Английская Википедия:Demonyms for the United States
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Use American English Шаблон:Use mdy dates
People from the United States of America are known as and refer to themselves as Americans. Different languages use different terms for citizens of the United States. All forms of English refer to US citizens as Americans, a term deriving from the United States of America, the country's official name. In the English context, it came to refer to inhabitants of British America, and then the United States.[1] There is some linguistic ambiguity over this use due to the other senses of the word American, which can also refer to people from the Americas in general.[2] Other languages, including French, Japanese, and Russian, use cognates of American to refer to people from the United States, while others, particularly Spanish and Portuguese, primarily use terms derived from United States or North America. There are various other local and colloquial names for Americans. The name America came from the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci.
Development of the term American
Amerigo Vespucci first demonstrated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern outskirts as conjectured by Christopher Columbus, but instead constituted an entirely separate landmass hitherto unknown to the peoples of the Old World. Martin Waldseemüller coined the term America (in honor of Vespucci) in a 1507 world map.[3]
First uses of the adjective American referenced European settlements in the New World. Americans referred to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and subsequently to European settlers and their descendants.[1] English use of the term American for people of European descent dates to the 17th century, with the earliest recorded appearance being in Thomas Gage's The English-American: A New Survey of the West Indies in 1648.[1] In English, American came to be applied especially to people in British America and thus its use as a demonym for the United States derives by extension.[1]
The United States Declaration of Independence of 1776 refers to "the thirteen Шаблон:Sic States of America",[4] making the first formal use of the country name, which was officially adopted in 1777 by the nation's first governing constitution, the Articles of Confederation.[5] The Federalist Papers of 1787–1788, written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison to advocate the ratification of the United States Constitution, use the word American in both its original Pan-American sense, but also in its United States sense: Federalist Paper 24 refers to the "American possessions" of Britain and Spain[6] (i.e. land outside of the United States) while Federalist Papers 51[7] and 70[8] refer to the United States as "the American republic". People from the United States increasingly referred to themselves as Americans through the end of the 18th century and the 1795 Treaty of Peace and Amity with the Barbary States refers to "American Citizens"[9] while George Washington spoke to his people of "[t]he name of American, which belongs to you in your national capacity" in his 1796 farewell address.[10] Eventually, this usage spread through other English-speaking countries and the unqualified noun American in all forms of the English language now chiefly refers to natives or citizens of the United States, though other senses are generally specified with a qualifier such as Latin American or North American.[1]
International use
International speakers of English generally refer to people from the United States as Americans while equivalent translations of American are used in many other languages, namely Italian (Шаблон:Lang), Dutch (Шаблон:Lang), Afrikaans (Шаблон:Lang), Japanese (Шаблон:Lang, rōmaji: amerika-jin), Filipino (Шаблон:Lang), Hebrew (Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang), Arabic (Шаблон:Lang), Portuguese (Шаблон:Lang), Russian (Шаблон:Lang) and Hindi (अमरीकी transliteration: Amreeki).
In French, Шаблон:Lang is used in an official and colloquial way. Шаблон:Lang, derived from Шаблон:Lang (United States), while much rarer, is occasionally used, including by some scholars.
In Italian, both Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are used, although the former is more common.
In German, the designation Шаблон:Lang and its adjective form Шаблон:Lang are sometimes used, though Шаблон:Lang (adjective: Шаблон:Lang) is more common in scientific, official, journalistic, and colloquial parlance. The style manual of the Шаблон:Lang, a leading German-language newspaper, dismisses the term US-amerikanisch as both "unnecessary" and "artificial" and recommends replacing it with Шаблон:Lang.[11] The respective guidelines of the foreign ministries of Austria, Germany, and Switzerland all dictate Шаблон:Lang for official usage.[12][13][14] Ami is common in colloquial speech.
