Английская Википедия:Epilobium
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Automatic taxobox
Epilobium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Onagraceae, containing about 197 species.[1] The genus has a worldwide distribution. It is most prevalent in the subarctic, temperate and subantarctic regions, whereas in the subtropics and tropics Epilobium species are restricted to the cool montane biomes, such as the New Guinea Highlands.
The taxonomy of the genus has varied between different botanists, but the modern trend is to include the previously recognised genera Boisduvalia, Chamaenerion (previously Chamerion), Pyrogennema and Zauschneria within Epilobium according to Peter H. Raven, who has extensively studied the willowherbs and merges the other segregate genera into Epilobium. Fringed willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum) is likely a cryptic species complex; apparently these plants also commonly hybridize with their congeners.[2]
Most species are known by the common name willowherbs for their willow-like leaves.[3] Those that were once separated in Boisduvalia are called spike-primroses or boisduvalias. Those Epilobium species previously placed in the Chamaenerion group are known as fireweeds.
Description
Epilobiums are mostly herbaceous plants, either annual or perennial; a few are subshrubs. The leaves are opposite or rarely whorled,[4]Шаблон:Rp simple and ovate to lanceolate in shape. The flowers are actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) with four petals that may be notched.[4][5] These are usually smallish and pink in most species, but red, orange or yellow in a few. The fruit is a slender cylindrical capsule containing numerous seeds embedded in fine, soft silky fluff which disperses the seeds very effectively in the wind.
The genus name derives from the Greek words "epi" meaning "upon" and "lobos" meaning "lobe", with reference to position of the petals above the ovary.[6]
A number of Epilobium species with slightly asymmetrical (zygomorphic) magenta flowers and alternate leaves are placed in a Chamaenerion group and are further separated by some authorities into a genus Chamerion. However, Chamerion has not been universally accepted.[7][8][9]
Habitat and ecology
Willowherbs sensu lato are typically very quick to carpet large swathes of ground and may become key or dominant species of local ecosystems. In the United Kingdom, for example, rosebay willowherb (Chamaenerion angustifolium) is widely found on mesotrophic soils dominated by false oat-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius), cock's-foot grass (Dactylis glomerata), and red fescue (Festuca rubra), while great willowherb (Epilobium hirsutum) is found in mesotrophic grassland with stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). These two willowherb species also dominate open habitat early in ecological succession, to the virtual exclusion of other plant life. Broad-leaved willowherb (Epilobium montanum) is found characteristically, though not abundantly, in the mesotrophic grasslands with meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and sometimes the uncommon Greek valerian (Polemonium caeruleum). Most willowherbs will not tolerate shade trees and thus are limited to more recently disturbed patches, yielding to other plants over time. Consequently, though the genus contains many pioneer plants, rather few of them are invasive weeds of major importance.
Epilobium species are used as food plants by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera species, including:
Geometridae
- Grey pug (Eupithecia subfuscata), recorded on several species
- Mouse moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis), recorded on several species
- Small angle shades (Euplexia lucipara), recorded on several species
- Australian grapevine moth (Phalaenoides glycinae), recorded on fringed willowherb (E. ciliatum)
- Elephant hawk-moth (Deilephila elpenor), recorded on several species
- Small elephant hawk-moth (Deilephila porcellus), recorded on several species
- White-lined sphinx (Hyles lineata), recorded on several species
Use by humans
The main use of Epilobium by humans is as a herbal supplement in the treatment of prostate, bladder (incontinence) and hormone disorders. Many of the small willowherb species are nuisance weeds in gardens. Though few are regularly used as ornamental plants, the larger willowherbs may be attractive in ruderal locales. One of the most frequently recognized members of the genus is the circumboreal fireweed (E. angustifolium), known as rosebay willowherb in the United Kingdom. It rapidly colonizes burnt ground; during the bombing of London in World War II many of the derelict bomb sites were soon covered with these plants, bringing a splash of colour to what was otherwise a very grim scene. It is the floral emblem of Yukon in Canada, Hedmark in Norway and Southern Ostrobothnia in Finland.
Fireweed is used as a sweetener in north-western North America. It is put in candy, jellies, ice cream, syrup, and sxusem ("Indian ice cream"). In the late summer its flowers yield pollen and copious nectar which give a rich spicy honey. Its young leaves, roots, and shoots are edible (if somewhat bitter), and rich in provitamin A and vitamin C. The Dena’ina found them also useful as food supplement for dogs and applied sap from the stem to wounds, believing it to have antiinflammatory properties.
