Английская Википедия:Eastern Mediterranean Squadron
Шаблон:Infobox military unit The Eastern Mediterranean Squadron later known as the British Aegean Squadron[1] was a naval formation of the Mediterranean Fleet based at Mudros from 1914 to 1916.[2] It then alternated between Mudros on the island of Lemnos and SalonikaШаблон:Sfn from 1917 to 1919.[3]
History
The Eastern Mediterranean Squadron was established in September 1914 as a sub-command of the Mediterranean Fleet.Шаблон:Sfn
It was heavily involved in the Naval operations in the Dardanelles campaign, 1915. Vice Admiral Carden directed operations from 19 February 1915 until early March. That day the Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Mediterranean had under his orders the Chief of Staff, East Mediterranean; the Second in Command, Eastern Mediterranean; and the Senior Naval Officer, Mudros.[4] On 19 February, two destroyers were sent in to probe the straits and the first shot was fired from Kumkale by the Шаблон:Convert Krupp guns of the Orhaniye Tepe battery at 07:58. The battleships Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS moved in to engage the forts and Cornwallis opened fire at 09:51.Шаблон:Sfn The effect of the long-range bombardment was considered disappointing and that it would take direct hits on guns to knock them out. With limited ammunition, indirect fire was insufficient and direct fire would need the ships to be anchored to make stable gun platforms. Ottoman casualties were reported as several men killed on the European shore and three men at Orkanie.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
On 25 February the Allies attacked again, the Ottomans evacuated the outer defences, and the fleet entered the straits to engage the intermediate defences. Demolition parties of Royal Marines raided the Sedd el Bahr and Kum Kale forts, meeting little opposition. On 1 March, four battleships bombarded the intermediate defences but little progress was made clearing the minefields. The minesweepers, commanded by the chief of staff, Roger Keyes, were un-armoured trawlers manned by their civilian crews, who were unwilling to work while under fire. The strong current in the straits further hampered minesweeping and strengthened Ottoman resolve which had wavered at the start of the offensive; on 4 March, twenty-three marines were killed raiding the outer defences.Шаблон:Sfn
Queen Elizabeth was called on to engage the inner defences, at first from the Aegean coast near Gaba Tepe, firing across the peninsula and later in the straits. On the night of 13 March, the cruiser Шаблон:HMS led six minesweepers in an attempt to clear the mines. Four of the trawlers were hit and Amethyst was badly damaged with nineteen stokers killed from one hit. On 15 March, the Admiralty accepted a plan by Carden for another attack by daylight, with the minesweepers protected by the fleet. Carden was taken ill the same day and was replaced by Rear Admiral John de Robeck. A gunnery officer noted in his diary that de Robeck had already expressed misgivings about silencing the Ottoman guns by naval bombardment and that this view was widely held on board the ship.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The post was also styled as Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron.[5]
On 31 August 1915 Commodore Maurice S. FitzMaurice became Principal Naval Transport Officer, Mudros.[6] From 20 January 1916 to June 1916 Fitzmaurice carried out the same duties from Salonika.
