Английская Википедия:Flight altitude record
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates
This listing of flight altitude records are the records set for the highest aeronautical flights conducted in the atmosphere, set since the age of ballooning.
Some, but not all of the records were certified by the non-profit international aviation organization, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). One reason for a lack of 'official' certification was that the flight occurred prior to the creation of the FAI.[1]
For clarity, the "Fixed-wing aircraft" table is sorted by FAI-designated categories as determined by whether the record-creating aircraft left the ground by its own power (category "Altitude"), or whether it was first carried aloft by a carrier-aircraft prior to its record setting event (category "Altitude gain", or formally "Altitude Gain, Aeroplane Launched from a Carrier Aircraft"). Other sub-categories describe the airframe, and more importantly, the powerplant type (since rocket-powered aircraft can have greater altitude abilities than those with air-breathing engines).[1]
An essential requirement for the creation of an "official" altitude record is the employment of FAI-certified observers present during the record-setting flight.[1] Thus several records noted are unofficial due to the lack of such observers.
Balloons
- 1783-08-15: Шаблон:Convert; Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier of France, the first ascent in a hot-air balloon.
- 1783-10-19: Шаблон:Convert; Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, in Paris.
- 1783-10-19: Шаблон:Convert; Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier with André Giroud de Villette, in Paris.
- 1783-11-21: Шаблон:Convert; Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier with Marquis d'Arlandes, in Paris.
- 1783-12-01: Шаблон:Convert; Jacques Alexandre Charles and his assistant Marie-Noël Robert, both of France, made the first flight in a hydrogen balloon to about 610 m. Charles then ascended alone to the record altitude.
- 1784-06-23: Шаблон:Convert; Pilâtre de Rozier and the chemist Joseph Proust in a Montgolfier.
- 1803-07-18: Шаблон:Convert; Étienne-Gaspard Robert and Auguste Lhoëst in a balloon.
- 1839: Шаблон:Convert; Charles Green and Spencer Rush in a free balloon.
- 1862-09-05: about Шаблон:Convert; Henry Coxwell and James Glaisher in a balloon filled with coal gas.[2] Glaisher lost consciousness during the ascent due to the low air pressure and cold temperature of Шаблон:Convert.
- 1901-07-31: Шаблон:Convert; Arthur Berson and Reinhard Süring in the hydrogen balloon Preußen, in an open basket and with oxygen in steel cylinders. This flight contributed to the discovery of the stratosphere.
- 1927-11-04: Шаблон:ConvertШаблон:Cn; Captain Hawthorne C. Gray, of the U.S. Army Air Corps, in a helium balloon. Gray lost consciousness after his oxygen supply ran out and was killed in the crash.
- 1931-05-27: Шаблон:Convert; Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer in a hydrogen balloon.
- 1932: Шаблон:Convert -Auguste Piccard and Max Cosyns in a hydrogen balloon.
- 1933-09-30: Шаблон:Convert; USSR balloon USSR-1.
- 1933-11-20: Шаблон:Convert; Lt. Comdr. Thomas G. W. Settle (USN) and Maj Chester L. Fordney (USMC) in Century of Progress balloon
- 1934-01-30: Шаблон:Convert; USSR balloon Osoaviakhim-1. The three crew were killed when the balloon broke up during the descent.
- 1935-11-10: Шаблон:Convert; Captain O. A. Anderson and Captain A. W. Stevens (U.S. Army Air Corps) ascended in the Explorer II gondola from the Stratobowl, near Rapid City, South Dakota, for a flight that lasted 8 hours 13 minutes and covered Шаблон:Convert.
- 1956-11-08: Шаблон:Convert; Malcolm D. Ross and M. L. Lewis (U.S. Navy) in Office of Naval Research Strato-Lab I, using a pressurized gondola and plastic balloon launching near Rapid City, South Dakota, and landing Шаблон:Convert away near Kennedy, Nebraska.
