Английская Википедия:Golem

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Файл:Prague-golem-reproduction.jpg
A Prague reproduction of the Golem

A golem (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell; Шаблон:Lang-he) is an animated, anthropomorphic being in Jewish folklore, which is entirely created from inanimate matter, usually clay or mud. The most famous golem narrative involves Judah Loew ben Bezalel, the late 16th-century rabbi of Prague. According to Moment magazine, "the golem is a highly mutable metaphor with seemingly limitless symbolism. It can be a victim or villain, man or woman—or sometimes both. Over the centuries, it has been used to connote war, community, isolation, hope, and despair."[1]

Etymology

The word golem occurs once in the Bible in Psalm 139:16,[2] which uses the word Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration; my golem),[3] that means "my light form", "raw" material,[4] connoting the unfinished human being before God's eyes.[3] The Mishnah uses the term for an uncultivated person: "Seven characteristics are in an uncultivated person, and seven in a learned one", (Шаблон:Lang) (Avot 5:9 in the Hebrew text; English translations vary).

In Modern Hebrew, Шаблон:Transliteration is used to mean "dumb" or "helpless", or a pupa. Similarly, it is often used today as a metaphor for a mindless lunk or entity that serves a man under controlled conditions, but is hostile to him under other conditions.[1] "Golem" passed into Yiddish as Шаблон:Transliteration to mean someone who is lethargic or beneath a stupor.[5]

History

Earliest stories

The oldest stories of golems date to early Judaism. In the Talmud (Tractate Sanhedrin 38b), Adam was initially created as a golem (Шаблон:Lang) when his dust was "kneaded into a shapeless husk". Like Adam, all golems are created from mud by those close to divinity, but no anthropogenic golem is fully human. Early on, the main disability of the golem was its inability to speak. Sanhedrin 65b describes Rava creating a man (Шаблон:Transliteration). He sent the man to Rav Zeira. Rav Zeira spoke to him, but he did not answer. Rav Zeira said, "You were created by the sages; return to your dust" (Шаблон:Lang-arc).

During the Middle Ages, passages from the Sefer Yetzirah (Book of Formation) were studied as a means to create and animate a golem, although little in the writings of Jewish mysticism supports this belief. It was believed that golems could be activated by an ecstatic experience induced by the ritualistic use of various letters of the Hebrew alphabet[6] forming a "Шаблон:Transliteration" (any one of the Names of God), wherein the Шаблон:Transliteration was written on a piece of paper and inserted in the mouth or in the forehead of the golem.[7]

A golem is inscribed with Hebrew words in some tales (for example, some versions of Chełm and Prague, as well as in Polish tales and versions of the Brothers Grimm), such as the word Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Wikt-lang, "truth" in Hebrew) written on its forehead. The golem could then be deactivated by removing the aleph (א) in Шаблон:Transliteration,[8] thus changing the inscription from "truth" to "death" (Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:Wikt-lang, meaning "dead").

The earliest known written account of how to create a golem can be found in Sodei Razayya by Eleazar ben Judah of Worms of the late 12th and early 13th centuries.[9]

Samuel of Speyer (12th century) was said to have created a golem.

One source credits 11th-century Solomon ibn Gabirol with creating a golem,[10] possibly female, for household chores.[11]

In 1625, Joseph Delmedigo wrote that "many legends of this sort are current, particularly in Germany."[12]

The Golem of Chełm

Шаблон:See also

The oldest description of the creation of a golem by a historical figure is included in a tradition connected to Rabbi Eliyahu of Chełm (1550–1583).[6][3][12][13]

A Polish Kabbalist, writing in about 1630–1650, reported the creation of a golem by Rabbi Eliyahu thusly: "And I have heard, in a certain and explicit way, from several respectable persons that one man [living] close to our time, whose name is R. Eliyahu, the master of the name, who made a creature out of matter [Heb. Golem] and form [Heb. tzurah] and it performed hard work for him, for a long period, and the name of emet was hanging upon his neck until he finally removed it for a certain reason, the name from his neck and it turned to dust."[6] A similar account was reported by a Christian author, Christoph Arnold, in 1674.[6]

Rabbi Jacob Emden (d. 1776) elaborated on the story in a book published in 1748: "As an aside, I'll mention here what I heard from my father's holy mouth regarding the Golem created by his ancestor, the Gaon R. Eliyahu Ba'al Shem of blessed memory. When the Gaon saw that the Golem was growing larger and larger, he feared that the Golem would destroy the universe. He then removed the Holy Name that was embedded on his forehead, thus causing him to disintegrate and return to dust. Nonetheless, while he was engaged in extracting the Holy Name from him, the Golem injured him, scarring him on the face."[14]

