Английская Википедия:Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)

Conan the Barbarian is a 1982 American epic sword and sorcery film directed by John Milius and written by Milius and Oliver Stone. Based on Robert E. Howard's Conan, the film stars Arnold Schwarzenegger and James Earl Jones, and tells the story of a barbarian warrior named Conan (Schwarzenegger) who seeks vengeance for the death of his parents at the hands of Thulsa Doom (Jones), the leader of a snake cult.

Ideas for a Conan film were proposed as early as 1970; executive producer Edward R. Pressman and associate producer Edward Summer began a concerted effort to get the film made in 1975. It took them two years to obtain the film rights, after which they recruited Schwarzenegger for the lead role and Stone to draft a script. Pressman lacked capital for the endeavor. In 1979, after having his proposals for investments rejected by the major studios, he sold the project to Dino De Laurentiis; his daughter Raffaella produced the film. Milius was appointed as director and he rewrote Stone's script. The final screenplay integrated scenes from Howard's stories and from the Japanese films Seven Samurai (1954) and Kwaidan (1965). Filming took place in Spain over five months in the regions around Madrid and the province of Almería. The sets, designed by Ron Cobb, were based on Dark Age cultures and Frank Frazetta's paintings of Conan. Milius eschewed optical effects, preferring to realize his ideas with mechanical constructs and optical illusions. Schwarzenegger performed most of his own stunts, and two types of sword, costing $10,000 each, were forged for his character. The editing process took over a year, and several violent scenes were cut out.

Conan the Barbarian was distributed by Universal Pictures in North America and 20th Century Fox in other territories. It premiered on March 16, 1982 in Spain and May 14, 1982 in North America. Upon release, the film received mixed reviews from critics and audiences alike, mainly positive for its action sequences, production design, directing, visual style, and effects, but negatively received for its violent content and screenwriting, as well as some substandard performances. Despite this, the film became a commercial success for its backers, grossing between $69 million and $79 million at box offices around the world against its budget of $20 million.

The film earned Schwarzenegger worldwide recognition. Conan the Barbarian has been frequently released on home video, the sales of which had increased the film's gross to more than $300 million by 2007. In the years following its release, it became a cult film, and its success spawned a sequel, titled Conan the Destroyer (1984). It ultimately led to the production of a 2011 reboot of the same name.

Plot

A sword is forged by a blacksmith, who then shows it to his young son, Conan, as he tells him of the "Riddle of Steel", an aphorism on the importance of steel to their people, the Cimmerians. The Cimmerians are later massacred by a band of raiders led by Thulsa Doom. Conan's father is killed by dogs, and his sword is taken by Doom to decapitate Conan's mother, aided by Doom's entrancing gaze. The children are taken into slavery and chained to work a large mill, the Wheel of Pain. Conan survives into adulthood, becoming a massive, muscular man, trained as a gladiator. After winning countless fights and receiving training and education in the East, Conan is freed. He is chased by wild dogs and seeks refuge in an Atlantean warrior's tomb, where he retrieves an ancient sword. Conan wanders the world, encountering a prophetic witch in a hut, and befriending Subotai, a Hyrkanian thief and archer.

Following the witch's advice, Conan and Subotai go to the city of Zamora to seek out Doom. There, they meet Valeria, a female brigand, and raid the Tower of Serpents, stealing jewels and other valuables from a shrine, and slaying a giant snake in the process. After escaping with their loot, the thieves celebrate, and Conan has sex with Valeria. The city guards capture the trio and bring them to King Osric, who requests they rescue his daughter, Princess Yasimina, now a zealot in Doom's cult, for a handsome reward. Subotai and Valeria refuse to take up the quest, but Conan, motivated by his desire for vengeance against Doom, sets off alone to the villain's Temple of Set.

Disguised as a priest, Conan infiltrates the temple, but is discovered, captured, and tortured. Doom lectures him on the power of flesh, which he demonstrates by hypnotically enticing a girl to leap to her death. He then orders for Conan to be crucified on the Tree of Woe. The barbarian is on the verge of death when he is discovered by Subotai and brought to Akiro, the Wizard of the Mounds, who lives on a burial site for warriors and kings. The wizard summons spirits to heal Conan and warns that they will "extract a heavy toll", which Valeria is willing to pay. These spirits try to abduct Conan, but he is restored to health after Valeria and Subotai fend them off.

Subotai and Valeria agree to help Conan complete Osric's quest and infiltrate the Temple of Set. As the cult indulges in a cannibalistic orgy, the thieves attack and flee with the princess, but Conan is unable to engage Doom, who has magically transformed into a large snake and slithers away. Valeria is mortally wounded by Doom who shoots her with a stiffened snake from his bow. She dies in Conan's arms, acknowledging the price of the "toll" forewarned by the wizard in exchange for Conan's life, and is cremated at the Mounds, where Conan prepares with Subotai and the wizard to battle Doom. Conan asks Crom, the Cimmerian god, to grant him revenge. By using booby traps and exploiting their terrain, they manage to slay Doom's warriors. Just when Doom's subordinate Rexor is about to overcome Conan, Valeria reappears for a brief moment as a Valkyrie to save him from the mortal blow. After losing his men, Doom shoots a stiffened snake at the princess. Subotai blocks the shot with his shield, and Doom flees to his temple. The battle ends with Conan killing Rexor and recovering his father's sword, it having been splintered by his Atlantean sword.

Conan sneaks back to the temple where Doom is addressing his cult members. He confronts Doom, who receives him with open arms and attempts to mesmerize him, but the barbarian resists and uses his father's broken sword to behead his nemesis. After the disillusioned cultists disperse, Conan burns down the temple and returns the princess to Osric.

Characters

The character, Conan, and the world of the Hyborian Age were based on the creations of pulp-fiction writer Robert E. Howard from the 1930s. Published in Weird Tales, his series about the barbarian was popular with the readership; the barbarian's adventures in a savage and mystical world, replete with gore and brutal slayings, satisfied the reader's fantasies of being a "powerful giant who lives by no rules but his own".Шаблон:Sfn From the 1960s, Conan gained a wider audience as novels about him, written in imitation of Howard's style by L. Sprague de Camp and Lin Carter, were published. Frank Frazetta's cover art for these novels cemented Conan's image as a "virile, axe-wielding, fur-bearing, cranium-smashing barbarian".Шаблон:Sfn John Milius, the film's director, intended the film's Conan to be "a Northern European mythic hero".Шаблон:Sfn Danny Peary described Conan as "muscular, majestic, brainy, yet with ambivalent scruples".Шаблон:Sfn Don Herron, a scholar on Howard and his stories, disagreed, noting that the personality of Conan in the film differs greatly from that of the literature. The Conan in the books detests restrictions to his freedom and would have resisted slavery in a violent fashion, whereas the film version accepts his fate and has to be freed.Шаблон:Sfn Robert Garcia's review of the film in his American Fantasy magazine states, "this Conan is less powerful, less talkative, and less educated than Howard's".Шаблон:Sfn

The female lead, Valeria, has her roots in two strong female characters from Howard's Conan stories.Шаблон:Sfn Her namesake was Conan's companion in "Red Nails", while her personality and fate were based on those of Bêlit, the pirate queen in "Queen of the Black Coast".Шаблон:Sfn According to Kristina Passman, an assistant professor of classical languages and literature, the film's Valeria is a perfect archetype of the "good" Amazon character, a fierce but domesticated female warrior, in cinema.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Rikke Schubart, a film scholar, said Valeria is a "good" Amazon because she is tamed by love and not because of any altruistic tendencies.Шаблон:Sfn Valeria's prowess in battle matches that of Conan, and she is also depicted as his equal in capability and status. The loyalty and love she displays for Conan makes her more than a companion to him;Шаблон:Sfn she represents his "possibilities of human happiness".Шаблон:Sfn Her sacrifice for Conan and her brief return from death act out the heroic code, illustrating that self-sacrificing heroism brings "undying fame".Шаблон:Sfn Valeria's name is not spoken in the film.

