Английская Википедия:Deutschland-class cruiser
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes
Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship class overviewШаблон:Infobox ship characteristicsThe Шаблон:Lang class was a series of three Шаблон:Lang (armored ships), a form of heavily armed cruiser, built by the Шаблон:Lang officially in accordance with restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The ships of the class, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, and Шаблон:Ship, were all stated to displace Шаблон:Convert in accordance with the Treaty, though they actually displaced Шаблон:Convert at standard displacement. The design for the ships incorporated several radical innovations, including the first major use of welding in a warship and all-diesel propulsion. Due to their heavy armament of six Шаблон:Convert guns and lighter weight, the British began referring to the vessels as "pocket battleships". The Шаблон:Lang-class ships were initially classified as Шаблон:Lang, but the Шаблон:Lang reclassified them as heavy cruisers in February 1940.
The three ships were built between 1929 and 1936 by the Deutsche Werke in Kiel and the Шаблон:Lang in Wilhelmshaven, seeing much service with the German Navy. All three vessels served on non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War. While on patrol, Шаблон:Lang was attacked by Republican bombers, and in response, Шаблон:Lang bombarded the port of Almería. In 1937, Шаблон:Lang represented Germany at the Coronation Review for Britain's King George VI. For the rest of their peacetime careers, the ships conducted a series of fleet maneuvers in the Atlantic and visited numerous foreign ports in goodwill tours.
Before the outbreak of World War II, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang were deployed to the Atlantic to put them in position to attack Allied merchant traffic once war was declared. Шаблон:Lang remained in port for periodic maintenance. Шаблон:Lang was not particularly successful on her raiding sortie, during which she sank or captured three ships. She then returned to Germany, where she was renamed Шаблон:Lang. Шаблон:Lang sank nine vessels in the South Atlantic before she was confronted by three British cruisers at the Battle of the River Plate. Although she damaged the British ships, she was herself damaged and her engines were in poor condition. Coupled with deceptive false British reports of reinforcements, the state of the ship convinced Hans Langsdorff, her commander, to scuttle the ship outside Montevideo, Uruguay.
Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang were deployed to Norway in 1942 to join the attacks on Allied convoys to the Soviet Union. Шаблон:Lang conducted Operation Wunderland in August 1942, a sortie into the Kara Sea to attack Soviet merchant shipping, though it ended without significant success. Шаблон:Lang took part in the Battle of the Barents Sea in December 1942, a failed attempt to destroy a convoy. Both ships were damaged in the course of their deployment to Norway and eventually returned to Germany for repairs. They ended their careers bombarding advancing Soviet forces on the Eastern Front; both ships were destroyed by British bombers in the final weeks of the war. Шаблон:Lang was raised and sunk as a target by the Soviet Navy, and Шаблон:Lang was partially broken up in situ, with the remainder of the hulk buried beneath rubble.
