Английская Википедия:E-flat clarinet

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox Instrument

The E-flat (EШаблон:Music) clarinet is a member of the clarinet family, smaller than the more common [[Soprano clarinet|BШаблон:Music clarinet]] and pitched a perfect fourth higher. It is typically considered the sopranino or piccolo member of the clarinet family and is a transposing instrument in EШаблон:Music with a sounding pitch a minor third higher than written. In Italian it is sometimes referred to as a terzino and is generally listed in BШаблон:Music-based scores (including many European band scores) as terzino in Mi♭. The E-flat clarinet has a total length of about 49 cm.[1]

The EШаблон:Music clarinet is used in orchestras, concert bands, and marching bands, and plays a central role in clarinet choirs, carrying melodies that would be uncomfortably high for the BШаблон:Music clarinet. Solo repertoire is limited, but composers from Berlioz to Mahler have used it extensively as a solo instrument in orchestral contexts.

Tonal range

Many orchestration and instrumentation books show the highest written note for the E-flat clarinet as G6, compared to C7 for clarinets in A or B-flat.[2]

Use in concert and military bands

Towards the end of the eighteenth century the clarinet in high F took this role until the EШаблон:Music clarinet took over beginning sometime in the second decade of the 1800s.[3]

Although the EШаблон:Music is somewhat of a rarity in school bands, it is a staple instrument in college and other upper level ensembles. Unlike the BШаблон:Music soprano clarinet which has numerous musicians performing on each part, the EШаблон:Music clarinet part is usually played by only one musician in a typical concert band. This is partially because the EШаблон:Music clarinet has a bright, shrill sound similar to the sound of the piccolo. It commonly plays the role of a garnish instrument along with the piccolo, and duo segments between the two instruments are quite common. The EШаблон:Music clarinet is often heard playing along with the flutes and/or oboes.

Important soloistic parts in standard band repertoire for the EШаблон:Music clarinet include the second movement of Gustav Holst's First Suite in E-flat for Military Band (for two EШаблон:Music clarinets) and his piece "Hammersmith" (also for two EШаблон:Music clarinets), Paul Hindemith's Symphony in B-flat for Band, and Gordon Jacob's William Byrd Suite. The EШаблон:Music clarinet is also a featured player in modern wind band repertoire, such as Adam Gorb's Yiddish Dances, where it takes on a solo role for much of the five-movement piece.[4]

Use as children's clarinet

While most EШаблон:Music clarinets are built and marketed for professionals or advanced students, inexpensive plastic EШаблон:Music clarinets have been produced for beginning children's use. These have a simplified fingering system, lacking some of the trill keys and alternative fingerings.

D clarinet

The slightly larger D clarinet is rare, although it was common in the early and mid-eighteenth century (see the Molter concertos below). The D clarinet has a total length of about 52 cm.[5] From the end of that century to the present it has become less common than the clarinets in EШаблон:Music, BШаблон:Music, A, or even C. Handel’s Overture in D major for two clarinets and horn was probably written for two D clarinets.[3] D clarinets were once commonly employed by some composers (e.g., Rimsky-Korsakov's Mlada) to be used by one player equipped with instruments in D and EШаблон:Music — analogous to a player using instruments in BШаблон:Music and A.[3] In modern performance (especially in North America and western Europe outside German-speaking countries), it is normal to transpose D clarinet parts for EШаблон:Music clarinet.[3]

The rationale underlying a composer's choice between EШаблон:Music and D clarinet is often difficult to discern and can seem perverse, especially when the option not chosen would be easier for the player to execute. For instance, the original version of Arnold Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony No. 1 is for EШаблон:Music clarinet while the orchestral version is for D.[3] Certain passages of Maurice Ravel's Daphnis et Chloe are set in concert D but are scored for EШаблон:Music clarinet, with the effect that some fingerings in those passages are extremely difficult on the E-flat clarinet, which is forced to play in its B major, but would be much easier on a D clarinet, which would play in its C major. Another famous example is the D clarinet part of Richard Strauss's Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche.

Solo and chamber literature for the EШаблон:Music (or D) clarinet

Файл:E-flat A-flat B-flat clarinets.jpg
Size comparison: clarinets in A♭, E♭ and B♭

Solo works for these instruments are relatively rare however steadily increasing in number.

Orchestral and operatic music using the EШаблон:Music (or D) clarinet

Parts written for D clarinet are usually played on the more popular EШаблон:Music clarinet, with the player transposing or playing from a written part transposed a semitone lower.

Orchestral compositions and operas with notable EШаблон:Music or D clarinet solos include:

Other orchestral compositions and operas making extensive use of EШаблон:Music or D clarinet include:

Recent usage

After 1950, works using EШаблон:Music clarinet are too numerous to note individually. However, among those where the instrument is featured beyond what would be considered normal in recent music are John Adams's Chamber Symphony, where two players play EШаблон:Music and bass clarinet and "double" on soprano and Adriana Hölszky's A due for two EШаблон:Music clarinets. The extended techniques of the BШаблон:Music clarinet, including multiphonics, flutter tonguing, and extreme registers, have all been imported to the EШаблон:Music.

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

  • Hadcock, Peter, "Orchestral Studies for the EШаблон:Music Clarinet", Roncorp Publications. A useful resource for the EШаблон:Music player by long-time EШаблон:Music Boston Symphony player and New England Conservatory faculty member Hadcock, containing many of the standard excerpts, guides to performance, and an extensive fingering chart.
  • Gangl, Manuel (2021). "The E-flat clarinet. history, intonation, sound, equipment, geometry, tonal range, repertoire list, tips and more. Part 1", MG Verlag. Manuel Gangl is E-flat clarinetist in the Vienna Symphony Orchestra.
  • Gangl, Manuel (2022). "The D clarinet & The Molter clarinet concerto No. 1", MG Verlag.

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,10 3,11 3,12 3,13 Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite Grove
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