Several researchers have studied this taxon. Heinrich Carl Haussknecht in the late 19th century and Peter H. Raven about a century later researched the phylogeny, systematics, and taxonomy of willowherbs. Peter Michaelis' studies of this genus paved the way for understanding of extranuclear inheritance in plants.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Epilobium:[10]
- Epilobium × abortivum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × aggregatum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium aitchisonii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium algidum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium alpestre Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium alsinifolium Шаблон:Small – chickweed willowherb
- Epilobium alsinoides Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × amphibolum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium amurense Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium anagallidifolium Шаблон:Small – alpine willowherb, pimpernel willowherb
- Epilobium anatolicum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium anglicum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium angustifolium Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium angustum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium arcticum Шаблон:Small – Arctic willowherb
- Epilobium × argillaceum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium arvernense Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × aschersonianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium astonii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium atlanticum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium australe Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium barbeyanum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium billardiereanum Шаблон:Small – glabrous willowherb
- Epilobium blinii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × boissieri Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × borbasianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × brachiatum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium brachycarpum Шаблон:Small – tall willowherb, tall annual willowherb, tall fireweed, panicled willowherb
- Epilobium brevifolium Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium brevipes Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × brevipilum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium brevisquamatum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × brunnatum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium brunnescens Шаблон:Small – New Zealand willowherb
- Epilobium campestre Шаблон:Small – pygmy willowherb, smooth boisduvalia
- Epilobium canum Шаблон:Small – Zauschneria, California-fuchsia, hummingbird flower, hummingbird trumpet
- Epilobium capense Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × celakovskyanum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × chateri Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium chionanthum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium chitralense Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium chlorifolium Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium ciliatum Шаблон:Small – fringed willowherb, American willowherb
- Epilobium clarkeanum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium clavatum Шаблон:Small – talus willowherb, clavatefruit willowherb
- Epilobium cleistogamum Шаблон:Small – selfing willowherb
- Epilobium cockayneanum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium colchicum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium collinum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium coloratum Шаблон:Small – purpleleaf willowherb
- Epilobium confertifolium Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × confine Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × confusilobum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium confusum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium conjungens Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium conspersum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × cornubiense Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium crassum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium curtisiae Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium cylindricum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × dacicum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × dasycarpum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium davuricum Шаблон:Small – Daurian willowherb
- Epilobium × decipiens Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium densiflorum Шаблон:Small – denseflower willowherb, dense spike-primrose, dense boisduvalia
- Epilobium densifolium Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium densum Шаблон:Small – downy willowherb, stiff spike-primrose
- Epilobium denticulatum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium detznerianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium dodonaei Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium duriaei Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium elegans Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × erroneum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × fallacinum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium fangii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium fastigiatoramosum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium fauriei Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × finitimum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium fleischeri Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × floridulum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium forbesii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × fossicola Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium fragile Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium fugitivum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium gemmascens Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × gemmiferum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × gerstlaueri Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium glabellum Шаблон:Small – smooth spike-primrose
- Epilobium glaberrimum Шаблон:Small – glaucous willowherb
- Epilobium glaciale Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × glanduligerum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium glaucum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × goerzii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium gouldii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium gracilipes Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × grenieri Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium griffithianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium gunnianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × gutteanum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium hallianum Шаблон:Small – glandular willowherb
- Epilobium × haussknechtianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × haynaldianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × hectori-leveilleanum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium hectorii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × heterocaulon Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium hirsutum Шаблон:Small – great willowherb, great hairy willowherb, hairy willowherb, codlins-and-cream, apple-pie, cherry-pie
- Epilobium hirtigerum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium hohuanense Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium hooglandii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium hornemannii Шаблон:Small – Hornemann's willowherb
- Epilobium howellii Шаблон:Small – Yuba Pass willowherb, subalpine fireweed
- Epilobium × huteri Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium indicum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium insulare Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × interjectum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × intersitum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × jinshaense Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium karsteniae Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × keredjense Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium kermodei Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium keysseri Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium kingdonii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × kitcheneri Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium komarovianum Шаблон:Small – bronzy willowherb
- Epilobium komarovii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium korshinskyi Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × krausei Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium lactiflorum Шаблон:Small – milkflower willowherb, whiteflower willowherb
- Epilobium ladakhianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium laestadii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × lamotteanum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium lanceolatum Шаблон:Small – spear-leaved willowherb
- Epilobium × langeanum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × laschianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium latifolium Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium laxum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium leiophyllum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium leptocarpum Шаблон:Small – slenderfruit willowherb
- Epilobium leptophyllum Шаблон:Small – bog willowherb, linear-leaved willowherb
- Epilobium × limosum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium lipschitzii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium luteum Шаблон:Small – yellow willowherb