Milius based Conan's other companion, Subotai, on Genghis Khan's main general, Subotai, rather than on any of Howard's characters.Шаблон:Sfn According to film critic Roger Ebert, Subotai fulfills the role of a "classic literary type—the Best Pal."Шаблон:Sfn He helps the barbarian to kill a giant snake and cuts him down from crucifixion; the thief also cries for his companion during Valeria's cremation, with the explanation that "(h)e is Conan, a Cimmerian. He won't cry, so I cry for him."Шаблон:Sfn

Conan's enemy, Thulsa Doom, is an amalgamation of two of Howard's creations. He takes his name from the villain in Howard's Kull of Atlantis series of stories, but is closer in character to Thoth-Amon, a Stygian sorcerer in "The Phoenix on the Sword".Шаблон:Sfn The Doom in the film reminded critics of Jim Jones, a cult leader whose hold on his followers was such that hundreds of them obeyed his orders to commit suicide.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Milius said his research on the ancient orders of the Hashishim and the Thuggee was the inspiration for Doom's snake cult.Шаблон:Sfn In the original Howard stories, the worship of Set, though all too fearsome, is no sect; rather, it is the centuries-old formalized state religion of Stygia (which is virtually a theocracy).

Production

Background

From the 1970s, licensing problems had stood in the way of producing film versions of the Conan stories. Lancer Books, which had acquired the rights in 1966,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn went into receivership, and legal disputes existed over their disposition of the publishing rights, which ultimately led to them being frozen under injunction.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Edward Summer suggested Conan as a potential project to executive producer Edward R. Pressman in 1975, and after being shown the comics and Frazetta's artwork, Pressman was convinced.Шаблон:Sfn Two years were needed to secure the film rights.Шаблон:Sfn The two main parties involved in the lawsuit, Glenn Lord and de Camp, formed Conan Properties Incorporated to handle all licensing of Conan-related material, and Pressman was awarded the film rights shortly afterwards.Шаблон:Sfn He spent more than US$100,000 in legal fees to help resolve the lawsuit, and the rights cost him another $7,500.Шаблон:Sfn The success of Star Wars in 1977 increased Hollywood's interest in producing films that portray "heroic adventures in supernatural lands of fables".Шаблон:Sfn The film industry's attention was drawn to the popularity of Conan among young male Americans, who were buying reprints of the stories with Frank Frazetta's art and adaptations by Marvel Comics.Шаблон:Sfn

Development

John Milius first expressed interest in directing a film about Conan in 1978 after completing the filming of Big Wednesday, according to Buzz Feitshans, a producer who frequently worked with Milius.Шаблон:Sfn Milius had long been an admirer of films like 1958's The Vikings.^[1] He and Feitshans approached Pressman, but differences over several issues stopped discussions from going further.Шаблон:Sfn

A man, wearing a coat and scarf, furrows his brow.

Oliver Stone (1987 photograph) was brought on to the project as a "name screenwriter".

Oliver Stone joined the Conan project after Paramount Pictures offered to fund the film's initial $2.5 million budget if a "name screenwriter" was on the team.Шаблон:Sfn After securing Stone's services, Pressman approached Frank Frazetta to be a "visual consultant", but they failed to come to terms.Шаблон:Sfn The producer then engaged Ron Cobb, who had just completed a set design job on Alien (1979).Шаблон:Sfn Cobb made a series of paintings and drawings for Pressman before leaving to join Milius on another project.Шаблон:Sfn

The estimates to realize Stone's finished script ran to $40 million. Pressman, Summer, and Stone could not convince a studio to finance their project.Шаблон:Sfn Pressman's production company was in financial difficulties and in order to keep it afloat he borrowed money from the bank.Шаблон:Sfn The failure to find a suitable director was also a problem for the project. Stone and Joe Alves, who was the second unit director on Jaws 2, were considered as possible co-directors, but Pressman said it "was a pretty crazy idea and [they] didn't get anywhere with it".Шаблон:Sfn Stone also said that he asked Ridley Scott, who had finished directing Alien, to take up the task, but was rejected.Шаблон:Sfn

Cobb showed Milius his work for Conan and Stone's script, which according to him, reignited Milius's interest; the director contacted Pressman,Шаблон:Sfn and they came to an agreement: Milius would direct the film if he were allowed to modify the script.Шаблон:Sfn Milius was known in the film industry for his macho screenplays for Dirty Harry (1971) and Magnum Force (1973).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn He was, however, contracted to direct his next film for Dino De Laurentiis,Шаблон:Sfn an influential producer in the fantasy film industry.Шаблон:Sfn Milius raised the idea of taking on Conan with De Laurentiis,Шаблон:Sfn and after a year of negotiations, Pressman and De Laurentiis agreed to co-produce.Шаблон:Sfn De Laurentiis took over the financing and production, and Pressman gave up all claims to the film's profits, though he retained approval over changes to the script, cast, and director.Шаблон:Sfn Dino De Laurentiis assigned the responsibility for production to his daughter, Raffaella, and Feitshans.Шаблон:Sfn Milius was formally appointed as director in early 1979, and Cobb was named as the production designer.Шаблон:Sfn De Laurentiis convinced Universal Pictures to become the film's distributor for North America.Шаблон:Sfn The studio also contributed to the production budget of $17.5 million and prepared $12 million to advertise the film.Шаблон:Sfn

Casting

A smiling light-skinned man in a suit

Ed Pressman and his associates considered Arnold Schwarzenegger (1984 photograph) the embodiment of Conan the Barbarian.

While they were working to secure the film rights, Pressman and Summer were also contemplating the lead role. Summer said they considered Charles Bronson, Sylvester Stallone and William Smith—all of whom had played tough figuresШаблон:Sfn but, in 1976, the two producers watched a rough cut of the bodybuilding film, Pumping Iron, and agreed that Arnold Schwarzenegger was perfect for the role of Conan due to his huge, muscular frame.Шаблон:Sfn According to Schwarzenegger, Pressman's "low-key" approach and "great inner strength" convinced him to join the project.Шаблон:Sfn Paul Sammon, writer for Cinefantastique, said that the former champion bodybuilder was practically the "living incarnation of one of Frazetta's paperback illustrations".Шаблон:Sfn Schwarzenegger was paid $250,000 and placed on retainer;Шаблон:Sfn the terms of the contract restricted him from starring in other sword-and-sorcery films.Шаблон:Sfn Schwarzenegger said Conan was his biggest opportunity to establish himself in the entertainment industry.Шаблон:Sfn

Thanks to Pressman's firm belief in him, Schwarzenegger retained the role of Conan even after the project was effectively sold to De Laurentiis.Шаблон:Sfn Milius wanted a more athletic look on his lead actor, so Schwarzenegger undertook an 18-month training regimen before shooting began. Besides running and lifting weights, his routines included rope climbing, horseback riding, and swimming. He slimmed down from Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn Aside from Conan, two other substantial roles were also played by novice actors. Subotai was Gerry Lopez, a champion surfer, whose only major acting experience was playing himself in Milius's Big Wednesday.Шаблон:Sfn Schwarzenegger stayed at Lopez's home for over a month before the start of filming so they could rehearse their roles and build a rapport.Шаблон:Sfn Sandahl Bergman, a dancer who had had bit parts in several theater productions and films, played Valeria. She was recommended to Milius by Bob Fosse, who had directed her in All That Jazz (1979), and was accepted after reading for the part.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Milius said the actors were chosen because their appearances and personae fit their roles.Шаблон:Sfn He wanted actors who would not have any preconceived notions to project into their roles.Шаблон:Sfn Although Milius had reservations when he witnessed the first few takes of the novices at work, he put faith in them improving their skills on the job and altered the script to fit their abilities.Шаблон:Sfn Schwarzenegger had studied for weeks in 1980 under Robert Easton, a voice coach for several Hollywood stars, to improve his speech.Шаблон:Sfn His first line in the film was a paraphrasing of Mongol emperor Genghis Khan's speech about the good things in life, and the actor delivered it with a heavy Austrian accent; critics later described what they heard as "to crush your enemies—see dem [them] driven before you, and to hear the lamentations of dair vimen [their women]".Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn Subsequently, Schwarzenegger underwent intensive speech training with Milius. Each of his later longer speeches was rehearsed at least 40 times.Шаблон:Sfn Lopez's lines were also an issue; although Milius was satisfied with Lopez's work, the surfer's lines were redubbed by the stage actor Sab Shimono for the final cut. A source close to the production said this was done because Lopez failed to "[maintain] a certain quality to his voice."Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Multiple image

