Английская Википедия:Futon

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Italic title

Файл:Futons in a Ryokan - 2.jpg
Japanese-style Шаблон:Transliterations laid out for sleeping in a ryokan (inn). In green, three Шаблон:Transliterations per bed; in red, turned-back Шаблон:Transliterations. The top two futons in each stack are covered in white fitted sheets, matching the pillowslips.

A Шаблон:Nihongo is a traditional Japanese style of bedding.

A complete futon set consists of a Шаблон:Nihongo and a Шаблон:Nihongo.[1] Both elements of a futon bedding set are pliable enough to be folded and stored away in a large Шаблон:Nihongo during the day. This allows a room to serve as a bedroom at night, but serve other purposes during the day.[2]

Traditionally, futons are used on tatami, a type of mat used as a flooring material. It also provides a softer base than wooden or stone floors. Futons must be aired regularly to prevent mold from developing, and to keep the futon free of mites. Throughout Japan, futons can commonly be seen hanging over balconies, airing in the sun.[3] Futon dryers may be used by those unable to hang out their futon.

History and materials

Шаблон:See also

Before recycled cotton cloth was widely available in Japan, commoners used Шаблон:Transliteration, stitched crinkled paper stuffed with fibers from beaten dry straw, cattails, or silk waste, on Шаблон:Transliteration straw floor mats. Later, futons were made with patchwork recycled cotton, quilted together and filled with bast fiber.[4] Later they were filled with cotton. Wool and synthetics are now also used.[5]

Шаблон:Transliteration (よぎ, literally "nightclothes") are kimono-shaped bedclothes. They were used in the 1800s and early 1900s.[6] Rectangular Шаблон:Transliterations are now widely used. Шаблон:Transliterations vary in materials; some are warmer than others. Those with traditional cotton filling feel heavier than those with feather or synthetic fillings.[5]

Traditional Шаблон:Transliteration (まくら) are generally firmer than western pillows.[5] They may be filled with beans, buckwheat chaff,[5][7] bran,[8] or, modernly, plastic beads,[5][7] all of which mold to the head. Historically, some women used wooden headrests to protect their hairstyles.[6]

Dimensions

Futons are traditionally laid on tatami rush mats,[7] which are resilient and can absorb and re-release up to half a liter of moisture each.[9] Tatamis measure 1 by 0.5 ken, just under 1 by 2 meters,[10] the same size as a Western twin bed. A traditional Шаблон:Transliteration is also about the size of a Western twin bed. Шаблон:As of, double-bed-sized Шаблон:Transliterations were available, but they can be a bit heavy and awkward to stow.[5]

The Шаблон:Transliteration is usually Шаблон:Convert thick,[7] and rarely as much as Шаблон:Convert thick; they need to dry well, or they will become heavy and mouldy.[5] A Шаблон:Transliteration is thus about as thick as a Western mattress topper.[11] If more thickness is needed, Шаблон:Transliterations are layered.[5]

Шаблон:Transliterations may be wider than Шаблон:Transliterations,[12] and they vary in thickness. Depending on the weather, they may be layered with a warm Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Ruby-ja), or replaced with a lighter Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Ruby-ja).[7]

The traditional Шаблон:Transliteration is usually smaller than a western pillow.[5]

Western-style futons

Шаблон:Image frame

In the 1980s, futons became fashionable in North America.[13] The construction method was similar to that of contemporary Japanese futons: cotton batting, covered in cotton ticking and held in place with hand-sewn tufting (through-thickness stitches).[13] This was also the structure that had been used in the United States' 1940-1941 Cotton Mattress Program, designed to use excess cotton production by subsidizing materials for people to make their own cotton mattresses.[14][15]

However, Western-style futons, which typically resemble low, wooden sofa beds, differ considerably from their Japanese counterparts.[1][16] They often have the dimensions of standard western mattresses, and are too thick to fold double and stow easily in a cupboard. They are often set up and stored on a slatted frame,[13] which avoids having to move them to air regularly, especially in the dry indoor air of a centrally-heated house[17] (most Japanese homes were not traditionally centrally-heated[18]). Шаблон:Further

Futon-like traditional European beds

Шаблон:See also Traditional European beds resembled Japanese-style futon sets, with thin tick mattresses. These were only sometimes set on a bedframe. The term "bed" did not originally include the bedframe, but only the bedding, the same components included in a Japanese futon set.[19]Шаблон:Rp

It was also traditional to air these beds, and duvets are still aired in the window in Europe. In English-speaking cultures, however, airing bedding outdoors came to be seen as a foreign practice, with 19th-century housekeeping manuals giving methods of airing beds inside, and disparaging airing them in the window as "German-style".[20]

See also

References

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Bedding Шаблон:Japanese architectural elements Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite conference
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 5,7 5,8 Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Inouye не указан текст
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ File:THE FAMILY IN BED. (1910) - illustration - page 137.png
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ See Tatami#Size for details
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ See Airing (air circulation)
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ Dictionnaire de l'ameublement et de la décoration depuis le XIIIe siècle jusqu'à nos jours, Havard, Henry, 1838-1921
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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