- Epilobium macropus Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium margaretiae Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × marshallianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium matthewsii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium maysillesii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium melanocaulon Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × mentiens Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium microphyllum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium minutiflorum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium minutum Шаблон:Small – chaparral willowherb, desert willowherb, smallflower willowherb
- Epilobium mirabile Шаблон:Small – Olympic Mountain willowherb
- Epilobium × montaniforme Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium montanum Шаблон:Small – broad-leaved willowherb
- Epilobium nanhualpinum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium nankotaizanense Шаблон:Small – Nankotaizan willowherb
- Epilobium × neogradiense Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium nerterioides Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium nevadense Шаблон:Small – Nevada willowherb
- Epilobium nivale Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium nivium Шаблон:Small – Snow Mountain willowherb
- Epilobium × novae-civitatis Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium nummulariifolium Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium nutans Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × nutantiflorum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium obcordatum Шаблон:Small – rockfringe willowherb
- Epilobium × obscurescens Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium obscurum Шаблон:Small – dwarf willowherb, short-fruited willowherb
- Epilobium oreganum Шаблон:Small – Grants Pass willowherb, Oregon fireweed
- Epilobium oregonense Шаблон:Small – Oregon willowherb
- Epilobium × palatinum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium pallidiflorum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium pallidum Шаблон:Small – largeflower spike-primrose
- Epilobium palustre Шаблон:Small – marsh willowherb
- Epilobium pannosum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium parviflorum Шаблон:Small – small-flowered willowherb, hoary willowherb
- Epilobium pedicellare Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium pedunculare Шаблон:Small – rockery willowherb
- Epilobium pengii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × percollinum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium pernitens Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium perpusillum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × persicinum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium petraeum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium pictum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium platystigmatosum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium ponticum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium porphyrium Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × prionophylloides Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium prostratum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium pseudorubescens Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × pseudotrigonum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium psilotum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium pubens Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium puberulum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × pulchrum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium purpuratum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × purpureum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium pycnostachyum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium pyrricholophum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium ravenii Шаблон:Small – leafy willowherb, California willowherb
- Epilobium rechingeri Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × reedii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium rhynchospermum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium rigidum Шаблон:Small – stiff willowherb, Siskiyou Mountains willowherb
- Epilobium × rivulare Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × rivulicola Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium roseum Шаблон:Small – pale willowherb
- Epilobium rostratum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium rotundifolium Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium royleanum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium rubromarginatum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium salignum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium sarmentaceum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium saximontanum Шаблон:Small – Rocky Mountain willowherb
- Epilobium × schmidtianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × schulzeanum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium semiamplexicaule Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium septentrionale Шаблон:Small – northern willowherb, Humboldt County fuchsia
- Epilobium × sericeum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium sikkimense Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × similatum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × simulatum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium sinense Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium siskiyouense Шаблон:Small – Siskiyou willowherb, Siskiyou fireweed
- Epilobium smithii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium speciosum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium spitianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium staintonii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium stereophyllum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium stevenii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium stracheyanum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium subalgidum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium subcoriaceum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium subdentatum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium suffruticosum Шаблон:Small – shrubby willowherb
- Epilobium × surreyanum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium taiwanianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium tasmanicum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium tetragonum Шаблон:Small – square-stemmed willowherb
- Epilobium thermophilum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × thuringiacum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium tianschanicum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium tibetanum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium tonkinense Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium torreyi Шаблон:Small – Torrey's willowherb, brook spike-primrose
- Epilobium × treleaseanum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium trichophyllum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium tulinianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium turkestanicum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × udicola Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × uechtritzianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium ulleungensis Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium vernicosum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium vernonicum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium verticillatum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × vicinum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium wallichianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × waterfallii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium wattianum Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium williamsii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium willisii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium wilsonii Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × winkleri Шаблон:Small
- Epilobium × wisconsinense Шаблон:Small – Wisconsin willowherb
Formerly placed here
- Stylidium tenellum (as E. tonkinense)
It is possible to distinguish between leaves of different Epilobium species using high-accuracy FT-IR method based on attenuated total reflection (ATR) without time-consuming preparation.[11]
Footnotes
References
- Bleeker, Walter; Schmitz, Ulf & Ristow, Michael (2007): Interspecific hybridisation between alien and native plant species in Germany and its consequences for native biodiversity. Biological Conservation 137 (2): 248-253. Шаблон:Small (HTML abstract, appendix reserved for subscribers)
- Steenkamp, V; Gouws, M.C; Gulumian, M; Elgorashi, E.E. & van Stade, J. (2006): Studies on antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of herbal remedies used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103 (1): 71–75. Шаблон:Small PDF fulltext
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Wagner, W.L. & Hoch, P.C. [2009b]: Evening Primrose Family website – Epilobium. Retrieved 2009-JAN-26.
Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Bleeker et al. (2007)
- ↑ Шаблон:OED
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Webb,D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996. An Irish Flora. Dundaldan Press (W. Tempest) Ltd, Dundalk. Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Krajšek, S., Buh, P., Zega, A., Kreft, S. (2008). Identification of herbarium whole-leaf samples of Epilobium species by ATR-IR spectroscopy. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 5:310-317 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbdv.200890028/abstract;jsessionid=46F30B7C6B30DADFBD57A4789993E047.f01t02