Development
Following Germany's defeat in World War I, the size of the German Navy, renamed the Шаблон:Lang, was limited by the Treaty of Versailles. The Navy was permitted a force of six pre-dreadnought battleships and six light cruisers; the ships could not be replaced until they were twenty years old.Шаблон:Sfn To replace the battleships, new vessels were to displace at most Шаблон:Convert; Germany's potential rivals were at this time limited to building vessels of Шаблон:Convert by the Washington Naval Treaty and subsequent agreements.Шаблон:Sfn The gun caliber of any new ship was not regulated by the Treaty itself,Шаблон:Sfn though the Naval Inter-Allied Commission of Control (NIACC) created by the Treaty did have authority to regulate the armament of all new warships.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn The Allies assumed that with these limitations, only coastal defense ships similar to those operated by the Scandinavian navies could be built.Шаблон:Sfn
The Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s oldest battleship, Шаблон:SMS, was laid down in 1902 and could therefore be replaced legally in 1922. Design studies were considered starting in 1920, with two basic options: the Navy could build a heavily armored, slow, and small warship similar to a monitor, or a large, fast, and lightly armored vessel similar to a cruiser.Шаблон:Sfn Actual design work on the new type of armored ship began in 1923, but the German economy collapsed in 1924, forcing a temporary halt to the work. Admiral Hans Zenker, the commander in chief of the Шаблон:Lang, pushed hard for the navy to resume design work, and in 1925 three new proposals were drafted. In addition to two sketches prepared in 1923, this totaled five different designs. Of the first two designs, "I/10" was a Шаблон:Convert cruiser armed with eight Шаблон:Convert guns while "II/10" was a Шаблон:Convert, heavily armored ship armed with four Шаблон:Convert guns. The three designs prepared in 1925—"II/30", "IV/30", and "V/30"—were armed with six Шаблон:Convert guns with varying levels of armor protection. The Шаблон:Lang eventually opted for Шаблон:Convert guns to avoid provoking the Allies and to ease pressures on the design staff.Шаблон:Sfn
The Шаблон:Lang held a conference to evaluate the designs in May 1925, though the results were inconclusive. Of particular importance was the continued French occupation of the Ruhr industrial area, which prevented Germany from quickly building large-caliber artillery. Nevertheless, the design staff prepared another set of designs, "I/35", a heavily armored ship with a single triple turret forward, and "VIII/30", a more lightly-armored ship with a pair of twin turrets. The Шаблон:Lang initially intended to lay down the first armored ship in 1926, but the design had not yet been finalized. The 1926 maneuvers informed the design staff that greater speed was desirable, and that year, a further two designs were submitted to Zenker.Шаблон:Sfn The initial design for Шаблон:Lang, ordered as "Шаблон:Lang A", was prepared in 1926 and finalized by 1928.Шаблон:Sfn Zenker announced on 11 June 1927 that the Navy had settled on one of several proposals for the new warships. The Шаблон:Lang had decided that the new ships would be armed with two triple turrets mounting 28 cm guns.Шаблон:Sfn
Political opposition to the new ships was significant. The Шаблон:Lang therefore decided to delay ordering the ship until after the Шаблон:Lang elections in 1928.Шаблон:Sfn The question over whether to build the new ships was a major issue in elections, particularly with the Social Democrats, who strongly opposed the new ships and campaigned with the slogan "Food not Шаблон:Lang."Шаблон:Sfn In May 1928, the elections were concluded and enough of a majority in favor of the new ships was elected; this included twelve seats won by Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party. An October 1928 attempt by the Communist Party of Germany to initiate a referendum against the construction failed. The first of the new ships was authorized in November 1928.Шаблон:Sfn
When the particulars of the design became known by the Allies, they attempted to prevent Germany from building them. The Шаблон:Lang offered to halt construction on the first ship in exchange for admittance to the Washington Treaty with a ratio of Шаблон:Convert to Britain's allotment of Шаблон:Convert of capital ship tonnage. In doing so, this would effectively abrogate the clauses in the Treaty of Versailles that limited Germany's naval power. Britain and the United States favored making concessions to Germany, but France refused to allow any revisions to the Treaty of Versailles. Since the ships did not violate the terms of the Treaty, the Allies could not prevent Germany from building them after a negotiated settlement proved unattainable.Шаблон:Sfn
