Английская Википедия:Desert kite
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article
Desert kites (Шаблон:Lang-ar) are dry stone wall structures found in Southwest Asia (Middle East, but also North Africa, Central Asia and Arabia), which were first discovered from the air during the 1920s. There are over 6,000 known desert kites, with sizes ranging from less than a hundred metres to several kilometres. They typically have a kite shape formed by two convergent "antennae" that run towards an enclosure, all formed by walls of dry stone less than one metre high, but variations exist.
Little is known about their ages, but the few dated examples appear to span the entire Holocene. The majority view on their purpose is that they were used as traps for hunting game animals such as gazelles, which were driven into the kites and hunted there.
Appearance and occurrence
Desert kites are stone structures with a convergent shape,Шаблон:Sfn composed of linear piles of stones. The structures have lengths ranging from less than a hundred metres to several kilometres and heights of less than one metre, even accounting for erosion.Шаблон:Sfn There often are gaps in the lines, which were presumably left by the builders or the result of lines formed by alignments of cairns rather than a continuous row.Шаблон:Sfn There are a number of different shapes that are referred to as "desert kites",Шаблон:Sfn but in one common structure, the lines form two walls ("antennae") that converge into an enclosure ("head") with attached cells.Шаблон:Sfn Different regions have different prevalent kite types.Шаблон:Sfn Sometimes the existence of these cells is considered essential for a desert kite to be called such.Шаблон:Sfn
Research published in 2022 has shown that pits several metres deep often lieШаблон:Sfn at the margins of enclosures, which have been interpreted as traps and killing pits.Шаблон:Sfn The kites enclose surface areas with a median of Шаблон:Convert, but much larger and much smaller sizes are also known.Шаблон:Sfn Dating kites is difficult;Шаблон:Sfn various dating methods like radiocarbon dating and optically stimulated luminescence have yielded ages ranging from the early to the late Holocene,Шаблон:Sfn and there are sporadic reports of their use in travel records.Шаблон:Sfn Some kites have been overprinted by later archaeological structures,Шаблон:Sfn eroded or submerged,Шаблон:Sfn or built out over time to form more complex shapes.Шаблон:Sfn In some places, structures like cairns, tombs or square walls occur alongside kites.Шаблон:Sfn
They are typically found in massifs or topographically complex terrain, but are rare or absent from sloping terrain,Шаблон:Sfn mountainous regions, or within endorheic basins, although they occur at the margins of mountains.Шаблон:Sfn Often, the terrain within the kite is much more open than the outside terrain, lacking vegetation and rocks.Шаблон:Sfn In general, the visibility of the kites from their inside is poor, which appears to be a purposeful feature of their construction; for example, the ends and entrances of the kites often coincide with slope breaks (places where the slope changes).Шаблон:Sfn Within a given region, the kites tend to have a preferred orientation.Шаблон:Sfn They are absent from humid climates and from certain hyperarid areas, and their use may have been influenced by Holocene climate changes.Шаблон:Sfn
Their often enormous size and conspicuousness in arid or semiarid terrain renders them visible in aerial images,Шаблон:Sfn while their construction in rough terrain makes them almost invisible on the ground.Шаблон:Sfn Sometimes, natural features like cliffs are used in conjunction with the artificial walls to form a kite.Шаблон:Sfn Clearing vegetation around the lines or using rocks with a different colour from the background has been documented in volcanic terrain.Шаблон:Sfn In Arabia, cairns and linear stone alignments have been found associated with kites.Шаблон:Sfn
Kites are known from the Middle East and Central Asia, with examples known mainly from Armenia, Egypt, Iraq, Israel-Palestine, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Uzbekistan and Yemen.Шаблон:Sfn They have also been found in MongoliaШаблон:Sfn and South Africa.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:As of, there were over 6,000 known kites in Asia and the Middle East,Шаблон:Sfn and in some parts of Syria there are as many as 1 kite every Шаблон:Convert,Шаблон:Sfn to the point that they are partially overlapping or form complicated structures.Шаблон:Sfn Similar large enclosures that were presumably used as traps have been found in Europe, where they were dated to Mesolithic and Neolithic age; North America, where structures known as drive lines have been used into the 19th century AD;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn South America; and Japan.Шаблон:Sfn
Function
Both archaeological studies and ethnographic accounts from the 19th and 20th century indicate that desert kites in the Middle East and North Africa were used as traps for wild game.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A minority viewpoint is that they were used for livestock management. The disagreement stems mainly from a lack of factual evidence to support either hypothesis, from disputes on the interpretation of evidence,Шаблон:Sfn and from the extinction of traditions involving desert kites.Шаблон:Sfn There is almost no evidence of what happened to animals after they were trappedШаблон:Sfn or which animals were targeted, but ethnographic analyses indicate that kites were used to hunt ungulates like gazelles,Шаблон:Sfn which live in groups and form defensive formations when threatened.Шаблон:Sfn The usage of traps in catching animals in the steppe is mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh.Шаблон:Sfn The construction of kites would have required coordinated work from multiple people and are thus indicative of social organization, even if the trapping of animals is a comparatively simple hunting technique.Шаблон:Sfn The use of kites in trapping animals is depicted in Israeli,Шаблон:Sfn MongolianШаблон:Sfn and Sinai petroglyphs; these drawings may not always be contemporaneous to the actual usage of the kites.Шаблон:Sfn
Studies show that even low walls or linear structures like pipelines can effectively "guide" animals, which do not attempt to cross the lines even if they are physically able to do so, explaining the effectiveness of desert kites.Шаблон:Sfn The low visibility of the kite structures prevents the animals from recognizing the trap.Шаблон:Sfn The positioning of pits at the end of convergent enclosures and the presence of small walls delimitating pits from the enclosure would hide the pit from the animals until they are too close to change course in their panic.Шаблон:Sfn The entrances often are situated opposite to the direction of animal migration in the region on a wide scale,Шаблон:Sfn or of daily animal behaviours on a small scale.Шаблон:Sfn The use of desert kites may have had a significant impact on wild animals.Шаблон:Sfn
Research history
The usage of kite-like structures to trap animals is attested in 1831.Шаблон:Sfn Desert kites were originally identified in aerial images during the 1920s and were initially interpreted as animal traps, enclosures for domesticated animals or fortresses.Шаблон:Sfn They are referred to as "desert kites" or "kites",Шаблон:Sfn a name bestowed to them by the Royal Air Force pilot Group Captain Lionel Rees, in reference to their resemblance to toy kites. Given that they are commonly found in desert areas, they later became known as "desert kites", which is now the commonly used term in academic literature.Шаблон:Sfn
The advent of publicly available satellite imagery such as Google Earth and Google Maps during the 2010s, on which desert kites are visible to everyone, has led to a resurgence of interest in these archaeological sites and the realization that they are widespread.Шаблон:Sfn However, without fieldwork, it is difficult to gain a full picture of what they were.Шаблон:Sfn Only a very few kites have been excavated or subject to dating efforts, and many of these are not representative of the majority of kites.Шаблон:Sfn
Engraved depictions of the layout of desert kites have been found,Шаблон:Sfn some of which are schematic and others are like scaled models.Шаблон:Sfn Open questions in kite research include what they were used for, when they were used and why the technology is so widespread.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
- Buffalo jump
- Game drive system
- Petroform
- Mustatil, similar formations in Arabia
- Fishing weir
References
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
External links
- Globalkites, worldwide database of kites
