Английская Википедия:Ephor (archaeology)

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Шаблон:Short description In Greece, ephor (Шаблон:Lang-el) is a title given to the head of an archaeological ephorate (Шаблон:Lang-el), or archaeological unit. Ephors are responsible to the Ministry of Culture and Sports.

Most ephorates are responsible for a particular region of Greece. However, the Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities has jurisdiction over underwater sites across the whole of Greece,[1] as does the Ephorate of Private Archaeological Collections, while two Ephorates of Palaeoanthropology and Speleology exist, one for northern and one for southern Greece.Шаблон:Sfn

History

Шаблон:For

line-drawn portrait of a man
Andreas Moustoxydis, who held the title of 'ephor' as director of the National Archaeological Museum on Aigina.

The title of ephor was first used in archaeological circles for Andreas Moustoxydis, who was appointed by Ioannis Kapodistrias in October 1829 as 'Director and Ephor' of the first national archaeological museum, then on the island of Aegina.Шаблон:Sfn In 1834, the Greek Archaeological Service was established by the Archaeological Law of 10/22 May,Шаблон:Sfn which also formally established the position of Ephor General of Antiquities (Шаблон:Lang-el), first held by Ludwig Ross after the abortive tenure of the architect Adolf Weissenberg.Шаблон:Sfn Ross had previously held the title of 'Ephor' of Antiquities of the Peloponnese, from 1833.Шаблон:Sfn

Until the mid-1870s, the Greek Archaeological Service consisted entirely of the Ephor General himself, sometimes supported by a personal assistant.Шаблон:Sfn In 1871, the privately organised Archaeological Society of Athens, which had taken on some of the state's responsibility for excavating and managing cultural heritage,Шаблон:Sfn began to appoint its own travelling ephors, known as 'apostles'. The primary duties of these 'apostles' were to conduct archaeological work throughout Greece, to combat archaeological looting and the illegal trade in antiquities, and to persuade citizens to hand over antiquities, particularly those acquired illegally, to the care of the state.Шаблон:Sfn The first of these was Panagiotis Stamatakis, whose work formed the basis for several public archaeological collections throughout Greece;Шаблон:Sfn he was followed in 1874 by Athanasios Dimitriadis, in 1880 by Dimitrios Philios, in 1882 by Christos Tsountas, in 1884 by Vasilios Leonardos, in 1891 by Andreas Skias and in 1894 by Konstantinos Kourouniotis.Шаблон:Sfn From the 1870s, the Archaeological Service began to employ its own ephors, expanding continuously until the early 1910s.Шаблон:Sfn These ephors generally had responsibility for a particular region of Greece: Stamatakis, for example, was recruited in 1875 to oversee antiquities in Central Greece.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1909, following the Goudi coup and the so-called 'mutiny of the superintendents' among the ephors of the Archaeological Service,Шаблон:Sfn the Ephor General Panagiotis Kavvadias was removed from office, and the post of Ephor General abolished.Шаблон:Sfn The title was briefly reintroduced in the 1960s, and occasionally used by Spyridon Marinatos during the Regime of the Colonels, then abolished again in 1982.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Ludwig Ross - Imagines philologorum.jpg
The German archaeologist Ludwig Ross, the first Ephor General of Antiquities of Greece.

Though the titles of ephor and ephorate remain for the regional units, the professional head of the Greek Archaeological Service is typically referred to as the 'director-general' or 'General Inspector' of Antiquities.Шаблон:Sfn

Reorganisation of 2014

Before 2014, the archaeological ephorates of Greece were divided both by geographical region and the historical periods of the remains for which they were responsible. They were organised as follows:Шаблон:Sfn

  • Thirty-nine Ephorates of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities.
  • Twenty-eight Ephorates of Byzantine Antiquities.
  • Two Ephorates of Palaeoanthropology and Speleology.
  • The Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities.
  • The Ephorate of Antiquity Dealers and Private Archaeological Collections.

In 2014, under Presidential Decree no. 104, the regional ephorates were amalgamated into a single ephorate for each regional unit, covering all chronological periods.[2]

List of Ephors General of Antiquities

First period (1833–1909)

Шаблон:Officeholder table start Шаблон:Officeholder table Шаблон:Officeholder table Шаблон:Officeholder table Шаблон:Officeholder table Шаблон:Officeholder table Шаблон:Officeholder table |}

Revival of the General Ephorate (1961–1981)

After the abolition of the position of Ephor General in 1909, the title was revived by the law 4177/1961 in 1961.[3] Three positions at the same rank were created simultaneously.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Officeholder table start Шаблон:Officeholder table Шаблон:Officeholder table Шаблон:Officeholder table |}

Under the Regime of the Colonels, Spyridon Marinatos was appointed as head of the Greek archaeological service, and sometimes used the title of Ephor General:Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Officeholder table start Шаблон:Officeholder table |}

The rank of Ephor General was formally abolished once again by the law 1232/1982 in 1982.Шаблон:Sfn

Current ephorates

Файл:Un-greece.png
Map of Greece, showing some of the cities and regions which host archaeological ephorates.

Шаблон:As of the regional ephorates of the Greek Archaeological Service are as follows:[4]

Footnotes

Explanatory notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite act
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite act
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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