- 1957-06-02: Шаблон:Convert; Captain Joseph W. Kittinger (U.S. Air Force) ascended in the Project Manhigh 1 gondola to a record-breaking altitude.
- 1957-08-19: Шаблон:Convert; above sea level, Major David Simons (U.S. Air Force) ascended from the Portsmouth Mine near Crosby, Minnesota, in the Manhigh 2 gondola for a 32-hour record-breaking flight. Simons landed at 5:32 p.m. on August 20 in northeastern South Dakota.
- 1960-08-16: Шаблон:Convert; Testing a high-altitude parachute system, Joseph Kittinger of the U.S. Air Force parachuted from the Excelsior III balloon over New Mexico at Шаблон:Convert. He set world records for: high-altitude jump; freefall diving by falling Шаблон:Convert before opening his parachute; and fastest speed achieved by a human without motorized assistance, Шаблон:Convert.[3]
- 1961-05-04: Шаблон:Convert; Commander Malcolm D. Ross and Lieutenant Commander Victor A. Prather, Jr., of the U.S. Navy ascended in the Strato-Lab V, in an unpressurized gondola. After descending, the gondola containing the two balloonists landed in the Gulf of Mexico. Prather slipped off the rescue helicopter's hook into the gulf and drowned.Шаблон:Efn
- 1966-02-02: Шаблон:Convert; Amateur parachutist Nicholas Piantanida of the United States with his "Project Strato-Jump" II balloon. Because he was unable to disconnect his oxygen line from the gondola's main feed, the ground crew had to remotely detach the balloon from the gondola. His planned free fall and parachute jump was abandoned, and he returned to the ground in the gondola. Nick was unable to accomplish his desired free fall record, however his spectacular flight set other records that held up for 46 years. Because of the design of his glove, he was unable to reattach his safety seat belt harness. He endured incredible g-forces, but survived the descent. Piantanida's ascent is not recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale as a balloon altitude world record, because he did not return with his balloon, although that was not the feat he was trying to accomplish. On this second attempt of "Project Strato-Jump", Nick Piantanida took with him 250 postmarked air-mail envelopes and letters. At the time, these letters were the first covers to have ever been delivered by the U.S. Post Office via space. The habit of bringing cover letters in to space continued with the Apollo Program. In fact, in 1972 there was a scandal involving the Apollo 15 astronauts. It is unclear if any of the "Project Strato-Jump" covers survived, and were eventually mailed to the intended recipients.
- 2012-10-14: Шаблон:Convert; Felix Baumgartner in the Red Bull Stratos balloon. The flight started near Roswell, New Mexico, and returned to earth via a record-setting parachute jump.
- 2014-10-24: Шаблон:Convert; Alan Eustace, a senior vice president at the Google corporation, in a helium balloon, returning to earth via parachute jump during the StratEx mission executed by Paragon Space Development Corporation.[4][5]
Hot-air balloons
Year | Date | Altitude | Person | Aircraft | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
imperial | metric | |||||
1783 | October 15 | Шаблон:Convert | Pilâtre de Rozier | Montgolfier | tethered balloon | |
1988 | June 6 | Шаблон:Convert | Per Lindstrand | Colt 600 | In Laredo, Texas.[6] | |
2004 | December 13 | Шаблон:Convert | David Hempleman-Adams | Boland Rover A-2 | Fédération Aéronautique Internationale record for hot air balloon Шаблон:As of | |
2005 | November 26 | Шаблон:Convert | Vijaypat Singhania | Cameron Z-1600 | On November 26, 2005, Vijaypat Singhania set the world altitude record for highest hot-air-balloon flight, reaching Шаблон:Convert. He launched from downtown Mumbai, India, and landed Шаблон:Convert south in Panchale. |
Uncrewed gas balloon
During 1893 French scientist Jules Richard constructed sounding balloons. These uncrewed balloons, carrying light, but very precise instruments, approached an altitude of Шаблон:Convert.[7]
A Winzen balloon launched from Chico, California, in 1972 set the uncrewed altitude record of Шаблон:Convert. Its volume was Шаблон:Convert.[8]
On September 20, 2013, JAXA launched an ultrathin film balloon called BS13-08 made of 2.8 μm thick polyethylene film with a volume of 80,000 m3 (60 meters in diameter). The balloon rose at a speed of 250 m per minute and reached an altitude of 53.7 km (187,992 ft), surpassing the previous world record set in 2002[9]
This was the greatest height a flying object reached without using rockets or a launch with a cannon.