Sean Connery and John Huston were considered for the other roles.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn James Earl Jones and Max von Sydow were, according to Milius, hired with the hope that they would inspire Schwarzenegger, Bergman, and Lopez.Шаблон:Sfn Jones was an award-winning veteran of numerous theater and cinema productions.Шаблон:Sfn Von Sydow was a Swedish actor of international renown.Шаблон:Sfn The role of Thulsa Doom was offered to Jones while he was considering applying for the role of Grendel in an upcoming feature based on John Gardner's eponymous novel; after learning it was an animation, Jones read ConanШаблон:'s script and accepted the part of Doom.Шаблон:Sfn When filming started, Jones was also starring in a Broadway play—Athol Fugard's A Lesson to Aloes. He and the film crew coordinated their schedules to allow him to join the play's remaining performances.Шаблон:Sfn Jones took an interest in Schwarzenegger's acting, often giving him pointers on how to deliver his lines.Шаблон:Sfn

The Japanese-American actor Mako Iwamatsu, known professionally as "Mako", was brought onto the project by Milius for his experience;Шаблон:Sfn he had played roles in many plays and films and had been nominated for Academy Awards and a Tony.Шаблон:Sfn In Conan, Mako played the Wizard of the Mounds and voiced the film's opening speech.Шаблон:Sfn William Smith, although passed over for the lead role, was hired to play the barbarian's father.Шаблон:Sfn Doom's two lieutenants, Thorgrim and Rexor, respectively, were played by Sven-Ole Thorsen, a Danish bodybuilder and karate master, and Ben Davidson, a former American-football player with the Oakland Raiders.Шаблон:Sfn Cassandra Gava played the witch. Milius hired more than 1,500 extras in Spain.Шаблон:Sfn Professional actors from the European film industry were also hired: Valérie Quennessen was chosen to play Osric's daughter, Jorge Sanz acted as the nine-year-old version of Conan, and Nadiuska played his mother.Шаблон:Sfn

Script writing

The drafting of a story for a Conan film started in 1976; Summer conceived a script with the help of Roy Thomas,Шаблон:Sfn a comic-book writer and Conan expert who had been writing the character's adventures for years for Marvel Comics.Шаблон:Sfn Summer and Thomas's tale, in which Conan would be employed by a "dodgy priest to kill an evil wizard", was largely based on Howard's "Rogues in the House". Their script was abandoned when Oliver Stone joined the project.Шаблон:Sfn Stone was, at this time, going through a period of addiction to cocaine and depressants. His screenplay was written under the influence of the drugsШаблон:Sfn and the result was what Milius called a "total drug fever dream", albeit an inspired one.Шаблон:Sfn According to Schwarzenegger, Stone completed a draft by early 1978.Шаблон:Sfn Taking inspiration from Howard's "Black Colossus" and "A Witch Shall be Born", Stone proposed a story, four hours long,Шаблон:Sfn in which the hero champions the defense of a princess's kingdom. Instead of taking place in the distant past, Stone's story was set in a post-apocalyptic future where Conan leads an army in a massive battle against a horde of 10,000 mutants.Шаблон:Sfn

A man in black armor kneels beside a man clad only in a loincloth. The second man has black symbols painted on his body and bandages over his ears.

The idea of painting symbols onto Conan's body to help ward off spirits is taken from the Japanese story "Hoichi the Earless", as depicted in the film Kwaidan (1965).

When Milius was appointed as director, he took over the task of writing the screenplay.Шаблон:Sfn Although listed as a co-writer, Stone said Milius did not incorporate any of his suggestions into the final story.Шаблон:Sfn Milius discarded the latter half of Stone's story.Шаблон:Sfn He retained several scenes from the first half, such as Conan's crucifixion ordeal, which was taken straight out of "A Witch Shall be Born", and the climbing of the Tower of Serpents, which was derived from "The Tower of the Elephant".Шаблон:Sfn One of Milius's original changes was to extend Stone's brief exposition of Conan's youth—the raid on the Cimmerian village—into his teens with the barbarian's enslavement at the Wheel of Pain and training as a gladiator.Шаблон:Sfn Milius also added ideas gleaned from other films. The Japanese supernatural tale of "Hoichi the Earless", as portrayed in Masaki Kobayashi's Kwaidan (1965), inspired the painting of symbols on Conan's body and the swarm of ghosts during the barbarian's resurrection,Шаблон:Sfn and Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai (1954) influenced Milius's vision of Conan's final battle against Doom's men.Шаблон:Sfn Milius also included scenes from post-Howard stories about Conan; the barbarian's discovery of a tomb during his initial wanderings and acquisition of a sword within were based on de Camp and Carter's "The Thing in the Crypt".Шаблон:Sfn According to Derek Elley, Variety's resident film critic, Milius's script, with its original ideas and references to the pulp stories, was faithful to Howard's ideals of Conan.Шаблон:Sfn

Milius felt, "all the basic emotions [in the script] are always accessible to audiences. All of the things that Conan does we all feel ourselves. He just acts on them with more intensity than we do. He is a character who relies on the animal. And I always believe that the animal instincts are often the worst part of them. All you do when you evolve is corrupt yourself sooner or later."^[2]

Filming

Шаблон:Quote box Filming started at England's Shepperton Studios in October 1980, with Schwarzenegger, made up to look like Conan as a king in his old age, reading an excerpt from "The Nemedian Chronicles", which Howard had penned to introduce his Conan stories. This footage was initially intended to be a trailer, but Milius decided to use it as the opening sequence of the film, instead.Шаблон:Sfn According to Cobb, Laurentiis and Universal Pictures were concerned about Schwarzenegger's accent, so Milius compromised by moving the sequence to the end.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Schwarzenegger trained with voice coach Robert Easton and with Milius in order to eliminate his accent, but their efforts proved to be unsuccessful, so the planned narration which was intended to begin with this scene was not included in the final film.^[3]

The initial location for principal photography was former Yugoslavia, but because of concerns over the country's stability after the death of its head of state, Josip Broz Tito, and the fact that the Yugoslavian film industry proved ill-equipped for large-scale film production, the producers elected to move the project to Spain, which was cheaper and where resources were more easily available. It took several months to relocate;Шаблон:Sfn the crew and equipment arrived in September,Шаблон:Sfn and filming started on January 7, 1981.Шаблон:Sfn The producers allocated $11 million for production in Spain,Шаблон:Sfn of which about $3 million were spent on building 49 sets.Шаблон:Sfn The construction workforce numbered from 50 to 200; artists from England, Italy, and Spain were also recruited.Шаблон:Sfn

A large warehouse Шаблон:Convert outside Madrid served as the production's headquarters,Шаблон:Sfn and it also housed most of the interior sets for the Tower of Serpents and Doom's temple;Шаблон:Sfn a smaller warehouse was leased for other interior sets.Шаблон:Sfn The remaining interiors for the Tower of Serpents were constructed in an abandoned hangar at Torrejón Air Base.Шаблон:Sfn A full-scale, Шаблон:Convert version of the tower was built in the hangar; this model was used to film Conan and his companions' climb up the structure.Шаблон:Sfn

One of Ciudad Encantada's rock formations: The top of this wall of stone is rounded and wider than its base; sparse forestation surrounds the formation.

The rock formations of Ciudad Encantada (Cuenca, Spain) provided the setting for a supernatural encounter in Conan.

