communist Party of India was held from 14 to 18 October 2022 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.[47]

General Secretary

National Secretariat

  1. D. Raja
  2. Atul Kumar Anjaan
  3. Amarjeet Kaur
  4. K. Narayana
  5. Bhalchandra Kango
  6. Pallab Sen Gupta
  7. Binoy Viswam
  8. Syed Azeez Pasha
  9. Nagendra Nath Ojha
  10. Rama Krushna Panda

List of General secretaries and Chairmen of CPI

Article XXXII of the party constitution says:

"The tenure of the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary, if any, and State Secretaries is limited to two consecutive terms—a term being of not less than two years. In exceptional cases, the unit concerned may decide by three-fourth majority through secret ballot to allow two more terms. In case such a motion is adopted that comrade also can contest in the election along with other candidates. As regards the tenure of the office-bearers at district and lower levels, the state councils will frame rules where necessary."[48]

General secretaries and Chairmen[49] [50][51][52][53]
Number Photo Name Tenure
1st Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate 1925–1933
2nd Файл:Gangadhar Adhikary.jpg Gangadhar Adhikari 1933–1935
3rd Файл:PC Joshi 1937.jpg Puran Chand Joshi 1936–1948
4th Файл:B.T.Ranadive.jpg B. T. Ranadive 1948–1950
5th Chandra Rajeswara Rao 1950–1951, 1964–1990
6th Ajoy Ghosh 1951–1962
Chairman Файл:S.A. Dange.jpg Shripad Amrit Dange 1962–1981
7th Файл:E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg E. M. S. Namboodiripad 1962–1964
8th Файл:Indrajit Gupta.jpg Indrajit Gupta 1990–1996
9th Файл:Bardan.JPG Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan 1996–2012
10th Файл:SUDAKAR REDDY DSC 0686.JPG Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy 2012–2019
11th Файл:D.Raja M.P.JPG D. Raja 2019–Incumbent

State Secretary

Party Congress

Party Congress [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][49] [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68]
Party Congress Year Place
Founding Conference 1925 December 25 – 28 Kanpur
1st 1943 May 23–1 June Bombay
2nd 1948 February 28–6 March Calcutta
3rd 1953 December 27 – 1, 954 January 4 Madurai
4th 1956 April 19 – 29 Palghat
5th 1958 April 6 – 13 Amritsar
6th 1961 April 7 – 16 Vijayawada
7th 1964 December 13 – 23 Bombay
8th 1968 February 7 – 15 Patna
9th 1971 October 3 – 10 Cochin
10th 1975 January 27–2 February Vijayawada
11th 1978 March 31–7 April Bathinda
12th 1982 March 22 – 28 Varanasi
13th 1986 March 2 – 17 Patna
14th 1989 March 6 – 12 Calcutta
15th 1992 April 10 – 16 Hyderabad
16th 1995 October 7 – 11 Delhi
17th 1998 September 14 – 19 Chennai
18th 2002 March 26 – 31 Thiruvananthapuram
19th 2005 March 29–3 April Chandigarh
20th 2008 March 23 – 27 Hyderabad
21st 2012 March 27 – 31 Patna
22nd 2015 March 25 – 29 Puducherry
23rd 2018 April 25 – 29 Kollam
24th 2022 October 14 – 18 Vijayawada

Principal mass organisations

In Tripura, the Ganamukti Parishad is a major mass organisation amongst the Tripuri peoples of the state.

Former chief ministers

Former chief ministers [69][70][71]
Photo Name Tenure State
Файл:E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg E. M. S. Namboodiripad (1957 Шаблон:Endash 1959) Kerala
Файл:C. Achutha Menon.jpg C. Achutha Menon (1969 Шаблон:Endash 1970; 1970 Шаблон:Endash 1977)
Файл:P.K. Vasudevan Nair.jpg P. K. Vasudevan Nair (1978 Шаблон:Endash 1979)