According to the Polish Kabbalist, "the legend was known to several persons, thus allowing us to speculate that the legend had indeed circulated for some time before it was committed to writing and, consequently, we may assume that its origins are to be traced to the generation immediately following the death of R. Eliyahu, if not earlier."[6][15]

The classic narrative: The Golem of Prague

Файл:Rabbi Löw Saloun.JPG
Rabbi Loew statue at the New City Hall of Prague
Файл:Golem and Loew.jpg
Rabbi Loew and Golem by Mikoláš Aleš, 1899
Файл:Old New Synagogue-back.jpg
Old New Synagogue of Prague with the rungs of the ladder to the attic on the wall. In the legend, the Golem was in the loft
Файл:Ústěk Jewish museum.jpg
The Úštěk Synagogue with a statue of a Golem in Úštěk

The most famous golem narrative involves Judah Loew ben Bezalel, the late 16th-century rabbi of Prague, also known as the Maharal, who reportedly "created a golem out of clay from the banks of the Vltava River and brought it to life through rituals and Hebrew incantations to defend the Prague ghetto from antisemitic attacks and pogroms".[16][17] Depending on the version of the legend, the Jews in Prague were to be either expelled or killed under the rule of Rudolf II, the Holy Roman Emperor. The Golem was called Josef and was known as Yossele. He was said to be able to make himself invisible and summon spirits from the dead.[17] Rabbi Loew deactivated the Golem on Friday evenings by removing the shem before the Sabbath (Saturday) began,[7] so as to let it rest on Sabbath.[7]

One Friday evening, Rabbi Loew forgot to remove the shem, and feared that the Golem would desecrate the Sabbath.[7] A different story tells of a golem that fell in love, and when rejected, became the violent monster seen in most accounts. Some versions have the golem eventually going on a murderous rampage.[17] The rabbi then managed to pull the shem from his mouth and immobilize him[7] in front of the synagogue, whereupon the golem fell in pieces.[7] The Golem's body was stored in the attic genizah of the Old New Synagogue,[17] where it would be restored to life again if needed.[18]

Rabbi Loew then forbade anyone except his successors from going into the attic. Rabbi Yechezkel Landau, a successor of Rabbi Loew, reportedly wanted to go up the steps to the attic when he was Chief Rabbi of Prague to verify the tradition. Rabbi Landau fasted and immersed himself in a mikveh, wrapped himself in phylacteries and a prayer-shawl and started ascending the steps. At the top of the steps, he hesitated and then came immediately back down, trembling and frightened. He then re-enacted Rabbi Loew's original warning.[19]

According to legend, the body of Rabbi Loew's Golem still lies in the synagogue's attic.[7][17] When the attic was renovated in 1883, no evidence of the Golem was found.[20] Some versions of the tale state that the Golem was stolen from the genizah and entombed in a graveyard in Prague's Žižkov district, where the Žižkov Television Tower now stands. A recent legend tells of a Nazi agent ascending to the synagogue attic, dying under suspicious circumstances thereafter.[21] The attic is not open to the general public.[22]

Some Orthodox Jews believe that the Maharal did actually create a golem. The evidence for this belief has been analyzed from an Orthodox Jewish perspective by Shnayer Z. Leiman.[23][24]

Sources of the Prague narrative

The general view of historians and critics is that the story of the Golem of Prague was a German literary invention of the early 19th century. According to John Neubauer, the first writers on the Prague Golem were:

  • 1837: Berthold Auerbach, Spinoza
  • 1841: Gustav Philippson, Der Golam, eine Legende
  • 1841: Franz Klutschak, Der Golam des Rabbi Löw
  • 1842: Adam Tendlau Der Golem des Hoch-Rabbi-Löw
  • 1847: Leopold Weisel, Der Golem[25]

A few slightly earlier examples are known, in 1834[26][27] and 1836.[28][29]

All of these early accounts of the Golem of Prague are in German by Jewish writers. They are suggested to have emerged as part of a Jewish folklore movement parallel with the contemporary German folklore movement.[13]

The origins of the story have been obscured by attempts to exaggerate its age and to pretend that it dates from the time of the Maharal. Rabbi Yudel Rosenberg (1859–1935)[30] of Tarłów, before moving to Canada where he became one of its most prominent rabbis, is said to have originated the idea that the narrative dates from the time of the Maharal. Rosenberg published Nifl'os Maharal (Wonders of Maharal) (Piotrków, 1909),[30] which purported to be an eyewitness account by the Maharal's son-in-law, who had helped to create the Golem.