Gliders
On February 17, 1986, The highest altitude obtained by a soaring aircraft was set at Шаблон:Convert by Robert Harris using lee waves over California City, United States.[10] The flight was accomplished using the Grob 102 Standard Astir III.[11]
This was surpassed at Шаблон:Convert set on August 30, 2006, by Steve Fossett (pilot) and Einar Enevoldson (co-pilot) in their high performance research glider Perlan 1, a modified Glaser-Dirks DG-500.[10] This record was achieved over El Calafate (Patagonia, Argentina) and set as part of the Perlan Project.[12]
This was raised at Шаблон:Convert on September 3, 2017[13] by Jim Payne (pilot) and Morgan Sandercock (co-pilot) in the Perlan 2,[14] a special built high altitude research glider. This record was again achieved over El Calafate and as part of the Perlan Project.[12]
On September 2, 2018, within the Airbus Perlan Mission II, again from El Calafate, the Perlan II piloted by Jim Payne and Tim Gardner reached Шаблон:Cvt, surpassing the Шаблон:Cvt attained by Jerry Hoyt on April 17, 1989, in a Lockheed U-2: the highest subsonic flight.[15]
Fixed-wing aircraft
Year | Date | Altitude | Person | Aircraft | Propulsion | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imperial | Metric | ||||||
1890 | October 8 | 8 in | 20 cm | Clément Ader | Éole | propeller | Uncontrolled hop |
1903 | December 17 | 10 ft | 3 m | Wilbur Wright, Orville Wright | Wright Flyer | propeller | Photographed and witnessed unofficially. |
1906 | October 23 | Шаблон:Convert | Alberto Santos-Dumont | 14-bis | propeller | First officially witnessed and certified flight. | |
1906 | November 12 | Шаблон:Convert | Alberto Santos-Dumont | 14-bis | propeller | ||
1908 | December 18 | Шаблон:Convert | Wilbur Wright | Biplane | propeller | at Auovors | |
1909 | July 18 | Шаблон:Convert | Louis Paulhan | Farman | propeller | Concours d’Aviation, La Brayelle, Douai[16] | |
1909 | Шаблон:Convert | Louis Paulhan | Farman | propeller | Lyon | ||
1910 | January 9 | Шаблон:Convert | Louis Paulhan | Farman | propeller | Los Angeles Air Meet[17] | |
1910 | June 17 | Шаблон:Convert | Walter Brookins | Wright biplane | propeller | [18] | |
1910 | August 11 | Шаблон:Convert | John Armstrong Drexel | Blériot monoplane | propeller | Lanark Aviation Meeting[19] | |
1910 | October 30 | Шаблон:Convert | Ralph Johnstone | Wright biplane | propeller | International Aviation Tournament was at the Belmont Park race track in Elmont, New York[20] | |
1910 | December 26 | Шаблон:Convert | Archibald Hoxsey | Wright Model B | propeller | Second International Aviation Meet held in 1910 at Dominguez Field, Los Angeles.[21] Hoxsey died in a plane crash five days later while trying to set a new record.[22] | |
1912 | September 11 | Шаблон:Convert | Roland Garros | Шаблон:Cnspan | propeller | Saint-Brieuc (France) [23] | |
1915 | January 5 | Шаблон:Convert | Joseph Eugene Carberry | Curtiss Model E | propeller | [24] | |
1916 | November 9 | Шаблон:Convert | Guido Guidi | Caudron G.4 | propeller | Torino Mirafiori airfield[25] | |
1919 | June 14 | Шаблон:Convert | Jean Casale | Nieuport NiD.29 | propeller | [26][27] | |
1920 | February 27 | Шаблон:Convert | Major Rudolf Schroeder | LUSAC-11 | propeller | [28][29] | |
1921 | September 18 | Шаблон:Convert | Lt. John Arthur Macready | LUSAC-11 | propeller | [30] | |