Notable leaders

General election results

Performance of Communist Party of India in Lok Sabha elections

Lok Sabha

Year Total Lok Sabha constituencies Seats won / contested Change in seats Total votes Percentage of votes Change in vote % Шаблон:Ref.
First 1951−52 489 Шаблон:Composition bar – 3,487,401 3.29% – [72]
Second 1957 494 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Increase 11 10,754,075 8.92% Шаблон:Increase 5.63% [73]
Third 1962 494 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Increase 2 11,450,037 9.94% Шаблон:Increase 1.02% [74]
Fourth 1967 520 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Decrease 6 7,458,396 5.11% Шаблон:Decrease 4.83% [75]
Fifth 1971 518 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Steady 6,933,627 4.73% Шаблон:Decrease 0.38% [76]
Sixth 1977 542 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Decrease 16 5,322,088 2.82% Шаблон:Decrease 1.91% [77]
Seventh 1980 529 ( 542* ) Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Increase 3 4,927,342 2.49% Шаблон:Decrease 0.33% [78]
Eighth 1984 541 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Decrease 4 6,733,117 2.70% Шаблон:Increase 0.21% [79][80]
Ninth 1989 529 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Increase 6 7,734,697 2.57% Шаблон:Decrease 0.13% [81]
Tenth 1991 534 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Increase 2 6,898,340 2.48% Шаблон:Decrease 0.09% [82][83]
Eleventh 1996 543 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Decrease 2 6,582,263 1.97% Шаблон:Decrease 0.51% [84]
Twelfth 1998 543 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Decrease 3 6,429,569 1.75% Шаблон:Decrease 0.22% [85]
Thirteenth 1999 543 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Decrease 5 5,395,119 1.48% Шаблон:Decrease 0.27% [86]
Fourteenth 2004 543 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Increase 6 5,484,111 1.41% Шаблон:Decrease 0.07% [87]
Fifteenth 2009 543 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Decrease 6 5,951,888 1.43% Шаблон:Increase 0.02% [88]
Sixteenth 2014 543 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Decrease 3 4,327,298 0.78% Шаблон:Decrease 0.65% [89]
Seventeenth 2019 543 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Increase 1 3,576,184 0.58% Шаблон:Decrease
0.2% 		[90][91]

* : 12 seats in Assam and 1 in Meghalaya did not vote.

State No. of candidates 2019 No. of elected 2019 No. of candidates 2014 No. of elected 2014 No. of candidates 2009 No. of elected 2009 Total no. of seats in the state
Andhra Pradesh 2 0 1 0 2 0 (25)(2014)/42(2009)
Arunachal Pradesh 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Assam 2 0 1 0 3 0 14
Bihar 2 0 2 0 7 0 40
Chhattisgarh 1 0 2 0 1 0 11
Goa 0 0 2 0 2 0 2
Gujarat 1 0 1 0 1 0 26
Haryana 1 0 2 0 1 0 10
Himachal Pradesh 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Jammu and Kashmir 0 0 0 0 1 0 6
Jharkhand 3 0 3 0 3 0 14
Karnataka 1 0 3 0 1 0 28
Kerala 4 0 4 1 4 0 20
Madhya Pradesh 4 0 5 0 3 0 29
Maharashtra 2 0 4 0 3 0 48
Manipur 1 0 1 0 1 0 2
Meghalaya 0 0 1 0 1 0 2
Mizoram 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Nagaland 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Odisha 1 0 4 0 1 1 21
Punjab 2 0 5 0 2 0 13
Rajasthan 3 0 3 0 2 0 25
Sikkim 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Tamil Nadu 2 2 8 0 3 1 39
Tripura 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Telangana 2 0 17
Uttar Pradesh 12 0 8 0 9 0 80
Uttarakhand 0 0 1 0 1 0 5
West Bengal 3 0 3 0 3 2 42
Union Territories:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Chandigarh 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Daman and Diu 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Delhi 0 0 1 0 1 0 7
Lakshadweep 1[92] 0 1 0 0 0 1
Puducherry 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Total: 50 2 67 1 56 4 543

[90][91] [93] [94]