Design
General characteristics
The three Шаблон:Lang-class ships varied slightly in dimensions. All three ships were Шаблон:Convert long at the waterline, and as built, Шаблон:Convert long overall. Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang had clipper bows installed in 1940–1941; their overall length was increased to Шаблон:Convert. Шаблон:Lang had a beam of Шаблон:Convert, Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s beam was Шаблон:Convert, while Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s was Шаблон:Convert. Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang had a standard draft of Шаблон:Convert and a full-load draft of Шаблон:Convert. Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s draft was Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert, respectively. The displacement of the three ships increased over the class. Standard displacement grew from Шаблон:Convert for Шаблон:Lang to Шаблон:Convert for Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Convert for Шаблон:Lang. The ships' full load displacements were significantly higher, at Шаблон:Convert for Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Convert for Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Convert for Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn The ships were officially stated to be within the Шаблон:Convert limit of the Treaty of Versailles, however.Шаблон:Sfn
The ships' hulls were constructed with transverse steel frames; over 90 percent of the hulls used welding instead of the then standard riveting, which saved 15 percent of their total hull weight.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn These savings allowed the armament and armor to be increased.Шаблон:Sfn The hulls contained twelve watertight compartments and were fitted with a double bottom that extended for 92 percent of the length of the keel. As designed, the ship's complement comprised 33 officers and 586 enlisted men. After 1935, the crew was dramatically increased, to 30 officers and 921–1,040 sailors. While serving as a squadron flagship, an additional 17 officers and 85 enlisted men augmented the crew. The second flagship had an additional 13 officers and 59 sailors. The ships carried a number of smaller boats, including two picket boats, two barges, one launch, one pinnace, and two dinghies.Шаблон:Sfn
The Шаблон:Lang considered the ships to be good sea boats, with a slight roll. As built, they were wet in a head sea, though this was significantly improved by the installation of a clipper bow in 1940–1941. The ships were highly maneuverable, particularly when the maneuvering setting for the diesel engines was used, in which half of the engines for each shaft were run in reverse. The ships heeled over up to 13 degrees with the rudder hard over. The low stern was wet in a stern sea, and equipment stored there was frequently lost overboard.Шаблон:Sfn
Machinery
The Шаблон:Lang-class ships were equipped with two sets of four 9-cylinder, double-acting, two-stroke diesel engines built by MAN.Шаблон:Sfn The adoption of an all-diesel propulsion system was a radical innovation at the time and contributed to significant savings in weight.Шаблон:Sfn Each set was controlled by transmissions built by AG Vulcan. The engines were paired on two propeller shafts, which were attached to three-bladed screws that were Шаблон:Convert in diameter. Шаблон:Lang was initially fitted with Шаблон:Convert diameter screws, before they were replaced with the larger screws. The engines were rated at Шаблон:Convert and a top speed of Шаблон:Convert. They did not meet the expected shaft-horsepower on trials, though they did exceed their design speeds. Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s engines reached Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert, and Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s engines reached Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert. Horsepower figures for Шаблон:Lang are not recorded, though her top speed on trials was Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang could carry up to Шаблон:Convert of fuel oil, which provided a maximum range of Шаблон:Convert at a speed of Шаблон:Convert. An increase in speed by one knot reduced the range slightly to Шаблон:Convert. At a higher speed of Шаблон:Convert, the range fell to Шаблон:Convert. Шаблон:Lang carried Шаблон:Convert and had a correspondingly shorter range of Шаблон:Convert at 20 kn. Шаблон:Lang stored Шаблон:Convert of fuel, which enabled a range of Шаблон:Convert. Electricity was supplied by four electric generators powered by two diesel engines. Their total output was 2,160 kW for Шаблон:Lang, 2,800 kW for Шаблон:Lang, and 3,360 kW for Шаблон:Lang, all at 220 volts. Steering was controlled by a single rudder.Шаблон:Sfn