The crew filmed several exterior scenes in the countryside near Madrid;Шаблон:Sfn the Cimmerian village was built in a forest near the Valsaín ski resort, south of Segovia. About one million pesetas ($12,084)Шаблон:Refn worth of marble shavings were scattered on the ground to simulate snow.Шаблон:Sfn The Wheel of Pain scene took place in the province of Ávila.^{[nb 1]} Conan's encounter with the witch and Subotai was shot among the Ciudad Encantada rock formations in the province of Cuenca.Шаблон:Sfn Most outdoor scenes were shot in the province of Almería,Шаблон:Sfn which offered a semiarid climate, diverse terrain (deserts, beaches, mountains), and Roman and Moorish structures that could be adapted for many settings.Шаблон:Sfn

Conan's crucifixion was filmed in March 1981 among the sand dunes on the southeastern coast of Almería. The Tree of Woe was layers of plaster and Styrofoam applied onto a skeleton of wood and steel. It was mounted on a turntable, allowing it to be rotated to ensure the angle of the shadows remained consistent throughout three days of filming. Schwarzenegger sat on a bicycle seat mounted in the tree while fake nails were affixed to his wrists and feet.Шаблон:Sfn The scene in which Valeria and Subotai fought off ghosts to save Conan and the final battle with Doom's forces were filmed in the salt marshes of Almerimar. "Stonehenge-like ruins" were erected and sand piled into mounds that reached Шаблон:Cvt.Шаблон:Sfn The changes to the landscape attracted protests from environmentalists and the producers promised to restore the site after filming was completed.Шаблон:Sfn

A line of square towers, connected by walls and topped with battlements (protective protrusions), spans the bottom to the top of a mountain slope.

The walls of the Alcazaba of Almería, Spain, provided the locale for an open-air market in the movie.

The Temple of Set was built in the mountains, about Шаблон:Cvt west of the city of Almería. The structure was Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert high. It was the most expensive of the sets, costing $350,000, and built out of various woods, lacquers, and tons of concrete. Its stairway had 120 steps.Шаблон:Sfn Milius and his crew also filmed at historical sites and on sets from previous films. Scenes of a bazaar were filmed at the Moorish Alcazaba of Almería, which was dressed to give it a fictional Hyborian look.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Shadizar was realized at a pre-existing film set in the Almerían desert: the fort used for the filming of El Condor (1970) refurbished as an ancient city.Шаблон:Sfn

It was expensive to build large sets,Шаблон:Sfn and Milius did not want to rely on optical effects and matte paintings (painted landscapes). The crew instead adopted miniature effect techniques (playing on perspective) to achieve the illusion of size and grandeur for several scenes. Scale models of structures were constructed by Emilio Ruiz and positioned in front of the cameras so that they appeared as full-sized structures on film; using this technique, the Shadizar set was extended to appear more than double its size.Шаблон:Sfn Ruiz built eight major miniature models,Шаблон:Sfn including a Шаблон:Convert palace and a representation of the entire city of Shadizar that spanned Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn

Josef Hoffman's stage design for a hall in Die Walküre involves a tree, at least three times the height of a man. Its very thick roots and branches spread wide across the floor and top, respectively.

An academic commented that the Tree of Woe resembled a prop from an 1876 staging of Richard Wagner's Die Walküre.

Cobb's direction for the sets was to "undo history", "to invent [their] own fantasy history", and yet maintain a "realistic, historical look".Шаблон:Sfn Eschewing the Greco-Roman imagery used heavily in the sword-and-sandal films of the 1960s,Шаблон:Sfn he realized a world that was an amalgamation of Dark Age cultures, such as the Mongols and the Vikings.Шаблон:Sfn Several scenarios paid homage to Frazetta's paintings of Conan, such as the "half-naked slave girl chained to a pillar, with a snarling leopard at her feet", at the snake cult's orgy.Шаблон:Sfn David Huckvale, a lecturer at the Open University and broadcaster for BBC Radio, said the designs of the Tree of Woe and the costumes appeared very similar to those used in Richard Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung operas at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1876.Шаблон:Sfn Principal photography was completed in the middle of May 1981.Шаблон:Sfn The film crews burned down the Cimmerian village and the Temple of Set after completing filming on each set.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Stunts and swords

Several action scenes in Conan were filmed with a "minijib" (a remote-controlled electronic camera mounted on a motorized lightweight crane) that Nick Allder, the special effects supervisor, had devised when he worked on Dragonslayer (1981).Шаблон:Sfn The stunts were co-ordinated by Terry Leonard, who had worked on many films, including Milius's previous projects and Steven Spielberg's Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Leonard said that Schwarzenegger, Bergman, and Lopez performed most of their own stunts, including the fights.Шаблон:Sfn

The three actors were given martial arts training ahead of filming. From August 1980,Шаблон:Sfn they were tutored by Kiyoshi Yamazaki, a karate black belt and master swordsman,Шаблон:Sfn who drilled them in sword-fighting styles that were meant to make them look proficient in using their weapons.Шаблон:Sfn They practiced each move in a fight at least 15 times before filming.Шаблон:Sfn Yamazaki advised Leonard on the choreography of the sword fights and had a cameo role as one of Conan's instructors.Шаблон:Sfn

Tim Huchthausen, the prop maker, worked with swordsmith Jody Samson to create the sturdy weapons Milius thought necessary.Шаблон:Sfn Particular attention was paid to two swords wielded by Conan: his father's sword ("Master's sword") and the blade he finds in a tomb ("Atlantean sword"). Both weapons were realized from Cobb's drawings. Their blades were hand ground from carbon steel and heat treated and left unsharpened.Шаблон:Sfn The hilts and pommels were sculpted and cast through the lost-wax process; inscriptions were added to the blades by electrical discharge machining.Шаблон:Sfn Samson and Huchthausen made four Master's and four Atlantean swords, at a cost of $10,000 per weapon.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Copies of the Atlantean sword were struck and given to members of the production.Шаблон:Sfn

Samson and Huchthausen agreed the weapons were heavy and unbalanced, thus unsuitable for actual combat;Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Lighter versions made of aluminum, fiberglass, and steel were struck in Madrid; these Шаблон:Cvt copies were used in the fight scenes.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn According to Schwarzenegger, the heavy swords were used in close-up shots.Шаблон:Sfn The other weapons used in the film were not as elaborate; Valeria's talwar was ground out from an aluminum sheet.Шаблон:Sfn

The copious amounts of blood spilled in the fight scenes came from bags of fake blood strapped to the performers' bodies. Animal blood gathered from slaughterhouses was poured onto the floor to simulate puddles of human blood.Шаблон:Sfn Most of the times trick swords made from fiberglass were used when the scene called for a killing blow.Шаблон:Sfn Designed by Allder, these swords could also retract their blades, and several sprayed blood from their tips.Шаблон:Sfn Although the swords were intended to be safer alternatives to metal weapons, they could still be dangerous: in one of the fights, Bergman sparred with an extra who failed to follow the choreography and sliced open her finger.Шаблон:Sfn

Accidents also happened in stunts that did not involve weapons. A stuntman smashed his face into a camera while riding a horse at full gallop,Шаблон:Sfn and Schwarzenegger was attacked by one of the trained dogs.Шаблон:Sfn The use of live animals also raised concerns about cruelty; the American Humane Association placed the film on its "unacceptable list".^[5] The transgressions listed by the association included the kicking of a dog, the striking of a camel, and the tripping of horses.Шаблон:Sfn

Mechanical effects

A bird with brown feathers looks to its right. It has a mass of brown color plumage at the base of its neck.

A dummy with parts from a dead vulture was provided for the shot in which Schwarzenegger bites through the bird's neck (pictured is a real vulture).

Carlo De Marchis, the special make-up effects supervisor, and Colin Arthur, former Studio Head of Madame Tussaud's, were responsible for the human dummies and fake body parts used in the film.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The dummies inflated crowd numbers and stood in as dead bodies,Шаблон:Sfn while the body parts were used in scenes showing the aftermath of fights and the cult's cannibalistic feast.Шаблон:Sfn In Thulsa Doom's beheading scene, Schwarzenegger hacked at a dummy and pulled a concealed chain to detach its head.Шаблон:Sfn The decapitation of Conan's mother was more complex: a Plexiglas shield between Jones and Nadiuska stopped his sword as he swung at her and an artificial head then dropped into the camera's view. A more elaborate head was used for the close-up shots; this prop spurted blood and the movements of its eyes, mouth, and tongue were controlled by cables hidden beneath the snow.Шаблон:Sfn

