Английская Википедия:Ecology of Sydney

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Image frame The ecology of Sydney, located in the state of New South Wales, Australia, is diverse for its size,[1] where it would mainly feature biomes such as grassy woodlands or savannas and some sclerophyll forests, with some pockets of mallee shrublands, riparian forests, heathlands, and wetlands, in addition to small temperate rainforest fragments.[2][3]

There are 79 vegetation communities in the Sydney metropolitan area that are identified, described and mapped.[4] The combination of climate, topography, moisture, and soil influence the dispersion of these ecological communities across a height gradient from Шаблон:Convert.[5] There are many hiking trails, paved and unpaved roads for exploring the many different biomes and ecosystems.[6][7][8]

Savannas (or grassy woodlands), the most predominant biome in the Sydney region,[9] mainly occur in the Cumberland Plain west of Sydney CBD, which generally feature eucalyptus trees that are usually in open, dry sclerophyll woodland areas with shrubs (typically wattles, callistemons, grevilleas and banksias) and sparse grass in the understory, reminiscent of Mediterranean forests.[10] The plants in this community tend to have rough and spiky leaves, as they are grown in areas with low soil fertility.

Wet sclerophyll forests, which are part of Eastern Australian temperate forests, have narrow, relatively tall, dense trees with a lush, moist understory of fleecy shrubs and tree ferns. They are mainly found in the wetter areas, such as Forest District and the North Shore.[11]

It has been calculated that around 98,000 hectares of native vegetation remains in the Sydney metropolitan area, shaping the geography of Sydney, about half of what is likely to have been existing at the time of European arrival.[12]

Historical descriptions

Файл:Sydney vegetation pre-1750.jpg
Sydney's vegetation prior to 1750

In 1787, Arthur Bowes Smyth from the First Fleet described the landscape as "...fresh terraced, lawns and grottos with distinct plantations of the tallest and most stately trees I ever saw in any nobleman's grounds in England, cannot excel in beauty those whose nature now presented to our view." Furthermore, early settlers compared the landscapes to the manicured parks of England which also featured well-spaced trees and a grassy understorey.[13]

In 1819, British settler William Wentworth described Sydney's vegetation and landform in great detail:

The colony of New South Wales possesses every variety of soil, from the sandy heath, and the cold hungry clay, to the fertile loam and the deep vegetable mould. For the distance of Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert from the coast, the land is in general extremely barren, being a poor hungry sand, thickly studded with rocks. A few miserable stunted gums, and a dwarf underwood, are the richest productions of the best part of it; while the rest never gives birth to a tree at all, and is only covered with low flowering shrubs, whose infinite diversity, however, and extraordinary beauty, render this wild heath the most interesting part of the country for the botanist, and make even the less scientific beholder forget the nakedness and sterility of the scene.

Beyond this barren waste, which thus forms a girdle to the coast, the country suddenly begins to improve. The soil changes to a thin layer of vegetable mould, resting on a stratum of yellow clay, which is again supported by a deep bed of schistus. The trees of the forest are here of the most stately dimensions. Full sized gums and iron barks, alongside of which the loftiest trees in this country would appear as pigmies, with the beefwood tree, or as it is generally termed, the forest oak, which is of much humbler growth, are the usual timber. The forest is extremely thick, but there is little or no underwood.

At this distance, however, the aspect of the country begins rapidly to improve. The forest is less thick, and the trees in general are of another description; the iron barks, yellow gums, and forest oaks disappearing, and the stringy barks, blue gums, and box trees, generally usurping their stead. When you have advanced about Шаблон:Convert further into the interior, you are at length gratified with the appearance of a country truly beautiful. An endless variety of hill and dale, clothed in the most luxuriant herbage, and covered with bleating flocks and lowing herds, at length indicate that you are in regions fit to be inhabited by civilized man. The soil has no longer the stamp of barrenness. A rich loam resting on a substratum of fat red clay, several feet in depth, is found even on the tops of the highest hills, which in general do not yield in fertility to the valleys. The timber, strange as it may appear, is of inferior size, though still of the same nature, i. e. blue gum, box, and stringy bark. There is no underwood, and the number of trees upon an acre do not upon an average exceed thirty. They are, in fact, so thin, that a person may gallop without difficulty in every direction.[14]

In 1827, Peter Cunningham described the western plains of Sydney as "a fine timbered country, perfectly clear of bush...without any impediment in the shape of rocks, scrubs, or close forest".[15]

