Английская Википедия:Fogd
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title
Шаблон:Lang (in Norwegian; also Norwegian Шаблон:Lang, Danish Шаблон:Lang, Swedish Шаблон:Lang, Finnish Шаблон:Lang) is a historical Scandinavian official title, translated as bailiff, relating to the administration of bailiwicks. He was in charge of the administration and collection of taxes on behalf of the government, either in a rural area or in a town.
Etymology and history
The word Шаблон:Lang came to Norwegian via Danish Шаблон:Lang, again derived from Middle Low German Шаблон:Lang from Latin Шаблон:Lang, as in legal advisor,[1] literally 'called upon', via German pronunciation: Шаблон:Lang – and cognate with the German Шаблон:Lang. The early Swedish term was Шаблон:Lang. The Latin term has also given rise to the English word advocate and its cognates.[2] It appears sporadically in Norwegian sources from the 14th century in the forms Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, or Шаблон:Lang.[3] Old Norse Шаблон:Lang (and its other spellings) and Norwegian Шаблон:Lang also go back to Latin.[4] The title of bailiff replaced the title of Шаблон:Ill (Danish Шаблон:Lang) on farms in the Middle Ages, but reflects largely the same office: to be responsible for and manage some kind of property on behalf of its owner. This could be a farm, a piece of land, or a castle, in which case the title of bailiff is seen almost as a replacement for the title of jarl. In the Шаблон:Lang estates, later called Шаблон:Lang (Swedish Шаблон:Lang), the bailiff ruled. Hence one of the older words for bailiff: Шаблон:Lang.[5] Another synonym is Шаблон:Lang.[6]
Responsibilities
The bailiff had police and prosecution powers and collected taxes and fines in a district.[1] For a time, the bailiff was also responsible for keeping track of foreigners. The bailiff issued and controlled passports.
In Sweden, with Magnus IV's 1350 city law (Swedish: Шаблон:Lang), the king's bailiff was included as a member of the magistrate, the 'elders' of a city, who supervised municipal activities, police and justice, and acted as a court of law.
The feudal lords (Norwegian: Шаблон:Lang) in Norway had bailiffs under them who collected taxes and fines and were responsible for maintaining order. Initially they were the personal servants of the lord, but by the early 17th century they had been transferred to the service of the king.[7] The bailiff had great power in the village council (Шаблон:Lang). At the parliament in Oslo, lay judges from a village in Eastern Norway complained about a bailiff who had come with a Swedish woman and threatened them: "Here is a woman I should have judgment on today." But the procedural rule in Norwegian law required two concurring witnesses to find someone guilty, and the bailiffs had not seen the woman before and had no opportunity to summon any witnesses and deal with the case according to the law.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1497, Knut Alvsson's bailiff Lasse Skjold was killed at the Thing in Romerike, Norway, when he came to collect taxes. His brutal behavior was the cause, and around 180 farmers from Ullensaker and Nes supported the murder. The farmers were fined, but were found to have acted more or less in self-defense, and Alvsson was subsequently deposed as lord and stripped of his fiefdoms.Шаблон:Sfn
Between 1518 and 1521, large additional taxes were levied, and the peasants protested in parliament. They were supported by the bishop, who complained that the lord Шаблон:Ill of Akershus Fortress was allowing his bailiff to plunder pilgrims. The lord of Bergenhus appeared armed at the Thing and levied an extra tax equivalent to 10% wealth tax. If there was no available money, he seized tapestries and boats. In the summer of 1521, the bailiff was killed at the court in Nordhordland. Christian II cracked down hard on the peasants, and several of the rebel leaders were executed. In 1526, farmers in Rogaland killed the lord's men and refused to pay taxes.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1540, farmers from Raabyggelaget gathered "to kill all bailiffs and lensmenn".[8] With a huge club with sharp spikes, they made their way from Setesdal to Nedenes and killed the bailiff Nils Skredder there. Then they went towards Kvinesdal, but the lord Шаблон:Ill was not home. His men later captured the farmers and executed four of them. The leader described the "Hun army", a popular tradition about Attila's Huns 1,500 years earlier.[9] The story of the Hun army came to life again during the Шаблон:Ill at Hønefoss in 1851.Шаблон:Sfn
Recent times
In Norway, the bailiff's dealings with the municipalities and participation in the county council were abolished by an 1894 act on the reorganization of the civil service. The posts of bailiff were abolished in 1894. Instead, the posts of county treasurer and chief of police were created. Between 1888 and 1919, the office of bailiff was completely abolished.[10] Some tasks were transferred to the magistrate (Шаблон:Ill) and sheriff. According to the National Chairmanship Act, the county governor (amtmann), bailiff, magistrate and Шаблон:Lang were excluded from election to the chairmanship in their own service district. The county governor and bailiff could not be elected as representatives, and chairmen were also excluded from this election.[11][12]
The last city bailiff's office in Norway, Oslo city bailiff's office (Шаблон:Ill), was headed by a magistrate called a city bailiff (Шаблон:Lang) until 2006. Шаблон:Lang was then headed by a Шаблон:Lang until the merger with Oslo District Court on 26 April 2021.[13]
From 2008, the tax bailiffs (Шаблон:Lang) were merged with the tax offices. The Act relating to Children and Parents designates a state agency called the grant bailiff (Шаблон:Lang). This function is the responsibility of the Labour and Welfare Service.[12]
The bailiff in popular memory: "Шаблон:Lang, the devil"
In Scandinavian folk tradition, the Шаблон:Lang (bailiff) was a brutal and ruthless collector and enforcer of the authority granted to him by the king or local landlord. In fairy tales, he was the worst character[14] and often compared to the wolf. The bailiff is a figure in Peter Christian Asbjørnsen's Шаблон:Lang, printed in Norwegian Folktales. The office of Шаблон:Lang was also the most risky office a Dane could hold in Norway – in the early stages of the Danish–Norwegian Union era, several of them were killed by offended and enraged peasants. The heavy tax burden was also the cause of numerous local rebellions.
The bailiff is also a character in several of Ludvig Holberg's plays, including Jeppe on the Hill and Erasmus Montanus.
See also
References
Notes
Sources
External links
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Historical law enforcement occupations
- Obsolete occupations
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- Government of Norway
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- Government of Finland
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