Armament
The three Шаблон:Lang-class ships were armed with a main battery of six 28 cm SK C/28 guns mounted in two triple turrets, one on either end of the superstructure.Шаблон:Sfn The turrets were the Drh LC/28 type and allowed elevation to 40 degrees,Шаблон:Sfn and depression to −8 degrees.Шаблон:Sfn This provided the guns with a maximum range of Шаблон:Convert. They fired a Шаблон:Convert projectile at a muzzle velocity of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The guns were initially supplied with a total 630 rounds of ammunition, and this was later increased to 720 shells.Шаблон:Sfn
The secondary battery comprised eight 15 cm SK C/28 guns,Шаблон:Sfn each in single MPLC/28 mountings arranged amidships.Шаблон:Sfn These mountings allowed elevation to 35 degrees and depression to −10 degrees, for a range of Шаблон:Convert. They were supplied with a total of 800 rounds of ammunition, though later in their careers this was increased to 1,200 rounds.Шаблон:Sfn These shells weighed Шаблон:Convert and had a muzzle velocity of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The ships were also equipped with eight Шаблон:Convert torpedo tubes placed in two quadruple launchers mounted on their stern.Шаблон:Sfn
As built, the ships' anti-aircraft battery consisted of three 8.8 cm SK L/45 anti-aircraft guns in single mounts. These were replaced in 1935 with six 8.8 cm SK C/31 guns in twin mounts. Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang were rearmed in 1938 and 1940, respectively, with six 10.5 cm L/65 guns, four 3.7 cm SK C/30 guns and initially ten 2 cm Flak guns—the number of 2 cm guns on Шаблон:Lang was eventually increased to 28. Шаблон:Lang had been rearmed by 1945 with six [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|Шаблон:Convert]] guns, eight 3.7 cm guns, and thirty-three 2 cm guns.Шаблон:Sfn
Armor
The ships' main armored belt was Шаблон:Convert thick amidships and reduced to Шаблон:Convert on either end of the central citadel. The bow and stern were unarmored at the waterline. This belt was inclined to increase its protective qualities and supplemented by a Шаблон:Convert longitudinal splinter bulkhead. The upper edge of the belt on Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang was at the level of the armored deck. On Шаблон:Lang, it was extended one deck higher.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s underwater protection consisted of a Шаблон:Convert thick torpedo bulkhead; Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s and Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s bulkheads were reduced to Шаблон:Convert. Шаблон:Lang had a Шаблон:Convert thick upper deck and a main armored deck that ranged in thickness from 18–40 mm. Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang had Шаблон:Convert main decks and armored decks that ranged in thickness from 17–45 mm. The armored deck in Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang did not extend over the entire width of the ship due to weight; this matter was rectified in Шаблон:Lang. Likewise, the torpedo bulkheads for Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang stopped at the inside of the double-bottom but in Шаблон:Lang extended to the outer hull.Шаблон:Sfn The ships' forward conning tower had Шаблон:Convert thick sides with a Шаблон:Convert thick roof, while the aft conning tower was less well protected, with 50 mm thick sides and a Шаблон:Convert thick roof. The main battery turrets had Шаблон:Convert thick faces and Шаблон:Convert thick sides. Their roofs ranged in thickness from Шаблон:Convert. The 15 cm guns were armored with Шаблон:Convert gun shields for splinter protection.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang had some improvements in armor thickness. The barbettes, 100 mm thick in Шаблон:Lang, became 125 mm for the two sisters. Шаблон:Lang had the belt somewhat improved, and Шаблон:Lang had a much more improved 100 mm belt, instead of 50–80 mm. The armored deck was improved as well, and some places had up to 70 mm thickness.[1]
Classification