Rosenberg claimed that the book was based upon a manuscript that he found in the main library in Metz. Wonders of Maharal "is generally recognized in academic circles to be a literary hoax".[6][24][31] Gershom Sholem observed that the manuscript "contains not ancient legends, but modern fiction".[32] Rosenberg's claim was further disseminated in Chayim Bloch's (1881–1973) The Golem: Legends of the Ghetto of Prague, English edition 1925.

The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906 cites the historical work Zemach David by David Gans, a disciple of the Maharal, published in 1592.[7][33] In it, Gans writes of an audience between the Maharal and Rudolph II: "Our lord the emperor ... Rudolph ... sent for and called upon our master Rabbi Low ben Bezalel and received him with a welcome and merry expression, and spoke to him face to face, as one would to a friend. The nature and quality of their words are mysterious, sealed, and hidden."[34]Шаблон:Better source needed

But it has been said of this passage, "Even when [the Maharal is] eulogized, whether in David Gans' Zemach David or on his epitaph ..., not a word is said about the creation of a golem. No Hebrew work published in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries (even in Prague) is aware that the Maharal created a golem."[25] Furthermore, the Maharal himself did not refer to the Golem in his writings.[23] Rabbi Yedidiah Tiah Weil (1721–1805), a Prague resident, who described the creation of golems, including those created by Rabbis Avigdor Kara of Prague (died 1439) and Eliyahu of Chelm, did not mention the Maharal. Rabbi Meir Perils' biography of the Maharal[35] published in 1718 does not mention a golem.[13][23]

The Golem of Vilna

A similar tradition relates to the Vilna Gaon or "the saintly genius from Vilnius" (1720–1797). Rabbi Chaim Volozhin (Lithuania 1749–1821) reported in an introduction to Sifra de Tzeniuta that he once presented to his teacher, the Vilna Gaon, ten different versions of a certain passage in the Sefer Yetzira and asked the Gaon to determine the correct text.[36] The Gaon immediately identified one version as the accurate rendition of the passage.[36]

The amazed student then commented to his teacher that, with such clarity, he should easily be able to create a live human. The Gaon affirmed Rabbi Chaim's assertion and said that he once began to create a person when he was a child, under the age of 13, but during the process, he received a sign from Heaven ordering him to desist because of his tender age.[36]

Theme of hubris

Файл:Clay-golem.jpg
A statue of the Prague Golem created for the film The Emperor and the Golem

The existence of a golem is sometimes a mixed blessing. Golems are not intelligent, and if commanded to perform a task, they will perform the instructions literally. In many depictions, golems are inherently perfectly obedient. In its earliest known modern form, the Golem of Chełm became enormous and uncooperative. In one version of this story, the rabbi had to resort to trickery to deactivate it, whereupon it crumbled upon its creator and crushed him.[3]

A similar theme of hubris is seen in Frankenstein, The Sorcerer's Apprentice, and some other stories in popular culture, such as The Terminator. The theme manifests itself in R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), Karel Čapek's 1921 play that coined the term robot. The play was written in Prague, and while Čapek denied that he modeled the robot after the golem, many similarities are seen in the plot.[37]

Culture of the Czech Republic

The golem is a popular figure in the Czech Republic. The 1915 novel by Gustav Meyrink (The Golem) was briefly popular and did much to keep the imagination about the golem going. Several restaurants and other businesses have names that make reference to the creature. A Czech strongman, René Richter goes by the nickname "Golem",[17] and a Czech monster truck outfit calls itself the "Golem Team".[38]

Abraham Akkerman preceded his article on human automatism in the contemporary city with a short satirical poem on a pair of golems turning human.[39]

Clay Boy variation

A Yiddish and Slavic folktale is the Clay Boy, which combines elements of the golem and The Gingerbread Man, in which a lonely couple makes a child out of clay, with disastrous or comical consequences.[40]

In one common Russian version, an older couple, whose children have left home, make a boy out of clay and dry him by their hearth. The Clay Boy (Шаблон:Lang-ru, Шаблон:Transliteration) comes to life; at first, the couple is delighted and treats him like a real child, but the Clay Boy does not stop growing and eats all their food, then all their livestock, and then the Clay Boy eats his parents. The Clay Boy rampages through the village until he is smashed by a quick-thinking goat.[41]