In August 1917 the squadron was redesignated the British Aegean Squadron. It was gradually disbanded from May to September 1919.Шаблон:Sfn
Vice-Admirals Commanding, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron
Post holders included:Шаблон:Sfn
Rank | Flag | Name | Term | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vice-Admiral Commanding, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron | ||||
1 | Vice-Admiral | Файл:Flag of Vice-Admiral - Royal Navy.svg | Sackville Carden | 20 September 1914 - 17 March 1915 |
2 | Acting Vice-Admiral | Файл:Flag of Vice-Admiral - Royal Navy.svg | John de Robeck | 17 March 1915 – 19 June 1916 |
3 | Vice-Admiral | Файл:Flag of Vice-Admiral - Royal Navy.svg | Sir Cecil Thursby | 19 June 1916 – 25 Aug, 1917 |
Chief of Staff
Post holders included:[4]
Rank | Flag | Name | Term | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chief of Staff, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron | ||||
1 | Commodore | Файл:UK-Navy-OF6-Flag.svg | Roger J. B. Keys | February, 1915 - 19 June 1916 |
Rear-Admirals, Second-in-Command
Post holders included:Шаблон:Sfn
Rank | Flag | Name | Term | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rear-Admiral, Second-in-Command, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron | ||||
1 | Rear-Admiral | Файл:Flag of Rear-Admiral - Royal Navy.svg | Cecil Thursby | March - June 1915 |
2 | Rear-Admiral | Файл:Flag of Rear-Admiral - Royal Navy.svg | Stuart Nicholson | June 1915 – July, 1915 |
3 | Rear-Admiral | Файл:Flag of Rear-Admiral - Royal Navy.svg | Arthur Christian | July, 1915 – February, 1916 |
4 | Rear-Admiral | Файл:Flag of Rear-Admiral - Royal Navy.svg | Sydney Fremantle | February, 1916 – 27 July 1916 |
5 | Rear-Admiral | Файл:Flag of Rear-Admiral - Royal Navy.svg | Arthur Hayes-Sadler | 27 July 1916 – 25 August 1917 |
Post holders included:[4]
Rank | Flag | Name | Term | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Senior Naval Officer, Mudros | ||||
1 | Rear-Admiral | Файл:Flag of Rear-Admiral - Royal Navy.svg | Rosslyn Wemyss | March - November 1915 |
2 | Rear-Admiral | Файл:Flag of Rear-Admiral - Royal Navy.svg | Arthur Christian | November 1915 – August 1917 |
Rear-Admirals, Commanding British Aegean Squadron
Post holders included:Шаблон:Sfn
Rank | Flag | Name | Term | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rear-Admiral Commanding, British Aegean Squadron | ||||
1 | Rear-Admiral | Файл:Flag of Rear-Admiral - Royal Navy.svg | Sydney Fremantle | 25 August 1917 – 2 January 1918 |
2 | Rear-Admiral | Файл:Flag of Rear-Admiral - Royal Navy.svg | Arthur Hayes-Sadler | 2 January - 2 February 1918 |
3 | Rear-Admiral | Файл:Flag of Rear-Admiral - Royal Navy.svg | Cecil Lambert | 2 February 1918 - May 1919[7] |
4 | Rear-Admiral | Файл:Flag of Rear-Admiral - Royal Navy.svg | Michael Culme-Seymour | May - September 1919[7] |
Captain of Base, Mudros
Included:[6]
Rank | Insig | Name | Term | Notes/Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Captain of Base, Mudros | |||||
1 | Captain | Файл:Generic-Navy-O7.svg | Claude A. Rombulow-Pearse | 12 November 1918 – 13 January 1919 | |
1 | Captain | Файл:Generic-Navy-O7.svg | Bertram S. Evans | 13 January 1919 | died in post |
2 | Captain | Файл:Generic-Navy-O7.svg | Michael H. Wilding | 1 March 1919 – 4 October 1920 |
Divisional Transport Officer, Salonika
Included:[8]
Rank | Insig | Name | Term | Notes/Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Divisional Transport Officer, Salonika | |||||
1 | Captain | Файл:Generic-Navy-O7.svg | Francis E. Travers | 26 January 1917 – 16 January 1918 | retired |
2 | Commander | Файл:Generic-Navy-O5.svg | William Mellor | 4 August 1917 – 29 January 1918 | |
3 | Commander | Файл:Generic-Navy-O5.svg | Michael H. Wilding | 9 January 1918 – 16 April 1919 | retired |
Notes
References
- Шаблон:Cite web</ref>
- Шаблон:Cite book Шаблон:ISBN.
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Marder, Arthur J. (2014). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: Volume V Victory and Aftermath January 1918-June 1919. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Watson, Dr Graham (2015). "Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment, Inter-War Years 1914-1918". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith.
- Woodward, David R. (2009). World War I Almanac. New York, NY, USA: Infobase Publishing. Шаблон:ISBN.
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