Английская Википедия:Fürst

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Expand German Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-de, female form Шаблон:Lang, plural Шаблон:Lang; from Old High German Шаблон:Lang, "the first", a translation of the Latin Шаблон:Lang) is a German word for a ruler as well as a princely title. Шаблон:Lang were, starting in the Middle Ages, members of the highest nobility who ruled over states of the Holy Roman Empire and later its former territories, below the ruling Шаблон:Lang (emperor) or Шаблон:Lang (king).[1]

A Prince of the Holy Roman Empire was the reigning sovereign ruler of an Imperial State that held imperial immediacy in the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire.[1] The territory ruled is referred to in German as a Шаблон:Lang (principality),[2] the family dynasty referred to as a Шаблон:Lang (princely house), and the (non-reigning) descendants of a Шаблон:Lang are titled and referred to in German as Шаблон:Lang (prince) or Шаблон:Lang (princess).[3]

The English language uses the term "prince" for both concepts. Latin-based languages (French, Italian, Romanian, Spanish, Portuguese) also employ a single term, whereas Dutch as well as the Scandinavian and some Slavic languages use separate terms similar to those used in German (see Шаблон:Lang for the latter).

An East Asian parallel to the concept of "ruling prince" would be the Sino-Xenic word 王 (pronounced wáng in Mandarin, wong4 in Cantonese, ō in Japanese, wang in Korean and vương in Vietnamese), which commonly refers to Korean and non-East-Asian "kings", but usually refers to non-imperial monarchs (who would go by 皇帝 ("emperor" or "empress regnant") instead) in ancient China and Vietnam and therefore is frequently translated to "prince", especially for those who became rulers well after to the first adoption of the title 皇帝 by Qin Shi Huang. Some examples include China's Prince Wucheng and Vietnam's Prince Hưng Đạo. On the other hand, the son of a monarch would go by different titles, such as 皇子 ("imperial son"), 親王 ("prince of the blood") or 王子 ("royal son"). A "European sovereign prince" may have the same title as a "duke", namely 公, and "principality" is translated to the same word as "duchy", namely 公國.

From the Middle Ages on, the German designation and title of Шаблон:Lang referred to:

Use of the title in German

The title Шаблон:Lang (female form Шаблон:Lang, female plural Шаблон:Lang) is used for the heads of princely houses of German origin (in German a Шаблон:Lang). From the Late Middle Ages, it referred to any vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor ruling over an immediate estate. Unless he also holds a higher title, such as grand duke or king, he will be known either by the formula "Шаблон:Lang + [geographic origin of the dynasty]", or by the formula "Шаблон:Lang + [name of the ruled territory]". These forms can be combined, as in "Шаблон:Lang".

The rank of the title-holder is not determined by the title itself, but by his degree of sovereignty, the rank of his suzerain, or the age of the princely family (note the terms Шаблон:Lang; and see German nobility). The Шаблон:Lang (Prince) ranked below the Шаблон:Lang (Duke) in the Holy Roman Empire's hierarchy, but princes did not necessarily rank below dukes in non-German parts of Europe. However, some German dukes who did not rule over an immediate duchy did not outrank reigning princes (e.g. Dukes of Gottschee, a title held by the Princes of Auersperg. Gottschee was not an Imperial state but a territory under the Dukes of Carniola. However, Princes of Auersperg held imperial immediacy for their state of Tengen). Likewise, the style usually associated with the title of Шаблон:Lang in post-medieval Europe, Шаблон:Lang (translated as "Serene Highness"), was considered inferior to Шаблон:Lang ("Highness") in Germany, though not in France.

The present-day rulers of the sovereign principality of Шаблон:Lang bear the title of Шаблон:Lang, and the title is also used in German when referring to the ruling princes of Monaco. The hereditary rulers of the one-time principalities of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Albania were also all referred to in German as Шаблон:Lang before they eventually assumed the title of "king" (Шаблон:Lang).

Other uses in German

Шаблон:Lang is used more generally in German to refer to any ruler, such as a king, a reigning duke, or a prince in the broad sense (compare Niccolò Machiavelli's Шаблон:Lang). Before the 12th century, counts were also included in this group, in accordance with its usage in the Holy Roman Empire, and in some historical or ceremonial contexts, the term Шаблон:Lang can extend to any lord.

The descendants of a Шаблон:Lang, when that title has not been restricted by patent or custom to male primogeniture, are distinguished from the head of the family by use of the title Шаблон:Lang (prince, from Шаблон:Lang-la; female: Шаблон:Lang).

A nobleman whose family is non-dynastic, i.e. has never reigned or been mediatised, may also be made a Шаблон:Lang by a sovereign, in which case the grantee and his heirs are deemed titular or nominal princes, enjoying only honorary princely title without commensurate rank. In families thus elevated to princely title (usually as a reward for military or political services) in or after the 18th century, the cadets often hold only the title of Шаблон:Lang (Count), such as in the families of the princes of Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and La Rochefoucauld-Montbel. However, in a few cases, the title of Шаблон:Lang is available to all male-line descendants of the original grantee (mostly descendants of dukes, for example, the families of Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, but also descendants of a simple Fürst, like Шаблон:Lang).

Derived titles

Several titles were derived from the term Шаблон:Lang:

Origins and cognates

The word Шаблон:Lang designates the head (the “first”) of a ruling house, or the head of a branch of such a house. The term “first” originates from ancient Germanic times, when the “first"” was the leader in battle.

Various cognates of the word Шаблон:Lang exist in other European languages (see extensive list under Prince), sometimes only used for a princely ruler. A derivative of the Latin Шаблон:Lang (a Republican title in Roman law, which never formally recognized a monarchic style for the executive head of state but nominally maintained the Consuls as collegial Chief magistrates) is used for a genealogical prince in some languages (e.g., in Dutch and West Frisian, where a ruler is usually called Шаблон:Lang and foarst, respectively), but a prince of the blood is always styled Шаблон:Lang. In Icelandic, Шаблон:Lang is a ruler, and a prince of the blood is Шаблон:Lang (in these languages, no capital letters are used for writing titles, unless they occur as the first word of a sentence), while in other languages, only a Шаблон:Lang-derived word is used for both (e.g., English uses prince for both). In all cases, the original (German or otherwise) term may also be used.

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Dead link
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