Английская Википедия:Former Yan

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox country The Former Yan (Шаблон:Zh; 337–370) was a dynastic state ruled by the Xianbei during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China.

Initially, Murong Huang and his son Murong Jun claimed the Jin dynasty-created title "Prince of Yan," but subsequently, in 352, after seizing most of the former Later Zhao territory, Murong Jun would declare himself emperor, and after that point, the rulers of the Former Yan declared themselves "emperors".

History

With the decline of the Xianbei confederation, the Murong tribe resettled themselves around the Liaoxi region. During the Three Kingdoms period, when the Cao Wei commander, Sima Yi, campaigned against Gongsun Yuan in 237, the Murong offered their assistance and were allowed to move into northern Liaodong after the campaign. The Murong became vassals to the Wei and then to their successor, the Western Jin dynasty.

During the upheaval of the Five Barbarians, Murong Hui welcomed many refugees fleeing from the disorder into his territory and recruited Han Chinese officials into his administration. As the Jin was driven out of the north, Hui held independent control over his territory, but retained his vassal status and was given the title of Duke of Liaodong in 321 by the re-established Eastern Jin court from Jiankang.

Following Murong Huang's succession in 333, the Murong conquered their rival Xianbei tribes in Liaoxi, the Duan and Yuwen, and subjugated the Korean states of Buyeo and Goguryeo. After repelling a massive Later Zhao invasion in 337, Huang received the title of Prince of Yan from the Jin court, which many historians view as the beginning of the Former Yan dynasty, although Huang was still a vassal of Jin at this point.

In 349, the Later Zhao that ruled most of northern China began to break apart. Taking advantage of the confusion, Murong Jun invaded the Central Plains, conquering the Ran Wei state and other contenders on the North China Plain. The Former Yan became a regional power in the northeast, competing with the Di-led Former Qin in the west and the Eastern Jin in the south. In 353, Jun declared himself emperor, signifying a formal breakaway from the Jin. When the child Murong Wei ascended the throne in 360, his uncle, Murong Ke, became his regent. Ke was regarded as an exceptional statesman and commander, and in 365, he captured the ancient capital, Luoyang, bringing the empire to its peak.

However, although Ke's regency was marked with political stability and military might, corruption was also beginning to take its toll on the empire. The state's fiscal revenue was declining due to the nobility's practice of amassing commoners within their private fiefs. These commoners only had to pay taxes to their lords and not to the state, and so the imperial treasury was stretched thin, with many officials having unpaid salaries and the public grain stores being exhausted. Ke's leadership initially mitigated the issue, but the situation quickly deteriorated after his untimely death in 367.

In 369, the Eastern Jin commander, Huan Wen, launched an expedition to conquer the Former Yan. The Yan court was thrown into a panic, but the general, Murong Chui, decisively repelled the invasion at the Battle of Fangtou. However, his success earned him the suspicion of the regent, Murong Ping, driving him to defect to the Former Qin. Chui’s defection prompted the Qin to begin their conquest of Yan. Despite their numerical advantage, the incompetently-led main Yan force was destroyed by Wang Meng's army. Qin forces eventually reached the capital, Ye, and Murong Wei was captured in 370. The destruction of the Former Yan established Former Qin as the main hegemon in the north, beginning their rapid unification of northern China.

• Painting depicting a Xianbei Murong archer in a tomb of the Former Yan (337–370).[4]

  Painting depicting a Xianbei Murong archer in a tomb of the Former Yan (337–370).

Rulers of the Former Yan

Temple names	Posthumous names	Family names and given name	Durations of reigns	Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: use family and given names
Taizu (太祖 Taìzǔ)	Wenming (文明 Wénmíng)	慕容皝 Mùróng Huǎng	337–348	Yanwang (燕王 Yànwáng) 337–348
Liezong (烈宗 Lièzōng)	Jingzhao (景昭 Jǐngzhāo)	慕容儁 Mùróng Jùn	348–360	Yanwang (燕王 Yànwáng) 348–353 Yuanxi (元璽 Yuánxǐ) 353–357 Guangshou (光壽 Guāngshoù) 357–360
Did not exist	You (幽 Yōu)	慕容暐 Mùróng Wěi	360–370	Jianxi (建熙 Jiànxī) 360–370

See also

• Xianbei
• List of past Chinese ethnic groups
• Wu Hu