State Legislative assembly results

Year State Total
assembly seats 		Seats won /
Seats contested 		Change
in seats 		Votes Vote % Change in
vote %
2023 Telangana 119 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Increase1 80,336 0.34 Шаблон:Decrease0.07
Chhattisgarh 90
2022 Uttar Pradesh 403 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:No change 64,011 0.07% Шаблон:Decrease 0.09%
Uttarakhand 70 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:No change 2,325 0.04%
Manipur 60 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:No change 1,032 0.06% Шаблон:Decrease 0.68%
Himachal Pradesh 68 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:No change 627 0.01% Шаблон:Decrease 0.03%
Punjab 117 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:No change 7,440 0.05%
Gujarat 182 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:No change 2,688 0.01% Шаблон:Decrease 0.01%
2021 Assam 126 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Steady 27,290 0.84% Шаблон:Decrease 0.14%
Kerala 140 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Decrease 2 1,579,235 7.58% Шаблон:Decrease 0.54%
Puducherry 30 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Steady 7,522 0.90% Шаблон:Decrease 0.2%
Tamil Nadu 234 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Increase 2 504,537 1.09% Шаблон:Increase 0.3%
West Bengal 294 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Decrease 1 118,655 0.20% Шаблон:Decrease 1.25%
2020 Bihar 243 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Increase 2 349,489 0.83% Шаблон:Decrease 0.57%
2019 Andhra Pradesh 175 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Steady 34,746 0.11% Шаблон:N/a
Jharkhand 81 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Steady 68,589 0.46% Шаблон:Decrease 0.43%
Maharashtra 288 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Steady 35,188 0.06% Шаблон:Decrease 0.07%
Odisha 147 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Steady 29,235 0.12% Шаблон:Decrease 0.39%
2018 Chhattisgarh 90 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Steady 48,255 0.34% Шаблон:Decrease 0.32%
Rajasthan 200 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Steady 42,820 0.12% Шаблон:Decrease 0.06%
Tripura 60 Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Decrease 1 19,352 0.82% Шаблон:Decrease 0.85%
State No. of candidates No. elected Total no. of seats in Assembly Year of election
Andhra Pradesh 7 0 175 2019
Assam 1 0 126 2021
Bihar 6 2 243 2020
Chhattisgarh 19 0 90 2023
Delhi 3 0 70 2020
Goa 2 0 40 2017
Gujarat 2 0 182 2017
Haryana 4 0 90 2019
Himachal Pradesh 3 0 68 2017[95]
Jammu and Kashmir 3 0 87 2014
Jharkhand 16 0 81 2019
Karnataka 7 0 224 2023
Kerala 23 17 140 2021
Madhya Pradesh 18 0 230 2018
Maharashtra 16 0 288 2019
Manipur 2 0 60 2022
Meghalaya 1 0 60 2013
Mizoram 0 0 40 2013
Odisha 12 0 147 2019
Puducherry 1 0 30 2021
Punjab 7 0 117 2022
Rajasthan 9 0 200 2023
Telangana 1 1 119 2023
Tamil Nadu 6 2 234 2021
Tripura 1 0 60 2023
Uttar Pradesh 38 0 403 2022
Uttarakhand 4 0 70 2022
West Bengal 10 0 294 2021

Results from the Election Commission of India website. Results do not deal with partitions of states (Bihar was bifurcated after the 2000 election, creating Jharkhand), defections and by-elections during the mandate period.

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

  • Chakrabarty, Bidyut. Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies (Oxford University Press, 2014).
  • Devika, J. "Egalitarian developmentalism, communist mobilization, and the question of caste in Kerala State, India." Journal of Asian Studies (2010): 799–820. online
  • D'mello, Vineet Kaitan. "The United Socialist Front: The Congress Socialist Party and the Communist Party of India." Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 73. (2012) online Шаблон:Webarchive.
  • Haithcox, John Patrick. Communism and Nationalism in India (Princeton UP, 2015).
  • Kautsky, John H. Moscow and the Communist Party of India: A Study in the Postwar Evolution of International Communist Strategy. (MIT Press, 1956).
  • Kohli, Atul. "Communist Reformers in West Bengal: Origins, Features, and Relations with New Delhi." in State Politics in Contemporary India (Routledge, 2019) pp. 81–102.
  • Lockwood, David. The communist party of India and the Indian emergency (SAGE Publications India, 2016).
  • Lovell, Julia. Maoism: A Global History (2019)
  • Masani, M.R. The Communist Party of India: A Short History. (Macmillan, 1954). online
  • Overstreet, Gene D., and Marshall Windmiller. Communism in India (U of California Press, 2020)
  • Paul, Santosh, ed. The Maoist Movement in India: perspectives and counterperspectives (Taylor & Francis, 2020).
  • Pons, Silvio and Robert Service, eds. A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism (Princeton UP, 2010) pp 180–182.
  • Singer, Wendy. "Peasants and the Peoples of the East: Indians and the Rhetoric of the Comintern," in Tim Rees and Andrew Thorpe, International Communism and the Communist International, 1919–43. (Manchester University Press, 1998).
  • Steur, Luisa. "Adivasis, Communists, and the rise of indigenism in Kerala." Dialectical Anthropology 35.1 (2011): 59–76. online
  • N.E. Balaram, A Short History of the Communist Party of India. Kozikkode, Cannanore, India: Prabhath Book House, 1967.
  • Samaren Roy, The Twice-Born Heretic: M.N. Roy and the Comintern. Calcutta: Firma KLM Private, 1986.

Primary sources

  • G. Adhikari (ed.), Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India: Volume One, 1917–1922. New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1971.
  • G. Adhikari (ed.), Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India: Volume Two, 1923–1925. New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1974.
  • V.B. Karnick (ed.), Indian Communist Party Documents, 1930–1956. Bombay: Democratic Research Service/Institute of Public Relations, 1957.
  • Rao, M. B., Ed. Documents Of The History Of The Communist Party Of India(1948–1950), Vol. 7 (1960) online

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons

Шаблон:Communist Party of India Шаблон:Navboxes Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

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