Английская Википедия:Ekofisk oil field

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox oil field

Ekofisk is an oil field in block 2/4 of the Norwegian sector of the North Sea about Шаблон:Convert southwest of Stavanger. Discovered in 1969 by Phillips Petroleum Company,[1] it remains one of the most important oil fields in the North Sea. This was the first discovery of oil after the drilling of over 200 exploration wells in the North Sea "triggered" by the Groningen gas field discovery.[2] In 1971, Phillips started producing directly to tankers from four subsea wells.[3] Oil production is planned to continue until at least 2050.[4]

The Greater Ekofisk Area consists of Cod, Ekofisk, West Ekofisk, Tor, Albuskjell, Eldfisk, Edda and Embla oil fields. The Ekofisk Center is a vast complex of platforms and structures creating a transportation hub also for surrounding fields such as Valhall, Hod, Gyda, Ula, Statfjord, Heimdal, Tommeliten and Gullfaks. The whole complex consists of 29 platforms.[3] Produced oil is transported by the Norpipe oil pipeline to the Teesside Refinery in England.[5] Natural gas is transported by the Norpipe gas pipeline to Emden in Germany.[6]

Geology

The Ekofisk field is a north–south trending anticline, with a central graben, forming a structure that is Шаблон:Convert in area, with Шаблон:Convert of vertical closure and a hydrocarbon column Шаблон:Convert long, formed by Permian Zechstein salt movement in the form of salt pillows.[7] The production zones at a depth of about 3 km, include the Paleocene Ekofisk Formation and the Upper Cretaceous Tor Formation, both Chalk Group rocks containing porosities of 30-40%.[8] "The reservoir rock...is a true chalk-a fine-grained limestone composed of the skeletal remains of pelagic unicellular golden-brown algae or coccolithophores".[9] The source rocks are the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridgian shales.[10]

The structure was discovered using seismic reflection data in the 1960s, although the initial interpretations were distorted due to zones of high gas saturation in the overlying Cenozoic rocks causing low seismic velocities.[7] However, the high porosity of the reservoir rock does cause an increase in seismic amplitude which can be used with an isopach map to determine net pay.[7]

Subsidence

In the mid-1980s the Ekofisk field as a whole and the platforms in particular were found to be suffering from an unexpected degree of subsidence. Detailed geological investigation showed that it was the result of delayed compactional diagenesis of the Chalk Formation reservoir rocks. As hydrocarbons were produced the pore pressure declined and the effective stress increased leading to subsidence.[11] Water injection was initiated to repressurize the reservoir, but due to the lower compaction strength of water-saturated chalk compared with oil-saturated chalk the seafloor continued subsiding and displacements of several metres were recorded. It was calculated that the total subsidence would almost be Шаблон:Convert at the end of the concession of Phillips Petroleum, too much to keep the platforms secure.

The Norwegian government pressed Phillips to take action and the French company Technip was ordered to find a solution. As 5 of 7 platforms were interconnected, they had to be jacked-up by about Шаблон:Convert at the same time. The solution was that the steel tubular legs of the platforms would be extended. Subsequently, large flanges were welded to these legs and when all flanges were welded and the legs cut, five platforms would be lifted simultaneously in one operation then extension pipes would be mounted in between the flanges. After bolting all flanges the platforms would be safe again.

The four days lifting was completed on 17 August 1987, at 11:30 p.m. thanks to 108 hydraulic cylinders synchronised with a network of 14 NUM 760FCNCs.[12] The position tolerance of the cylinders with each other (+/- Шаблон:Convert for a Шаблон:Convert extension per platform and +/- Шаблон:Convert between platforms) was to be kept for 38 hours. During the welding of the flanges to the legs, these hydraulic cylinders took over the entire load. A couple of days before this great jack-up, the hotel platform was lifted, as it was not interconnected with the others. The total lifting capacity of all these cylinders was approximately Шаблон:Convert and was published in the Guinness World Records as being the largest jack-up.

Bravo blowout

In April 1977, an oil well blowout occurred at the Ekofisk Bravo platform, due to an incorrectly installed downhole safety valve.[13] At an estimated Шаблон:Convert total, it was the largest blowout in the North Sea. Red Adair and his crew assisted with capping the blowout.[14]

Images

Further reading

See also

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References

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External links

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Van den Bark, E., and Thomas, O.D., 1980, Ekofisk: First of the Giant Oil Fields in Western Europe, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, pp. 195-197
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Van den Bark, E., and Thomas, O.D., 1980, Ekofisk: First of the Giant Oil Fields in Western Europe, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 211
  8. ↑ Van den Bark, E., and Thomas, O.D., 1980, Ekofisk: First of the Giant Oil Fields in Western Europe, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, pp. 195, 208 and 200
  9. ↑ Van den Bark, E., and Thomas, O.D., 1980, Ekofisk: First of the Giant Oil Fields in Western Europe, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 200
  10. ↑ Van den Bark, E., and Thomas, O.D., 1980, Ekofisk: First of the Giant Oil Fields in Western Europe, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, pp. 211-213
  11. ↑ Sulak, R. M. & Danielsen, J. (1989), Reservoir aspects of Ekofisk subsidence Journal of Petroleum Technology, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 41, 709-716
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ Oil Rig Disasters – Ekofisk Bravo Platform Шаблон:Webarchive
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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