Allder created a $20,000 Шаблон:Convert mechanical snake for the fight scene in the Tower of Serpents. The snake's body had a diameter of Шаблон:Cvt, and its head was Шаблон:Cvt long and Шаблон:Cvt wide. Its skeleton was made from duralumin (an alloy used in aircraft frames) and its skin was vulcanized foam rubber. Controlled by steel cables and hydraulics, the snake could exert a force between 3.5 and 9.0 tons. Another two snakes of the same dimensions were made, one for stationary shots and one for decapitation by Schwarzenegger.Шаблон:Sfn The immense size of the mechanical snake meant that it did not fully fit onto the set, so only the front of it could be shown in the film.^[3] To create the scene at the Tree of Woe, the crew tethered live vultures to the branches, and created a mechanical bird for Schwarzenegger to bite. The dummy bird's feathers and wings were from a dead vulture, and its control mechanisms were routed inside the false tree.Шаблон:Sfn

According to Sammon, "one of the greatest special effects in the film [was] Thulsa Doom's onscreen transformation into a giant snake".Шаблон:Sfn It involved footage of fake body parts, live and dummy snakes, miniatures, and other camera tricks combined into a flowing sequence with lap dissolve. After Jones was filmed in position, he was replaced by a hollow framework with a rubber mask that was pushed from behind by a snake head-shaped puppet to give the illusion of Doom's facial bones changing. The head was then replaced with a Шаблон:Convert mechanical snake; as it moved outwards, a crew member pressed a foot pedal to collapse the framework. For the final part of the sequence, a real snake was filmed on a miniature set.Шаблон:Sfn

Optical effects

Two camera, several reels, gauges and various block housings are mounted on a metal frame to form a machine.

VCE's special effects were composited with the live-action reels through a two-headed optical printer to create the final print.

Few optical effects were used in Conan the Barbarian. Milius professed ambivalence to fantasy elements, preferring a story that showcases accomplishments realized through one's own efforts without reliance on the supernatural. He also said that he followed the advice of Cobb and other production members on the matters of special effects.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Peter Kuran's Visual Concepts Engineering (VCE) effects company was engaged in October 1981 to handle postproduction optical effects for Conan. VCE had previously worked on films such as Raiders of the Lost Ark and Dragonslayer. Among their tasks for Conan were adding glint and sparkle to the Eye of the Serpent and Valeria's Valkyrie armor.Шаблон:Sfn Not all of VCE's work made it to the final print; the flames of Valeria's funeral pyre were originally enhanced by the company, but were later restored to the original version.Шаблон:Sfn

For the scene in which Valeria and Subotai had to fend off ghosts to save Conan's life, the "boiling clouds" were created by George Lucas's Industrial Light and Magic, while VCE was given the task of creating the ghosts. Their first attempt filming strips of film emulsion suspended in a vat of a viscous solution—elicited complaints from the producers, who thought the resulting spirits looked too much like those in a scene from Raiders of the Lost Ark, so VCE turned to animation to complete the task. First, they drew muscular warriors in ghostly forms onto cels and printed the images onto film with an Oxberry animation stand and contact printer. The Oxberry was fitted with a used lens that introduced lens flares to the prints; VCE's intention with using the old lens was to make the resultant images of the ghosts seem as if they were of real-life objects filmed with a camera. The final composite was produced by passing the reels of film for the effects and the live-action sequences through a two-headed optical printer and capturing the results with a camera.Шаблон:Sfn

Music

Шаблон:Listen Milius recruited his friend, Basil Poledouris, to produce the score for Conan; they had had a successful collaboration on Big Wednesday.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The film industry's usual practice was to contract a composer to start work after the main scenes had been filmed, but Milius hired Poledouris before principal photography had started. The composer was given the opportunity to compose the film's music based on the initial storyboards and to modify it throughout filming before recording the score near the end of production.Шаблон:Sfn Poledouris made extensive use of Musync, a music and tempo editing hardware and software system invented by Robert Randles (subsequently nominated for an Oscar for Scientific Achievement), to modify the tempo of his compositions and synchronize them with the action in the film. The system helped make his job easier and faster; it could automatically adjust tempos when the user changed the positioning of beats. In the montage where Conan grows up, for example, Poledouris had Randles prepare, over the phone, a long accelerando that landed on precise moments in the picture along the way. Poledouris would otherwise have had to conduct the orchestra and adjust his compositions on the fly.Шаблон:Sfn Conan is the first film to list Musync in its credits.Шаблон:Sfn

Milius and Poledouris exchanged ideas throughout production, working out themes and "emotional tones" for each scene.Шаблон:Sfn According to Poledouris, Milius envisioned Conan as an opera with little or no dialogue;Шаблон:Sfn Poledouris composed enough musical pieces for most of the film (around two hours' worth).Шаблон:Sfn This was his first large-scale orchestral score,Шаблон:Sfn and a characteristic of his work here was that he frequently slowed down the tempo of the last two bars (segments of beats) before switching to the next piece of music.Шаблон:Sfn Poledouris said the score uses a lot of fifths as its most primitive interval; thirds and sixths are introduced as the story progresses.Шаблон:Sfn The composer visited the film sets several times during filming to see the imagery his music would accompany. After principal photography was completed, Milius sent him two copies of the edited film: one without music, and the other with its scenes set to works by Richard Wagner, Igor Stravinsky, and Sergei Prokofiev, to illustrate the emotional overtones he wanted.Шаблон:Sfn

Poledouris said he started working on the score by developing the melodic line—a pattern of musical ideas supported by rhythms. The first draft was a poem sung to the strumming of a guitar, composed as if Poledouris was a bard for the barbarian.Шаблон:Sfn This draft became the "Riddle of Steel",Шаблон:Sfn a composition played with "massive brass, strings, and percussion",Шаблон:Sfn which also serves as Conan's personal theme.Шаблон:Sfn The music is first played when Conan's father explains the riddle to him. Laurence E. MacDonald, Professor of Music at Mott Community College, said the theme stirs up the appropriate emotions when it is repeated during Conan's vow to avenge his parents.Шаблон:Sfn The film's main musical theme, the "Anvil of Crom",Шаблон:Sfn which opens the film with "the brassy sound of 24 French horns in a dramatic intonation of the melody, while pounding drums add an incessantly driven rhythmic propulsion" is played again in several later scenes.Шаблон:Sfn

Poledouris completed the music that accompanies the attack on Conan's village at the beginning of the film in October 1981.Шаблон:Sfn Milius initially wanted a chorus based on Carl Orff's Carmina Burana to herald the appearance of Doom and his warriors in this sequence. After learning that Excalibur (1981) had used Orff's work, he changed his mind and asked his composer for an original creation. Poledouris's theme for Doom consists of "energetic choral passages",Шаблон:Sfn chanted by the villain's followers to salute their leader and their actions in his name. The lyrics were composed in English and roughly translated into Latin;Шаблон:Sfn Poledouris was "more concerned about the way the Latin words sounded than with the sense they actually made."Шаблон:Sfn He set these words to a melody adapted from the 13th-century Gregorian hymn, Dies irae,Шаблон:Sfn which was chosen to "communicate the tragic aspects of the cruelty wrought by Thulsa Doom."Шаблон:Sfn

The film's music mostly conveys a sense of power, energy, and brutality, yet tender moments occur.Шаблон:Sfn The sounds of oboes and string instruments accompany Conan and Valeria's intimate scenes, imbuing them with a sense of lush romance and an emotional intensity. According to MacDonald, Poledouris deviated from the practice of scoring love scenes with tunes reminiscent of Romantic period pieces; instead, Poledouris made Conan and Valeria's melancholic love theme unique through his use of "minor-key harmony".Шаблон:Sfn David Morgan, a film journalist, heard Eastern influences in the "lilting romantic melodies".Шаблон:Sfn Page Cook, audio critic for Films in Review, describes Conan the BarbarianШаблон:'s score as "a large canvas daubed with a colorful yet highly sensitive brush. There is innate intelligence behind Poledouris's scheme, and the pinnacles reached are often eloquent with haunting intensity."Шаблон:Sfn

From late November 1981, Poledouris spent three weeks recording his score in Rome.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn He engaged a 90-instrument orchestra and a 24-member choir from the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia and the RAI National Symphony Orchestra,Шаблон:Sfn and conducted them personally.Шаблон:Sfn The pieces of music were orchestrated by Greig McRitchie, Poledouris's frequent collaborator.Шаблон:Sfn The chorus and orchestra were recorded separately.Шаблон:Sfn The 24 tracks of sound effects, music, and dialog were downmixed into a single-channel,Шаблон:Sfn making Conan the Barbarian the last film released by a major studio with a mono soundtrack.Шаблон:Sfn According to Poledouris, Raffaella De Laurentiis balked at the cost ($30,000) of a stereo soundtrack and was worried over the lack of theaters equipped with stereo sound systems.Шаблон:Sfn