1923 | September 5 | Шаблон:Convert | Joseph Sadi-Lecointe | Nieuport NiD.40R | propeller | [31][32] | |
1923 | October 30 | Шаблон:Convert | Joseph Sadi-Lecointe | Nieuport NiD.40R | propeller | [32][33] | |
1924 | October 21 | Шаблон:Convert | Jean Callizo | Gourdou-Leseurre 40 C.1 | propeller | [34] Callizo later claimed several higher records, but these were stripped from him, as he had falsified barograph readings.[35][36] | |
1930 | June 4 | Шаблон:Convert | Lt. Apollo Soucek, USN | Wright Apache | propeller | [37] | |
1932 | September 16 | Шаблон:Convert | Cyril Uwins | Vickers Vespa | propeller | [38] | |
1933 | September 28 | Шаблон:Convert | Gustave Lemoine | Potez 506 | propeller | [39] | |
1934 | April 11 | Шаблон:Convert | Renato Donati | Caproni Ca.113 AQ | propeller | [40][41] | |
1936 | August 14 | Шаблон:Convert | Georges Détré | Potez 506 | propeller | highest with no pressure suit[42] | |
1936 | September 28 | Шаблон:Convert | Squadron Leader Francis Ronald Swain | Bristol Type 138 | propeller | [43] | |
1938 | June 30 | Шаблон:Convert | M. J. Adam | Bristol Type 138 | propeller | [43] | |
1938 | October 22 | Шаблон:Convert | Lt. Colonel Mario Pezzi | Caproni Ca.161 | crewed propeller-driven biplane record so far | [44] | |
1948 | March 23 | Шаблон:Convert | John Cunningham | de Havilland Vampire | turbojet | Modified Vampire F.1 with extended wingtips and a de Havilland Ghost jet engine.[45][46] | |
1949 | August 8 | Шаблон:Convert | Brigadier General Frank Kendall Everest Jr. | Bell X-1 | air-launched rocket plane | Unofficial record.[47] | |
1951 | August 15 | Шаблон:Convert | Bill Bridgeman | Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket | air-launched rocket plane | Unofficial record. Powered by the XLR11 liquid fuel rocket engine (designated as XLR8-RM-5). | |
1953 | May 4 | Шаблон:Convert | Walter Gibb | English Electric Canberra B.2 | turbojet | propelled by two Rolls-Royce Olympus engines.[48] | |
1953 | August 21 | Шаблон:Convert | Lt. Col. Marion Carl | Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket | air-launched rocket plane | Unofficial record. Powered by the XLR11 liquid fuel rocket engine (designated as XLR8-RM-5). | |
1954 | May 28 | Шаблон:Convert | Arthur W. Murray | Bell X-1A | air-launched rocket plane | Unofficial record. Powered by the XLR11 liquid fuel rocket engine.[49] | |
1955 | August 29 | Шаблон:Convert | Walter Gibb | English Electric Canberra B.2 | turbojet | Olympus powered.[50] | |
1956 | September 7 | Шаблон:Convert | Iven Kincheloe | Bell X-2 | air-launched rocket plane | [51] | |
1957 | August 28 | Шаблон:Convert | Mike Randrup | English Electric Canberra WK163 | turbojet & rocket | With Napier "Double Scorpion" rocket motor | |
1958 | April 18 | Шаблон:Convert | Lt. Commander George C. Watkins, USN | Grumman F11F-1F Super Tiger | turbojet | [52] | |
1958 | May 2 | Шаблон:Convert | Roger Carpentier | SNCASO Trident II | turbojet & rocket | ||
1958 | May 7 | Шаблон:Convert | Major Howard C. Johnson | Lockheed F-104 Starfighter | turbojet | This F-104 became the first aircraft to simultaneously hold the world speed and altitude records when on May 16, 1958, U.S. Air Force Capt. Walter W. Irwin set a world speed record of 1,404.19 mph | |
1959 | September 4 | Шаблон:Convert | Vladimir Ilyushin | Sukhoi Su-9 | turbojet | ||