Golem in popular culture

Файл:Mdm. Tussauds Prag 8.jpg
Golem depicted at Madame Tussauds in Prague

Шаблон:In popular culture

Film and television

Golems are frequently depicted in movies and television shows. Programs with them in the title include:

Other references to golems in popular culture include:

Literature

Tabletop and video games

Music

See also

Шаблон:Cols

Шаблон:Colend

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Cooper, Marilyn. Jewish Word | Golem". Шаблон:Webarchive Moment. 17 July 2017. 24 August 2017.
  2. ↑ Bible: Шаблон:Bibleverse
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Introduction to "The Golem Returns" Шаблон:Webarchive. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 Шаблон:Cite book page 296
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 7,7 GOLEM Шаблон:Webarchive. Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 23 September 2011.
  8. ↑ Kerstein, Benjamin. Jewish Ideas Daily. 14 September 2010. 24 August 2017.
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ Bokser, Ben Zion (2006). From the World of the Cabbalah. Kessinger. p. 57.
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite Jewish Encyclopedia
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Gelbin, C . S., The Golem Returns – From German Romantic Literature to Global Jewish Culture, 1808–2008 Шаблон:Webarchive, University of Michigan, 2011
  14. ↑ שו"ת שאילת יעב"ץ, ח"ב, סי' פ"ב Шаблон:Webarchive. Cf. his בירת מגדל עוז, Altona, 1748, p. 259a; מטפחת ספרים, Altona, 1768, p. 45a Шаблон:Webarchive; and מגילת ספר, ed. Kahana, Warsaw, 1896, p. 4 Шаблон:Webarchive. See also שו"ת חכם צבי, סי' צ"ג Шаблон:Webarchive, and the references cited in שו"ת חכם צבי עם ליקוטי הערות, Jerusalem, 1998, vol. 1, p. 421 and in the periodical כפר חב"ד, number 351 (1988), p. 51. Cited by Leiman, S.Z., "Did a Disciple of the Maharal Create a Golem?" Шаблон:Webarchive
  15. ↑ The tradition is also recorded in ה לחורבנה /תל-אביב: ארגון יוצאי חלם בישראל ובארה"ב, תשמ"א
  16. ↑ Green, Kayla. "The Golem in the Attic". Шаблон:Webarchive Moment. 1 February 2011. 25 August 2017.
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 17,4 17,5 Шаблон:Cite news
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  22. ↑ Old New Synagogue located in Praha, Czech Republic|Atlas Obscura|Curious and Wondrous Travel Destinations Шаблон:Webarchive. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved on 23 September 2011.
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 Leiman, S. Z., The Golem of Prague in Recent Rabbinic Literature Шаблон:Webarchive
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Leiman, S.Z., " The Adventure of the Maharal of Prague in London: R. Yudl Rosenberg and The Golem of Prague", Шаблон:Webarchive Tradition, 36:1, 2002
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Neubauer, J., "How did the Golem get to Prague?" Шаблон:Webarchive, in Cornis-Pope, M., and Neubauer, J. History of The Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe, John Benjamins, 2010, see also: Dekel E., Gurley D.E., "How Did Golem \came to Prague", JQR, Vol. 103, No. 2 (Spring 2013), pp. 241–258 [1] Шаблон:Webarchive
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  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Kieval, Hillel J. "Golem Legend". Шаблон:Webarchive The YIVO Encyclopedia. 24 August 2017.
  31. ↑ Sherwin, Byron L. (1985) The Golem Legend: Origins and Implications. New York: University Press of America
  32. ↑ Sholem, G., Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, Schocken, 1961
  33. ↑ HUNGARIAN STUDIES 2. No. 2. Nemzetközi Magyar Filológiai Társaság. Akadémiai Kiadó Budapest [1986] Шаблон:Webarchive. (PDF). Retrieved on 23 September 2011.
  34. ↑ Gans, D., Zemach David, ed. M.Breuer, Jerusalem, 1983, p.145, cited Rabbi Yehudah Yudel Rosenberg and the Maharal's Golem Шаблон:Webarchive
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  36. ↑ 36,0 36,1 36,2 Chaim of Volozhin. "Sifra de Tzeniuta, Introduction". Шаблон:Webarchive The Kabbalistic Tradition: An Anthology of Jewish Mysticism, edited by Alan Unterman. Google Books. 24 August 2017.
  37. ↑ Koreis, Voyen. Introduction. "Two Plays by Karel Capek: R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) & The Robber". Шаблон:Webarchive Google Books. 25 August 2017.
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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