Release

In 1980, the producers began advertising to publicize the film. Teaser posters were put up in theaters across the United States. The posters reused Frazetta's artwork that was commissioned for the cover of Conan the Adventurer (1966).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Laurentiis wanted Conan the Barbarian to start playing in cinemas at Christmas, 1981,Шаблон:Sfn but Universal executives requested further editing after they previewed a preliminary version of the film in August. A Hollywood insider said the executives were concerned about the film's portrayal of violence. The premiere was delayed until the following year so changes could be made.Шаблон:Sfn Many scenes were excised from Thulsa Doom's attack on Conan's village, including the close-up shots on the severed head of Conan's mother;Шаблон:Sfn the late notice of the changes forced Poledouris quickly to adjust his score before recording music for the sequence.Шаблон:Sfn Other scenes of violence that were cut included Subotai's slaying of a monster at the top of the Tower of Serpents and Conan chopping off a pickpocket's arm in a bazaar.Шаблон:Sfn Milius intended to show a 140-minute story; the final release ran 129 minutes (trimmed to 126 minutes in the United States).Шаблон:Sfn According to Cobb, the total production expenses approached $20 million by the time the film was released.Шаблон:Sfn

The United States' public was offered a sneak preview on February 19, 1982, in Houston, Texas. In the following month, previews were held in 30 cities across the country. In Washington, D.C., the mass of moviegoers formed long lines that spanned streets, causing traffic jams. Tickets were quickly sold out in Denver, and 1,000 people had to be turned away in Houston. The majority of those in the lines was male; a moviegoer in Los Angeles said, "The audience was mostly white, clean-cut, and high-school or college age. It was not the punk or heavy-leather crowd, but an awful lot of them had bulging muscles."Шаблон:Sfn On March 16, Conan the Barbarian had its worldwide premiere at Fotogramas de Plata, an annual cinema awards ceremony in Madrid,Шаблон:Sfn and began its general release in Spain and France in April.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Twentieth Century Fox handled the foreign distribution of the film.Шаблон:Sfn Universal originally scheduled ConanШаблон:'s official release in the United States for the weekend before Memorial Day Шаблон:Sfn—the start of the film industry's summer season when schools close for a month-long holiday.Шаблон:Sfn To avoid competition with other big-budget, high-profile films, the studio advanced the release of Conan the Barbarian and on May 14, 1982, the film officially opened in 1,400 theaters across North America.Шаблон:Sfn

Conan the Barbarian has been released in several different versions on home video. In addition to the 126-minute theatrical print, Universal distributed the film in 115-minute and 123-minute cuts on VHS in the 1980s. A slightly extended version was created for the film's special edition DVD release in 2000; it features five minutes of additional footage for a 131-minute running time. This same version was later released on blu-ray in 2011 with a remixed soundtrack, the version on Amazon Prime however, is the 126 minute US theatrical cut.^[6]

Critical response

The media's reactions toward Conan were polarized. Aspects of the film heavily criticized by one side were regarded in a positive light by the other; Professor Kenneth von Gunden wrote, "for every positive review the film garnered, it received two negative ones."Шаблон:Sfn The opinions of Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times and Richard Schickel of Time illustrate their colleagues' divided views. Ebert called Conan the Barbarian "a perfect fantasy for the alienated preadolescent",Шаблон:Sfn whereas Schickel said, "Conan is a sort of psychopathic Star Wars, stupid and stupefying."Шаблон:Sfn Although reviews were mixed at the time of the film's release, modern genre critics review the film more positively. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 67% based on 42 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though Conan may take itself too seriously for some, this adventure film about a former slave seeking vengeance is full of quotable Schwarzenegger lines and gritty action."^[7] On Metacritic, the film received a score of 43 based on 10 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".^[8]

Файл:Hugh Rankin - Shadows in the Moonlight.jpg

Blood spews from the severed right arm of a fanged gorilla as Conan latches on to the beast and stabs at it with a sword. A topless woman witnesses the scene. Some critics felt that there was too much violence in the movie, while others felt that the violence failed to match up to Howard's portrayals (as illustrated by Hugh Rankin in Weird Tales).

At the time Conan was released, the media were inclined to condemn Hollywood's portrayals of violence; typical action films showed the hero attaining his goals by killing all who stood in his way.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Conan was particularly condemned for its violent scenes,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn which NewsweekШаблон:'s Jack Kroll called "cheerless and styleless".Шаблон:Sfn In one of his articles for the San Francisco Chronicle, Stu Schreiberg counted 50 people killed in various scenes.Шаблон:Sfn Other film critics differed over the film's portrayal of violence. David Denby wrote in his review for New York magazine that the action scenes were one of the film's few positive features; however, exciting as the scenes were, those such as the decapitation of Conan's mother seemed inane.Шаблон:Sfn On the other hand, Vincent Canby, Carlos Clarens, and Pascal Mérigeau were unanimous in their opinion that the film's depicted violence failed to meet their expectations: the film's pacing and Howard's stories suggested more gory material.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn According to Paul Sammon, Milius's cuts to assuage concerns over the violence made the scenes "cartoon-like".Шаблон:Sfn

Comparison with the source material also produced varying reactions among the critics. Danny Peary and Schickel expected a film based on pulp stories and comic books to be light-hearted or corny, and Milius's introduction of Nietzschean themes and ideology did not sit well with them.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Others were not impressed with Milius's handling of his ideas; James Wolcott called it heavy-handed and Kroll said the material lacked substance in its implementation.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The themes of individualism and paganism, however, resonated with many in the audience; the concept of a warrior who relies only on his own prowess and will to conquer the obstacles in his way found favor with young males.Шаблон:Sfn Wolcott wrote in Texas Monthly that these themes appeal to "98-pound weaklings who want to kick sand into bullies' faces and win the panting adoration of a well-oiled beach bunny".Шаблон:Sfn Kroll's opinion was that the audience loved the violence and carnage but were cynical about the "philosophical bombast".Шаблон:Sfn While popular with audiences, the theatrical treatment of the barbarian was rejected by certain hardcore fans and scholars of Howard's stories. A particular point of contention was the film's version of Conan's origin, which is at odds with Howard's hints about the character's youth.Шаблон:Sfn Their point of view is supported by Kerry Brougher,Шаблон:Sfn but Derek Elley, Clarens, and Sammon said Milius was faithful to the ideology behind Howard's work.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Arnold Schwarzenegger's performance was frequently mentioned in the critiques.Шаблон:Sfn Clarens, Peary, Gunden and Nigel Andrews were among those who gave positive assessments of the former bodybuilder's acting: to them, he was physically convincing as the barbarian in his body movements and appearance.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Andrews added that Schwarzenegger exuded a certain charm—with his accent mangling his dialog—that made the film appealing to his fans.Шаблон:Sfn Fanfare's Royal S. Brown disagreed and was grateful that the actor's dialog amounted to "2 pages of typescript".Шаблон:Sfn Schickel summed up Schwarzenegger's acting as "flat",Шаблон:Sfn while Knoll was more verbose, characterizing the actor's portrayal as "a dull clod with a sharp sword, a human collage of pectorals and latissimi who's got less style and wit than Lassie."Шаблон:Sfn While Sandahl Bergman earned acclaim for injecting grace and dynamism into the film,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn the film's more experienced thespians were not spared criticisms. Gunden said von Sydow showed little dedication to his role,Шаблон:Sfn and Clarens judged Jones's portrayal of Thulsa Doom to be worse than camp.Шаблон:Sfn However, Ebert praised Jones's performance, saying he brought "power and conviction to a role that seems inspired in equal parts by Hitler, Jim Jones, and Goldfinger."Шаблон:Sfn Brougher faulted none of the actors for their performances, laying the blame on Milius's script, instead.Шаблон:Sfn