1959 | December 6 | Шаблон:Convert | Commander Lawrence E. Flint, Jr. | McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II | turbojet | ||
1959 | December 14 | Шаблон:Convert | Capt "Joe" B. Jordan | Lockheed F-104 Starfighter | turbojet | General Electric J79 | |
1961 | March 30 | Шаблон:Convert | Joseph Albert Walker | X-15 | air-launched rocket plane | First human to reach the mesosphere. Last world altitude record before Yuri Gagarin's orbital flight Vostok 1.[53] | |
1961 | April 28 | Шаблон:Convert | Georgy Mosolov | Ye-66A Mig-21 | turbojet & rocket | R-11 | |
1962 | July 17 | Шаблон:Convert | Robert Michael White | X-15 | air-launched rocket plane | Not a C-1 FAI record[53] | |
1963 | July 19 | Шаблон:Convert | Joseph Albert Walker | X-15 | air-launched rocket plane | Not a C-1 FAI record.[53] | |
1963 | August 22 | Шаблон:Convert | Joseph Albert Walker | X-15 | air-launched rocket plane | Not a C-1 FAI record[53] | |
1963 | November 15 | Шаблон:Convert | Major Robert W. Smith | Lockheed NF-104A | turbojet & rocket | Unofficial altitude record for an aircraft with self-powered takeoff. | |
1963 | December 6 | Шаблон:Convert | Major Robert W. Smith | Lockheed NF-104A | turbojet & rocket | Unofficial altitude record for an aircraft with self-powered takeoff. | |
1973 | July 25 | Шаблон:Convert | Aleksandr Fedotov | Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-266 MiG-25 | Jet plane record | Under Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI) classification the Ye-155 type | |
1976 | July 28 | Шаблон:Convert | Captain Robert Helt | Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird | turbojet | Pratt & Whitney J58; Absolute Record of FAI classes C, H and M[54] Another SR-71 set absolute speed record on the same day. | |
1977 | August 31 | Шаблон:Convert | Aleksandr Fedotov | Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-266M MiG-25 | Jet plane record | Under Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI) classification the Ye-155 type | |
1995 | August 4 | Шаблон:Convert | 2 pilots: Einar Enevoldson and other, and two scientists[55] | Grob Strato 2C | crewed propeller monoplane record to date | ||
2001 | August 14 | Шаблон:Convert | Uncrewed | NASA Helios HP01 | propeller | Set altitude records for propeller driven aircraft, solar-electric aircraft, and highest altitude in horizontal flight by a winged aircraft. | |
2004 | October 4 | Шаблон:Convert | Brian Binnie | SpaceShipOne | air launched rocket plane | In addition to the altitude record, this flight also set records for greatest mass lifted to altitude and minimum time between two consecutive flights in a reusable vehicle.[56] |
Piston-driven propeller aeroplane
The highest altitude obtained by a piston-driven propeller UAV (without payload) is Шаблон:Convert. It was obtained during 1988–1989 by the Boeing Condor UAV.[57]
The highest altitude obtained in a piston-driven propeller biplane (without a payload) was Шаблон:Convert on October 22, 1938, by Mario Pezzi at Montecelio, Italy in a Caproni Ca.161 driven by a Piaggio XI R.C. engine.[58]
The highest altitude obtained in a piston-driven propeller monoplane (without a payload) was Шаблон:Convert on August 4, 1995, by the Grob Strato 2C driven by two Teledyne Continental TSIO-550 engines.