In Spanish, the Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang-en), published by the Royal Spanish Academy and the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, recommends the genderless term Шаблон:Lang (literally United Statesian), because Шаблон:Lang also refers to all the inhabitants of the continents of North and South America, or can be used to refer to Hispanic Americans.[15] Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are also common. In Latin American Spanish colloquial speech, Americans may be referred to as Шаблон:Lang (likely originating from griego, meaning Greek), but the word usually carries a disparaging connotation; in Spain and Argentina, a more common word with a similar meaning to Шаблон:Lang is Шаблон:Lang (from the English Yankee).[16]
In Portuguese, the terms used varies by country. In European Portuguese, Шаблон:Lang is mostly used in colloquial speech, but the term usually used in the press is Шаблон:Lang. In Brazilian Portuguese, the everyday term is usually Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang is the preferred form in academia.
In Chinese, there are distinct words for American in the continental sense and American in the national sense. The United States of America is called Шаблон:Lang (Pinyin: měiguó; Jyutping: mei5 gwok3) while the continents of the Americas are called Шаблон:Lang (Pinyin: měizhōu; Jyutping: mei5 zau1). There are separate demonyms derived from each word and a United States citizen is referred to as Шаблон:Lang (Pinyin: měiguó rén; Jyutping: mei5 gwok3 yan4).
In the constructed language Esperanto, Шаблон:Lang, similar to Шаблон:Lang, is the standard term for an American. The United States itself is called Шаблон:Lang, similar to Usonia. Only in formal contexts is the United States referred to by the long-form official name Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang (United States of North America). L. L. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, used the Шаблон:Lang terms as early as 1910.[17]
Alternative terms
The only officially and commonly used alternative for referring to the people of the United States in English is to refer to them as citizens of that country.[18] Another alternative is US-American,[19] also spelled US American.
Several single-word English alternatives for American have been suggested over time, especially Usonian, popularized by architect Frank Lloyd Wright,[20] and the nonce term United-Statesian.[21]
Writer H. L. Mencken collected a number of proposals from between 1789 and 1939, finding terms including Columbian, Columbard, Fredonian, Frede, Unisian, United Statesian, Colonican, Appalacian, Usian, Washingtonian, Usonian, Uessian, U-S-ian, Uesican, and United Stater.[22] Names for broader categories include terms such as Western Hemispherian, New Worlder, and North Atlantican.[23][24][25]
Nevertheless, no alternative to "American" is common in English.[18]
Yankee
Шаблон:Main Yankee (or Yank) is a colloquial term for Americans in English; cognates can be found in other languages. Within the United States, Yankee usually refers to people specifically from New England or the Northern United States, though it has been applied to Americans in general since the 18th century, especially by the British.[26] The earliest recorded use in this context is in a 1784 letter by Horatio Nelson.[26]
The cockney rhyming slang and Australian derogatory slang term septic (and in the Australian case, seppo) derive from rhyming "yank" with "septic tank".[27]
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, p. 87. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Articles of Confederation, Article 1. Available at the Library of Congress' American Memory.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "Washington's Farewell Address 1796". From The Avalon Project. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ↑ Vademecum. Der sprachlich-technische Leitfaden der «Neuen Zürcher Zeitung», 13th edition. Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Zürich 2013, p. 102, s. v. US-amerikanisch.
- ↑ Eidgenössisches Departement für auswärtige Angelegenheiten: „Liste der Staatenbezeichnungen“ Шаблон:Webarchive (PDF)
- ↑ Bundesministerium für europäische und internationale Angelegenheiten: „Liste der Staatennamen und deren Ableitungen in den vom Bundesministerium für europäische und internationale Angelegenheiten verwendeten Formen“ (PDF)
- ↑ Auswärtiges Amt: „Verzeichnis der Staatennamen für den amtlichen Gebrauch in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland“ (PDF)
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang "El gentilicio recomendado, por ser el de uso mayoritario, es estadounidense" [1] Real Academia Española. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang "Yanqui" [2] Diccionario de la Lengua Española. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). "American, America". From The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Retrieved April 27, 2009. Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ University of the Pacific (United States): 1.5.4 - Sources of US-American Culture
- ↑ The Concise Oxford Dictionary (1999:1580) gives the first meaning of the noun Usonian as "a native or inhabitant of the United States".
- ↑ "United States"Шаблон:Dead link. From the Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage (1994:88). First published in the December 1947 issue of American Speech.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 26,0 26,1 "Yankee"Шаблон:Dead link. From the Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved November 27, 2008.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