Box office and other media

According to Rentrak Theatrical, a firm of media analysts, Conan debuted at the top spot at the US box office, taking $9,479,373 over the opening weekend.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn Rentrak's data on Conan covered 8 weeks after the film's release; during that period, Conan grossed $38,513,085 at the box office in the United States.Шаблон:Sfn Universal Pictures received $22.5 million after deducting the amounts due to the cinema owners.Шаблон:Sfn This sum—the rentalШаблон:Sfn—was more than the money Universal had invested in making the film, thus qualifying Conan as a commercial success; any further income from the film was pure profit for the studio.Шаблон:Sfn Marian Christy, interviewer for the Boston Globe, mentioned that the film was a box-office success in Europe and Japan, as well.Шаблон:Sfn Worldwide, Conan the Barbarian grossed between $68.9 million and $79.1 million in ticket sales.^[9]^[10]

David A. Cook, Professor of Film Studies at Emory University, said that ConanШаблон:'s North American performance fell short of the amount returned by blockbusters;Шаблон:Sfn the rentals of such films from their release in the continent were supposed to be least $50 million.Шаблон:Sfn ConanШаблон:'s rental was the 13th-highest for 1982Шаблон:Sfn and when combined with those for E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (the most successful film in that year with a rental of $187 million),Шаблон:Sfn On Golden Pond, and The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas—all distributed by Universal Pictures—constituted 30% of the year's total film rental. According to Arthur D. Murphy, a film-industry analyst, it was the first time that a single distributor captured such a substantial share of the film market.Шаблон:Sfn

The videocassette version of the film was released on October 2, 1982. Sales and rental figures of the videocassette were high; from its launch, the title was listed in BillboardШаблон:'s Videocassette Top 40 (Sales and Rental categories) for 23 weeks.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn According to Sammon, sales of the film through frequent home video releases increased the film's gross earnings to more than $300 million by 2007.Шаблон:Sfn Conan the Barbarian was novelized by Lin Carter and the de Camps (L. Sprague and his wife, Catherine).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn It was also adapted by Marvel in comic form;Шаблон:Refn scripted by Michael Fleisher and drawn by John Buscema, the comic was one of the rarest paperbacks published by the company.Шаблон:Sfn

Accolades

Conan the Barbarian was nominated for Best Fantasy Film, Best Costumes, and Best Make-up at the Saturn Awards with Sandahl Bergman won Best Actress for her performance as Valeria. Bergman also won Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year—Actress.Шаблон:Sfn Poledouris's score was judged by Films in ReviewШаблон:'s Page Cook as the second best sound track of the films released in 1982.Шаблон:Sfn The film was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Actor for Arnold Schwarzenegger.Шаблон:Sfn

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:
- Conan – Nominated Hero^[11]
2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated^[12]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
- Nominated Fantasy Film^[13]

Themes

Шаблон:Quote box

Riddle of Steel

The central theme in Conan the Barbarian is the Riddle of Steel. At the start of the film, Conan's father tells his son to learn the secret of steel and to trust only it. Initially believing in the power of steel, Thulsa Doom raids Conan's village and steals his father's sword, giving it to Rexor. Subsequently, the story centers on Conan's quest to recover the weapon in which his father has told him to trust.Шаблон:Sfn Weaponry fetish is a device long established in literature; Carl James Grindley, an assistant professor of English, said ancient works such as Homer's Iliad, the Old English poem Beowulf, and the 14th-century tale of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight pay detailed attention to the arsenal of their heroes.Шаблон:Sfn Grindley further said that Conan the Barbarian, like most other contemporary action films, uses weapons as convenient plot devices rather than as symbols that mark the qualities of the hero.Шаблон:Sfn James Whitlark, an associate professor of English, said the Riddle of Steel makes the film's emphasis on the swords ironic; it gives the illusion that the weapons have powers of their own, but later reveals them to be useless and dependent on the strength of their wielders.Шаблон:Sfn In the later part of the film, Doom mocks steel, proclaiming the power of flesh to be stronger. When Conan recovers his father's sword, it is after he has broken it in the hands of Doom's lieutenant during their duel. According to Grindley, that moment—Conan's breaking of his father's sword—"[fulfills] a snickering spectrum of Oedipal conjecture" and asserts Homer's view that "the sword does not make the hero, but the hero makes the sword."Шаблон:Sfn The film, as Whitlark says, "offers a fantasy of human power raised beyond mortal limits."Шаблон:Sfn Passman and other authors agree, stating the film suggests that human will and determination are in a Nietzschean sense stronger than physical might.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Death

Another established literary trope found in the plot of Conan the Barbarian is the concept of death, followed by a journey into the underworld, and rebirth. Donald E. Palumbo, the Language and Humanities Chair at Lorain County Community College, noted that like most other sword-and-sorcery films, Conan used the motif of underground journeys to reinforce the themes of death and rebirth.Шаблон:Sfn According to him, the first scene to involve all three is after Conan's liberation: his flight from wild dogs sends him tumbling into a tomb where he finds a sword that lets him cut off his chains and stand with newfound power. In the later parts of the film, Conan experiences two underground journeys where death abounds: in the bowels of the Tower of Serpents where he has to fight a giant snake and in the depths of the Temple of Set where the cultists feast on human flesh while Doom transforms himself into a large serpent. Whereas Valeria dies and comes back from the dead (albeit briefly), Conan's ordeal from his crucifixion was symbolic. Although the barbarian's crucifixion might evoke Christian imagery,Шаблон:Sfn associations of the film with the religion are roundly rejected. Milius stated his film is full of pagan ideas, a sentiment supported by film critics such as ElleyШаблон:Sfn and Jack Kroll.Шаблон:Sfn George Aichele, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy and Religion at Adrian College, suggested the filmmaker's intent with the crucifixion scene was pure marketing: to tease the audience with religious connotations.Шаблон:Sfn He suggested, however, that Conan's story can be viewed as an analogy of Christ's life and vice versa.Шаблон:Sfn Nigel Andrews, a film critic, saw any connections to Christianity related more to the making of the film.Шаблон:Sfn The crucifixion is also reminiscent of Odin being nailed to Yggdrasil or the Titan Prometheus chained to the mountainside of the Caucasus.

A man dressed in furs plunges his sword into the neck of a large four-legged snake-like creature.

Conan's slaying of Doom's giant snake in the Tower of Serpents recalls Siegfried's slaying of Fafnir the dragon (illustrated) in Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen.

Wagnerian Opera

Milius's concept of Conan the Barbarian as an opera was picked up by the critics; Elley and Huckvale saw connections to Wagner's operas.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn According to Huckvale, the film's opening sequence closely mirrors a sword forging scene in Siegfried. Conan's adventures and ordeals seem to be inspired by the trials of the opera's titular hero: witnessing his parents' deaths, growing up as a slave, and slaying a giant serpent—dragon. Furthermore, Schwarzenegger's appearance in the role of Conan evoked images of Siegfried, the role model of the "Aryan blonde beast", in the lecturer's mind.Шаблон:Sfn The notion of racial superiority, symbolized by this Aryan hero, was a criticism given by J. Hoberman and James Wolcott; they highlighted the film's Nietzschean epigraph and labeled its protagonist as Nietzsche's übermensch.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Ebert was disturbed by the depiction of a "Nordic superman confronting a black", in which the "muscular blond" slices off the black man's head and "contemptuously [throws it] down the flight of stairs".Шаблон:Sfn His sentiment was shared by Adam Roberts, an Arthurian scholar, who also said Conan was an exemplar of the sword-and-sorcery films of the early 1980s that were permeated in various degrees with fascist ideology. According to Roberts, the films were following the ideas and aesthetics laid down in Leni Riefenstahl's directorial efforts for Nazi Germany. Roberts cautioned that any political readings into these sword-and-sorcery films with regards to fascism is subjective.Шаблон:Sfn Film critic Richard Dyer said that such associations with Conan were inaccurate and influenced by misconceptions of Nietzschean philosophies,Шаблон:Sfn and scholars of philosophy said that the film industry has often misinterpreted the ideas behind the übermensch.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Individualism