Jet aircraft
The highest current world absolute general aviation altitude record for air breathing jet-propelled aircraft is Шаблон:Convert set by Aleksandr Vasilyevich Fedotov in a Mikoyan-Gurevich E-266M (MiG-25M) on August 31, 1977.[59][60]
Rocket plane
The record for highest altitude obtained by a crewed rocket-powered aircraft is the US Space Shuttle (STS) which regularly reached altitudes of more than Шаблон:Convert on servicing missions to the Hubble Space Telescope.
The highest altitude obtained by a crewed aeroplane (launched from another aircraft) is Шаблон:Convert by Brian Binnie in the Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne (powered by a Scaled Composite SD-010 engine with Шаблон:Convert of thrust) on October 4, 2004, at Mojave, California. The SpaceShipOne was launched at over 43,500 ft (13.3 km).[56]
The previous (unofficial) record was Шаблон:Convert set by Joseph A. Walker in a North American X-15 in mission X-15 Flight 91 on August 22, 1963. Walker had reached 106 km – crossing the Kármán line the first time – with X-15 Flight 90 the previous month.
During the X-15 program, 8 pilots flew a combined 13 flights which met the Air Force spaceflight criterion by exceeding the altitude of Шаблон:Convert, qualifying these pilots as being astronauts; of those 13 flights, two (flown by the same civilian pilot) met the FAI definition of outer space: Шаблон:Convert.[61]
Mixed power
The official record for a mixed power aircraft was achieved on May 2, 1958, by Roger Carpentier when he reached Шаблон:Convert over Istres, France in a Sud-Ouest Trident II mixed power (turbojet & rocket engine) aircraft.[62]
The unofficial altitude record for mixed-power-aircraft with self-powered takeoff was Шаблон:Convert on December 6, 1963, by Major Robert W. Smith in a Lockheed NF-104A mixed power (turbojet and rocket engine) aircraft.[63]
Electrically powered aircraft
The highest altitude obtained by an electrically powered aircraft is Шаблон:Convert on August 14, 2001, by the NASA Helios, and is the highest altitude in horizontal flight by a winged aircraft. This is also the altitude record for propeller driven aircraft, FAI class U (Experimental / New Technologies), and FAI class U-1.d (Remotely controlled UAV : Weight 500 kg to less than 2500 kg).[64]
Rotorcraft
On June 21, 1972, Jean Boulet of France piloted an Aérospatiale SA 315B Lama helicopter to an absolute altitude record of Шаблон:Convert.[65] At that extreme altitude, the engine flamed out and Boulet had to land the helicopter by breaking another record: the longest successful autorotation in history.[66] The helicopter was stripped of all unnecessary equipment prior to the flight to minimize weight, and the pilot breathed supplemental oxygen.
Paper airplanes
The highest altitude obtained by a paper plane was previously held by the Paper Aircraft Released Into Space (PARIS) project, which was released at an altitude of Шаблон:Convert, from a helium balloon that was launched approximately Шаблон:Convert west of Madrid, Spain on October 28, 2010, and recorded by The Register's "special projects bureau". The project achieved a Guinness world record recognition.[67][68]
This record was broken on 24 June 2015 in Cambridgeshire, UK by the Space Club of Kesgrave High School, Suffolk, as part of their Stratos III project. The paper plane was launched from a balloon at Шаблон:Convert.[69][70]
Cannon rounds
The current world-record for highest cannon projectile flight is held by Project HARP’s 16-inch space gun prototype, which fired a 180 kg Martlet 2 projectile to a record height of Шаблон:Convert in Yuma, Arizona, on November 18, 1966. The projectile’s trajectory sent it beyond 100 km (62.14 mi), making it the first cannon-fired projectile to do so.[71]
The Paris Gun (German: Paris-Geschütz) was a German long-range siege gun used to bombard Paris during World War I. It was in service from March–August 1918. Its 106-kilogram shells had a range of about Шаблон:Convert with a maximum altitude of about Шаблон:Convert.