The Шаблон:Lang initially classified the ships as "Шаблон:Lang" (armored ships), but in February 1940 it reclassified the two survivors of the class as heavy cruisers.Шаблон:Sfn Due to their heavy armament of six 28 cm (11 in) guns, high speed and long cruising range, the class was more capable of high seas operation than the old pre-dreadnought battleships they replaced;Шаблон:Sfn for this reason, they were referred to as "pocket battleships", particularly in the British press. In 1938 Jane's Fighting Ships stated the Шаблон:Lang-class "[a]re officially rated as 'Armoured Ships' (Шаблон:Lang) and popularly referred to as 'Pocket Battleships'. Actually, they are equivalent to armoured cruisers of an exceptionally powerful type."Шаблон:Sfn
Construction
Шаблон:Lang was laid down at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel on 5 February 1929,Шаблон:Sfn under the contract name "Шаблон:Lang A", as a replacement for the old battleship Шаблон:Lang. Work began under construction number 219.Шаблон:Sfn The ship was launched on 19 May 1931; at her launching, she was christened by German Chancellor Heinrich Brüning. The ship accidentally started sliding down the slipway while Brüning was giving his christening speech.Шаблон:Sfn After the completion of fitting out work, initial sea trials began in November 1932.Шаблон:Sfn The ship was commissioned into the Шаблон:Lang on 1 April 1933.Шаблон:Sfn
Serious political opposition to the ships continued after the authorization for Шаблон:Lang, and a political crisis over the second ship, Шаблон:Lang, was averted only after the Social Democrats abstained from voting. As a result of the opposition, "Шаблон:Lang B" was not authorized until 1931.Шаблон:Sfn A replacement for the old battleship Шаблон:SMS, her keel was laid on 25 June 1931 at the Шаблон:Lang shipyard in Wilhelmshaven,Шаблон:Sfn under construction number 123.Шаблон:Sfn The ship was launched on 1 April 1933; at her launching, she was christened by Marianne Besserer, the daughter of Admiral Reinhard Scheer, after whom the ship was named.Шаблон:Sfn She was completed slightly over a year and a half later on 12 November 1934, the day she was commissioned into the German fleet.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang, the third and final member of the class, was also ordered by the Шаблон:Lang from the Шаблон:Lang shipyard in Wilhelmshaven. She was ordered under the contract name "Шаблон:Lang C" to replace the battleship Шаблон:SMS.Шаблон:Sfn Her keel was laid on 1 October 1932,Шаблон:Sfn under construction number 125.Шаблон:Sfn The ship was launched on 30 June 1934; at her launching, she was christened by the daughter of Admiral Maximilian von Spee, after whom the ship was named.Шаблон:Sfn She was completed slightly over a year and a half later on 6 January 1936, the day she was commissioned into the German fleet.Шаблон:Sfn
Possible conversion
After Hitler had given the order in late January 1943 for the two remaining ships to be scrapped, the possibility of instead converting them into aircraft carriers was discussed. The hulls would have been lengthened by approximately Шаблон:Convert, which would have used 2,000 tons of steel and employed 400 workmen. Conversion time was estimated at two years. Their flight deck would have been only Шаблон:Convert shorter than that of the Шаблон:Sclass heavy cruiser Шаблон:Ship, which had been prepared for conversion in 1942, and they would still have attained 28 knots. This plan was not pursued.Шаблон:Sfn
Ships in class
| Ship | Namesake | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Ship[2] | Germany | Шаблон:Lang, Kiel | 5 February 1929 | 19 May 1931 | 1 April 1933 | Sunk in weapons tests, July 1947 |
| Шаблон:Ship | Reinhard Scheer | Шаблон:Lang, Wilhelmshaven | 25 June 1931 | 1 April 1933 | 12 November 1934 | Sunk following air attack, 9 April 1945 |
| Шаблон:Ship | Maximilian von Spee | 1 October 1932 | 30 June 1934 | 6 January 1936 | Scuttled following surface action, 17 December 1939 |
Deutschland
Шаблон:Lang saw significant action with the Шаблон:Lang, including several non-intervention patrols, during which she was attacked by Republican bombers.Шаблон:Sfn At the outbreak of World War II, she was cruising the North Atlantic, prepared to attack Allied merchant traffic. Bad weather hampered her efforts, and she sank or captured only three vessels before returning to Germany, after which she was renamed Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She then participated in Operation Weserübung, the invasion of Norway. Damaged at the Battle of Drøbak Sound, she was recalled to Germany for repairs. While en route, she was torpedoed by a British submarine and seriously damaged.Шаблон:Sfn