Conan is also seen as a product of its time: The themes of the film reflect the political climate of the United States in the 1980s. Ronald Reagan was the country's president and the ideals of individualism were promoted during his two terms in office. He emphasized the moral worth of the individual in his speeches, encouraging his fellow Americans to make the country successful and to stand up against the Soviet Union during the Cold War.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Dr. Dave Saunders, a film writer and lecturer at South Essex College of Further and Higher Education, linked facets of Conan the Barbarian to aspects of ReaganismШаблон:Sfn—the conservative ideology that surrounded the president's policies.Шаблон:Sfn Saunders likened Conan's quest against Doom to the Americans' crusades,Шаблон:Sfn his choice of weaponry—swords—to Reagan's and Milius's fondness of resisting the Soviets with only spirit and simple weapons,Шаблон:Sfn and Doom's base of operations to the Kremlin.Шаблон:Sfn Conan, in Saunder's interpretation, is portrayed as the American hero who draws strength from his trials and tribulations to slay the evil oppressors—the Soviets—and crush their un-American ways.Шаблон:Sfn Douglas Kellner and his fellow academic Michael Ryan proposed another enemy for the American individual: an overly domineering federal government.Шаблон:Sfn The film's association with individualism was not confined to the United States; Jeffrey Richards, a cultural historian, noticed the film's popularity among the youths of the United Kingdom.Шаблон:Sfn Robin Wood, a film critic, suggests that in most cases, there is only a thin veneer between individualism and fascism; he also said that Conan is the only film in that era to dispense with the disguise, openly celebrating its fascist ideals in a manner that would delight Riefenstahl.Шаблон:Sfn

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Sex

Sexual politics were also examined in thematic studies of the film. The feminist movement experienced a backlash during the opening years of the 1980s and action films then were helping to promote the notions of masculinity.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Women in these films were portrayed as whores, handmaidens, or warriors and clad in flesh-revealing outfits.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Conan gave its male audience a manly hero that overcame all odds and adversity, delivering them a fantasy that offered escape from the invasion of radical "bitter feminist women" in their lives.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Renato Casaro's promotional artwork for the film's release in the United States presents a sexualized portrayal of the two main characters, Conan and Valeria.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Scantily clad in costumes cut in the styles of underwear, they wear long boots and sport their hair loose. While Conan strides forth in the picture with his sword held high, Valeria "squats in an impossible pose with her leather body-suit [in the shape of a teddy] forming a dark shape between her thighs".Шаблон:Sfn According to Schubart, critics did not accept Valeria as a strong female figure, but viewed her as a "sexual spectacle"; to them, she was the traditional male warrior buddy in a sexy female body.Шаблон:Sfn

Legacy and impact

Whereas most comic book and pulp adaptations were box office failures in the 1980s, Conan the Barbarian was one of the few that made a profit.Шаблон:Sfn According to Sammon, it became the standard against which sword-and-sorcery films were measured until the debut of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring in 2001;Шаблон:Sfn several contemporary films of the same genre were judged by critics to be clones of Conan,Шаблон:Sfn such as The Beastmaster (1982).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn ConanШаблон:'s success inspired low-budget copycats, such as Ator, the Fighting Eagle (1982) and Deathstalker (1983).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Its sequel, Conan the Destroyer, was produced and released in 1984; only a few of those involved in the first film, such as Schwarzenegger, Mako, and Poledouris, returned.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Later big- and small-screen adaptations of Robert E. Howard's stories were considered by Sammon to be inferior to the film that started the trend.Шаблон:Sfn A spinoff from Conan was a 20-minute live-action show, The Adventures of Conan: A Sword and Sorcery Spectacular, that ran from 1983 to 1993 at Universal Studios Hollywood. Produced at a cost of $5 million, the show featured action scenes executed to music composed by Poledouris.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The show's highlights were pyrotechnics, lasers, and an Шаблон:Convert animatronic dragon that breathed fire.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

A squarish faced man in a suit and tie: he is balding with closely cropped white hair, and sports a stubble of white beard.

Producer Dino De Laurentiis (2009 photograph) profited from Conan, but had less success with his later films.

Several of those involved in the film reaped short-term benefits. Sandahl Bergman's Golden Globe for her role as Valeria marks her greatest achievement in the film industry; her later roles failed to gain her further recognition.Шаблон:Sfn Dino De Laurentiis had produced a string of box office failures since the success of King Kong in 1976; it appeared Conan the Barbarian might be a turning point in his fortunes. The sequel was also profitable, but many of De Laurentiis's later big-budget projects did not recoup their production costs and he was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1988.Шаблон:Sfn For John Milius, Conan the Barbarian is his "biggest directorial success" to date;Шаблон:Sfn his subsequent endeavors failed to equal its success and popularity.Шаблон:Sfn

Pressman did not receive any money from ConanШаблон:'s box office takings, but he sold the film rights for the Conan franchise to De Laurentiis for $4.5 million and 10 percent of the gross of any sequel to Conan the Barbarian.Шаблон:Sfn The sale more than paid off his company's debts incurred from producing Old Boyfriends, saving him from financial ruin;Шаблон:Sfn Pressman said this deal "made [him] more money by selling out, by not making a movie, than [he] ever have made by making one."Шаблон:Sfn He also arranged for Mattel to obtain the rights to produce a range of toys for the film. Although the toy company abandoned the license after its executives decided Conan was "too violent" for children, Pressman convinced them to let him produce a film based on their new Masters of the Universe toy line.Шаблон:Sfn The eponymous film cost $20 million to produce and grossed $17 million at the United States box office in 1987.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Those who benefited most from the project were Basil Poledouris and Arnold Schwarzenegger. Poledouris's reputation in the film industry increased with the critical acclaim his score received;Шаблон:Sfn MacDonald noted Poledouris's work on Conan as "one of the most spectacular film music achievements of the decade",Шаблон:Sfn and Page Cook named it as the only reason to watch the film and as the second best film sound track (after E.T.Шаблон:'s) for 1982.Шаблон:Sfn After hearing ConanШаблон:'s music, Paul Verhoeven engaged Poledouris to score his films, Flesh and Blood (1985), RoboCop (1987) and Starship Troopers (1997).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The music in Verhoeven's Total Recall (1990) also bore the influence of ConanШаблон:'s score; its composer, Jerry Goldsmith, used Poledouris's work as the model for his compositions.Шаблон:Sfn

Conan brought Schwarzenegger worldwide recognition as an action starШаблон:Sfn and established the model for most of his film roles: "icy, brawny, and inexpressive—yet somehow endearing."Шаблон:Sfn The image of him as the barbarian was an enduring one; when he campaigned for George H. W. Bush to be president, he was introduced as "Conan the Republican"Шаблон:Sfn—a moniker that stuck with him throughout his political career and was often repeated by the media during his term as Governor of California.Шаблон:Sfn Schwarzenegger was aware of the benefits the film had brought to him, acknowledging the role of Conan as "God's gift to [his] career".Шаблон:Sfn He embraced the image: when he was Governor of California, he displayed his copy of the Atlantean sword in his office, occasionally flourishing the weapon at visitors and letting them play with it.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn More than once, he spiced up his speeches with Conan's "crush your enemies, see them driven before you and hear the lamentations of their women".Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Sequels

Шаблон:Anchor Conan the Destroyer was released in 1984, with Schwarzenegger and Mako reprising their roles. A planned third entry in the trilogy, Conan the Conqueror, was previewed at the end of Destroyer. The film had been planned for a 1987 release, with the intended director being either Guy Hamilton or John Guillermin. Arnold Schwarzenegger was committed to the film Predator, and De Laurentiis's contract with the star had expired after his obligation to Red Sonja and Raw Deal, and he was not keen to negotiate a new one. The third Conan film fell into development hell, and a derivation of the script eventually was adapted into Kull the Conqueror, released in 1997.^[14]^[15]

In October 2012, Universal Pictures announced plans for Schwarzenegger to return to the role of Conan for the film The Legend of Conan. The planned story was a direct sequel to the original film, "bypassing" Conan the Destroyer and the 2011 film starring Jason Momoa.^[16]^[17] In the years following the announcement, Will Beall, Andrea Berloff, and producer Chris Morgan worked on the script, and Schwarzenegger expressed enthusiasm for the project, affirming plans to star in the film.Шаблон:Sfn^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21] However, in April 2017, Morgan stated that Universal had dropped the project, but that there remains a possibility of a television series.^[22]

Notes

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References

Citations

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General sources

Interviews

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