See also
- Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
- High-altitude balloon
- High-altitude military parachuting
- High-altitude platform station
Notes
References
Bibliography
- Andrews, C.F. and E.B. Morgan. Vickers Aircraft since 1908. London:Putnam, 1988. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Angelucci, Enzo and Peter M. Bowers. The American Fighter. Sparkford, UK:Haynes Publishing Group, 1987. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1951–52. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd, 1951.
- "Eighteen Years of World's Records". Flight, February 7, 1924, pp. 73–75.
- Lewis, Peter. British Racing and Record-Breaking Aircraft. London:Putnam, 1971. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Owers, Colin. "Stop-Gap Fighter:The LUSAC Series". Air Enthusiast, Fifty, May to July 1993. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing. ISSN 0143-5450. pp. 49–51.
- Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66. London:Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1965.
- "The Royal Aero Club of the U.K.: Official Notices to Members". Flight December 16, 1920.
External links
- Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Шаблон:Official website –the international, non-profit, non-government organization that tracks aircraft world records
- Balloon World Records Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
- Excelsior III Details of Kittingers' Jump from a stratospheric balloon in 1960
- Iowa State University – High Altitude Balloon Experiments in Technology
- Шаблон:Cite web
Шаблон:Extreme motion Шаблон:Aviation lists Шаблон:Portal bar
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Lewis 1971, p. 32.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Evangelisti, Giorgio, Gente dell'Aria vol. 6, Ed. Olimpia, 2000
- ↑ FAI record file #15455 Шаблон:Webarchive.
- ↑ Rosenthal, Marchand, Borget, Bénichou. Nieuport 1909–1950, Larivière, 1997, Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Owers 1993, p. 51.
- ↑ Flight December 16, 1920, p. 1274.
- ↑ Angelucci and Bowers 1987, p. 195.
- ↑ FAI record file #8246 Шаблон:Webarchive.
- ↑ 32,0 32,1 Flight February 7, 1924, p. 75.
- ↑ FAI record file #8223 Шаблон:Webarchive.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ "World's Records In Aviation Шаблон:Webarchive". Flight, March 20, 1931, p. 247.
- ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1988, pp. 205–206.
- ↑ "The New Altitude Record Шаблон:Webarchive". Flight, October 19, 1933. p. 1043.
- ↑ "The World's Aviation Records Шаблон:Webarchive". Flight, August 16, 1934, p. 844.
- ↑ Cooper, Ralph. "Renato Donati 1894– Шаблон:Webarchive". The Early Birds of Aviation. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
- ↑ Détré, Georges. "J'ai piloté le Potez 506 à 15.000m." L'album du fanatique de l'aviation, March 1971. p. 27.
- ↑ 43,0 43,1 Lewis 1971, p. 485.
- ↑ Taylor 1965, p. 346.
- ↑ Bridgman 1951, p. 6b.
- ↑ Lewis 1971, pp. 327–328.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Lewis 1971, p. 371.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Lewis 1971, p. 389.
- ↑ "50th Anniversary of Two Historic X-2 Milestones Celebrated," NASA 2006
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 53,0 53,1 53,2 53,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "Records: Sub-class : C-1 (Landplanes) Group 3: turbo-jet." records.fai.org. Retrieved: June 30, 2011.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 56,0 56,1 "FAI Record ID #9881 – Altitude above the earth's surface with or without maneuvres of the aerospacecraft, Class P-1 (Suborbital missions) Шаблон:Webarchive" Mass Шаблон:Webarchive Turnaround time Шаблон:Webarchive Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Retrieved: November 28, 2015.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Thompson, Elvia H.; Johnsen, Frederick A. (23 August 2005). "NASA Honors High Flying Space Pioneers" (Press release). NASA. Release 05-233.
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Haines, Lester. PARIS soars to Guinness World Record: Highest paper plane launch ever Шаблон:Webarchive, February 17, 2012.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Graf, Richard K. "A Brief History of the HARP Project". Encyclopedia Astronautica. astronautix.com. Retrieved August 14, 2013.