Repairs were completed by March 1941, and in June Шаблон:Lang steamed to Norway. While en route, she was torpedoed by a British bomber, necessitating significant repairs that lasted until May 1942. She returned to Norway to join the forces arrayed against Allied shipping to the Soviet Union. She ran aground during a planned attack on convoy PQ 17, which necessitated another return to Germany for repairs. She next saw action at the Battle of the Barents Sea with the heavy cruiser Шаблон:Ship, which ended with a failure to destroy the convoy JW 51B. Engine problems forced a series of repairs culminating in a complete overhaul at the end of 1943, after which the ship remained in the Baltic.Шаблон:Sfn Sunk in the Kaiserfahrt in April 1945 by Royal Air Force (RAF) bombers,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang was used as a gun battery to support German troops fighting the Soviet Army until 4 May 1945, when she was disabled by her crew.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Raised by the Soviet Navy in 1947, she was reportedly broken up for scrap over the next two years, according to Western works that did not have access to Soviet documents at the time.Шаблон:Sfn The historian Hans Georg Prager examined the former Soviet archives in the early 2000s, and discovered that Шаблон:Lang actually had been sunk in weapons tests in July 1947.Шаблон:Sfn
Admiral Scheer
Шаблон:Lang saw heavy service with the German Navy, including several deployments to Spain during the Spanish Civil War, to participate in non-intervention patrols. While off Spain, she bombarded the port of Almería following the Republican attack on her sister Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn At the outbreak of World War II, she remained in port for a periodic refit.Шаблон:Sfn Her first operation during World War II was a commerce raiding operation into the southern Atlantic Ocean that started in late October 1940. While on the operation, she also made a brief foray into the Indian Ocean.Шаблон:Sfn During the raiding mission, she sank Шаблон:GRT of shipping,Шаблон:Sfn making her the most successful capital ship surface raider of the war.Шаблон:Sfn
Following her return to Germany, she was deployed to northern Norway to interdict shipping to the Soviet Union. She was part of the abortive attack on Convoy PQ 17 with the battleship Шаблон:Ship; the operation was broken off after surprise was lost. She also conducted Operation Wunderland, a sortie into the Kara Sea.Шаблон:Sfn After returning to Germany at the end of 1942, the ship served as a training ship until the end of 1944, when she was used to support ground operations against the Soviet Army. She was sunk by British bombers on 9 April 1945 and partially scrapped; the remainder of the wreck lies buried beneath a quay.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Admiral Graf Spee
Шаблон:Lang conducted extensive training in the Baltic and Atlantic before participating in five non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War in 1936–1938. She also represented Germany during the Coronation Review for King George VI in May 1937.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang was deployed to the South Atlantic in the weeks before the outbreak of World War II, to be positioned in merchant sea lanes once war was declared.Шаблон:Sfn Between September and December 1939, the ship sank nine ships totaling Шаблон:GRT;Шаблон:Sfn in response, the British and French navies formed several hunter-killer groups to track her down. These forces included four aircraft carriers, two battleships, and one battlecruiser.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang operated in concert with the supply ship Шаблон:Ship.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang was eventually confronted by three British cruisers off Uruguay at the Battle of the River Plate on 13 December 1939. She inflicted heavy damage on the British ships, but suffered damage as well, and was forced to put into port at Montevideo.Шаблон:Sfn Convinced by false reports of superior British naval forces approaching his ship and the poor state of his own engines, Hans Langsdorff, the commander of the ship, ordered the vessel to be scuttled. Langsdorff committed suicide three days after the scuttling. The ship was partially broken up in situ, though part of the ship remains visible above the surface of the water.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
See also
- Design B-65 cruiser - Japanese proposed counterpart
- Шаблон:Sclass - US counterpart
Footnotes
Notes
Citations
References
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Шаблон:Deutschland class cruiser Шаблон:Large cruisers Шаблон:German heavy cruisers Шаблон:WWII German ships Шаблон:Authority control Шаблон:Good article