Biomes

Шаблон:Multiple image

Complete list

Biomes Eco-communities
Rainforests
Wet Sclerophyll Forests
Grassy Woodlands
Coastal Grasslands
Dry Sclerophyll Forests
Heathlands
Freshwater Wetlands
Forested Wetlands
Saline Wetlands

Vegetation

Шаблон:Multiple image

The most widespread eucalyptus species in the Sydney region include:[33] Шаблон:Div col

Non-eucalyptus tree species:

Common shrub species include, but are not limited to:

Introduced

Introduced shrubs and/or vines that are invasive species):[56]

Шаблон:Div col end

Hardiness zone

Due to the microclimate, the plant hardiness zone in the Sydney area would range:[57]

Wildlife

Шаблон:Multiple image The fauna of the Sydney area is diverse and its urban area is home to variety of bird and insect species, and also a few bat, arachnid and amphibian species. Introduced birds such as the house sparrow, common myna and feral pigeon are ubiquitous in the CBD areas of Sydney.[58][59] Moreover, possums, bandicoots, rabbits, feral cats, lizards, snakes and frogs may also be present in the urban environment, albeit seldom in city centers.[60]

About 40 species of reptiles are found in the Sydney region and 30 bird species exist in the urban areas.[61][62][63] Sydney's outer suburbs, namely those adjacent to large parks, have a great diversity of wildlife.[64] Since European settlement and the subsequent bushland clearing for the increasing population, 60% of the original mammals are now considered endangered or vulnerable, and many reptile species are experiencing population diminution and are becoming elusive.[65]

Tetrapods

This list includes bird species that are widespread in the Sydney metropolitan area:[66] Шаблон:Div col

Although not commonly spotted, these birds are also present in Sydney:[63]

This list includes mammal, reptile and amphibian species that are spotted in the Sydney urban area:[67][68]

Шаблон:Div col end

Arthropods

This list includes insect, spider and centipede species that are commonly present in Sydney:[69] Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Sydneybushland Шаблон:Sydney

