Английская Википедия:Great Pontal Reserve
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox protected area The Great Pontal Reserve (Шаблон:Lang-pt), formally called the Pontal do Paranapanema State Reserve (Шаблон:Lang-pt), is an ecological reserve is the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It was created in 1942, but over the years suffered considerable degradation by illegal invasions and squatters. It was partly flooded after construction of the Eng Sérgio Motta Dam on the Paraná River. The reserve today is a poor agricultural region mostly used for cattle and sugar cane farming.
Creation
The Pontal do Paranapanema occupies the extreme west of the state of São Paulo. It is bounded to the north and west by the Paraná River and to the south by the Paranapanema River. To the east it was bounded by the advancing agricultural frontier.Шаблон:Sfn European occupation of the Pontal do Paranapanema region began in earnest when the Sorocabana Railway reached the Paraná River in 1917. Urban centers were built along the railway and intensive logging began, followed by farming of coffee, cotton, peanuts and cattle.Шаблон:Sfn
The governor of São Paulo state in the early 1940s, Fernando Costa, created three reserves to protect public land in the region.Шаблон:Sfn The Morro do Diabo Forest Reserve, which later became the Morro do Diabo State Park, was created on 29 October 1941. The Lagoa São Paulo Reserve was created on 6 November 1942, and the Great Pontal Reserve was created by decree 13.075 of 25 November 1942. These three reserves covered Шаблон:Convert of forest.Шаблон:Sfn
Degradation
Over the years that followed the Lagoa São Paulo and Great Pontal reserves continued to be invaded by squatters and deforested, often with government support.Шаблон:Sfn Costa's successor, Adhemar de Barros allowed this process, supported by the local mayors.Шаблон:Sfn Lagoa São Paulo Reserve was the first to be invaded, followed by the Great Pontal Reserve, which was reduced by Adhemar de Barros in 1944 from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn Between 1945 and 1965 most of the Great Pontal Reserve was deforested to make way for large cattle farms or for small farms of 5–15 alqueiresШаблон:Efn around urban locations.Шаблон:Sfn
Jânio Quadros came to power in 1955 and took a series of measures to protect the Lagoa São Paulo and Great Pontal reserves, which still had much of their forest cover intact. His successors were not interested in conservation, and in his second term Adhemar de Barros repealed the decrees published by Jânio Quadros, apart from one that had created the Morro do Diabo State Park.Шаблон:Sfn In 1975 the state launched construction of hydroelectric power plants on the Paranapanema and Paraná Rivers. Employees on these projects squatted on land in the reserves after they were dismissed.Шаблон:Sfn
Flooding
Damming of the Paraná River began in the 1980s for construction of the Engenheiro Sérgio Motta Hydroelectric Power Plant.Шаблон:Sfn The dam was built by the Companhia Energética de São Paulo (CESP).Шаблон:Sfn Law 10.018 of 2 July 1998 suppressed Шаблон:Convert of the Lagoa São Paulo Reserve and Шаблон:Convert of the Great Pontal Reserve that were being flooded by the reservoir. CESP was responsible for indemnities arising from the flooding.Шаблон:Sfn
Later history
By 1997 the reserve was a legal fiction that existed only on paper. The government proposed to end the land disputes by an arrangement under which squatters would return a portion of their land to the state in return for a clear title to the remainder. Three NGOs proposed modifications to the plan, which were partially accepted, to ensure that as far as possible the state would receive forested land. The forests would be used to create new conservation units linked through corridors to the Morro do Diabo State Park, and surrounded by agroforestry buffer zones.Шаблон:Sfn The Mico Leão Preto Ecological Station was created by federal decree on 16 July 2002.Шаблон:Sfn It consists of four separate fragments of Atlantic Forest within the Pontal do Paranapanema.Шаблон:Sfn
As of 2003 the Great Pontal Reserve still officially covered Шаблон:Convert in the municipalities of Euclides da Cunha Paulista, Marabá Paulista, Mirante do Paranapanema, Presidente Epitácio, Rosana and Teodoro Sampaio.Шаблон:Sfn Low fertility of the soil and distance from natural markets has meant that only cattle and sugarcane are profitable, and the region is the poorest in the state of São Paulo.Шаблон:Sfn In 2016 the Institute of Ecological Research (IPE) was undertaking various projects in the Pontal, including bee farming, planting bushes for sale, tree nurseries, coffee farming, studies of large mammals in the forest remnants and the Atlantic Forest Corridors project.Шаблон:Sfn
Notes
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