  1. Benson, D.H. and Howell, J. (2000) Sydney’s Bushland — More than Meets the Eye, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
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  4. The native vegetation of the Sydney metropolitan area by NSW Environment & Heritage. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  5. French K, Pellow B and Henderson M 2000, Vegetation of the Holsworthy Military area. Cunninghamia 6(4): 893-939.
  6. SYDNEY WALKS by Sydney.com
  7. The best bushwalks in and around Sydney by The Daily Telegraph
  8. Sydney’s top 5 walks by NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service
  9. Шаблон:Cite web
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  12. James, T. McDougall, L. and Benson, D.H. (1999) Rare Bushland Plants of Western Sydney, second edition, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
  13. ABORIGINAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES DARUG COUNTRY SYDNEY HARBOUR BRIDGE CYCLEWAY ACCESS PROGRAM - NORTH. MARCH 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  14. Statistical, Historical, and Political Description of NSW by William Charles Wentworth, 1819
  15. Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. Bell SAJ and Driscoll C 2007, Vegetation of the Cessnock-Kurri Region, Cessnock LGA, New South Wales: Survey, Classification and Mapping. Unpublished Report to Department of Environment and Climate Change. Eastcoast Flora Survey. November 2007.
  17. Tozer MG 2003, The native vegetation of the Cumberland Plain, western Sydney: systematic classification and field identification of communities. Cunninghamia 8:1-75.
  18. Young B and Young A 2006, Understanding the Scenery: The Royal National Park with Heathcote National Park. Envirobook, Annandale NSW.
  19. Biosphere Environmental Consultants Pty Ltd 2008, Ryde Flora and Fauna Study 2008. Unpublished report prepared for Ryde City Council.
  20. Bangalay Ecological and Bushfire and Eastcoast Flora Survey 2011, Pittwater Vegetation Classification, Vegetation Mapping, pre-1750 Vegetation Mapping and Vegetation Profiles’. Report prepared for Pittwater Council.
  21. Clarke PJ and Benson DH 1987, Vegetation Survey of Lane Cove River State Recreation Area. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
  22. Шаблон:Cite web
  23. 23,0 23,1 Auburn Council 2004, Auburn Council State of the Environment Report 2003-2004. Auburn Council, Auburn
  24. Bankstown City Council 2002, Bushland Plan of Management – Reserves at Lansdowne including Mirambeena Reserve, Lansdowne Reserve, Bogabilla Reserve and Amaroo Reserve. Unpublished report prepared for Bankstown City Council.
  25. Шаблон:Cite book
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  27. Fairley A and Waterhouse D 2005, West Sydney Wild – Exploring Nature in Sydney’s Western Suburbs. Rosenberg Publishing Pty Ltd, Dural, NSW.
  28. Baulkham Hills Shire Council 2007, The bushland of Hunts Creek Reserve and Seville Reserve. Baulkham Hills Shire Council, Sydney.
  29. Earth Resource Analysis PL 1998, Cumberland Plains Woodland: Trial Aerial Photographic interpretation of remnant woodlands, Sydney. Unpublished report prepared for NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service – Sydney Zone.
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  32. Andrew D 2001, Post fire vertebrate fauna survey : Royal and Heathcote National Parks and Garawarra State Recreation Area. Report to NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Sydney South Region.
  33. 33,0 33,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  34. Benson D and Howell J 1994b, Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment Studies. Draft Explanatory Notes for the Wollongong 1:100 000 Map Sheet. Ecology Section, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
  35. Шаблон:Cite journal
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  37. DECC 2008a, Protecting and restoring the Cumberland Plain Woodland community at Campbell Hill West Reserve, Chester Hill. Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW, Sydney South
  38. Herbert C 1980, ‘Wianamatta Group and Mittagong Formation’ in C Herbert and R Helby (eds) A guide to the Sydney Basin. Department of Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of New South Wales Bulletin 26, 4-9.
  39. Anne Clements and Associates 2003, Flora Assessment: Proposed "Banksia Grove" residential subdivision, Bundock St, Randwick. Unpublished report prepared for Bowen and Gerathy Solicitors.
  40. 40,0 40,1 DEC 2004, Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub Endangered Ecological Community Recovery Plan. NSW Department of Environment and Conservation, Hurstville.
  41. Fullerton RN 1998, Community Structure of Cliff-Top Coastal Heathlands in Botany Bay National Park, Sydney. Submitted to the University of Technology, Sydney in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
  42. Conservation Advice1 for the Elderslie Banksia by the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  43. Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Woodlands of the Sydney Basin Bioregion Department of the Environment (2022). Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Woodlands of the Sydney Basin Bioregion in Community and Species Profile and Threats Database, Department of the Environment, Canberra.
  44. Шаблон:Cite web
  45. Шаблон:Cite web
  46. Coast and Wetlands Society 1982, Temporal Changes in the Estuarine Flora and Fauna of Towra Point, Botany Bay. Unpublished report prepared for the Coastal Council of NSW.
  47. Brunker RL and Rose G 1969, Sydney Basin, New South Wales, 1:500 000 geological sheet. Special edition., Geological Survey of New South Wales, 1vBryan, JH (1966), Sydney 1:250 000 Geological Sheet S1 56-5. Department of Mineral Resources Sydney NSW.
  48. Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest of the New South Wales North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions - profile NSW Environment & Heritage. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  49. River-Flat Eucalypt Forest on Coastal Floodplains of the New South Wales North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions - profile by Office of Environment & Heritage (NSW Government)
  50. Keith DA and Myerscough PJ 1993, Floristics and soil relations of Upland Swamp vegetation near Sydney. Australian Journal of Ecology 18:325-344
  51. Harden GJ (ed.) 2000-2002, The Flora of New South Wales. Volume 1-2 (Revised Edition) New South Wales University Press.
  52. AGC Woodward-Clyde Pty Ltd 1996, Cronulla Sewerage Treatment Plant Upgrade Environmental Impact Statement. Unpublished report prepared for Sydney Water.
  53. Australian Littoral Society 1977, An Investigation of Management Options for Towra Point, Botany Bay. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra.
  54. Keith DA and Scott J 2005, Native vegetation of coastal floodplains – a diagnosis of the major plant communities in New South Wales. Pacific Conservation Biology 11: 81-104
  55. Adam P, Stricker P, Wiecek BM and Anderson DJ 1989, The vegetation of seacliffs and headlands in New South Wales, Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 14, 515-547.
  56. Humphries, S.E., Groves, R.H., and Mitchell, D.S. (1991) 'Plant Invasions of Australian Ecosystems. Kowari 2'
  57. Australia Plant Hardiness Zone Map by PlantMaps
  58. Hindwood, K. A. and McCill, A. R., 1958. The Birds of Sydney (Cumberland Plain) New South Wales. Roy. Zool. Soc. New South Wales.
  59. Шаблон:Cite news
  60. Williams, J. et al. 2001. Biodiversity, Australia State of the Environment Report 2001 (Theme Report), CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra. Шаблон:ISBN
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  70. Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок refname2 не указан текст