Английская Википедия:HMAS Sydney (D48)

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Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship careerШаблон:Infobox ship characteristics

HMAS Sydney, named for the Australian city of Sydney, was one of three modified Leander-class light cruisers operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Ordered for the Royal Navy as HMS Phaeton, the cruiser was purchased by the Australian government and renamed prior to her 1934 launch.

During the early part of her operational history, Sydney helped enforce sanctions during the Abyssinian Crisis, and at the start of World War II was assigned to convoy escort and patrol duties in Australian waters. In May 1940, Sydney joined the British Mediterranean Fleet for an eight-month deployment, during which she sank two Italian warships, participated in multiple shore bombardments, and provided support to the Malta Convoys, while receiving minimal damage and no casualties. On her return to Australia in February 1941, Sydney resumed convoy escort and patrol duties in home waters.

On 19 November 1941, Sydney was involved in a mutually destructive engagement with the Шаблон:Ship, and was lost with all hands (645 aboard). The wrecks of both ships were lost until 2008; Sydney was found on 17 March, five days after her adversary. SydneyШаблон:'s defeat is commonly attributed to the proximity of the two ships during the engagement, and KormoranШаблон:'s advantages of surprise and rapid, accurate fire. However, the cruiser's loss with all hands compared to the survival of most of the Germans has resulted in conspiracy theories alleging that the German commander used illegal ruses to lure Sydney into range, that a Japanese submarine was involved, and that the true events of the battle are concealed behind a wide-ranging cover-up, despite the lack of evidence for these allegations.

Construction and acquisition

The ship was laid down by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson at Wallsend-on-Tyne, England, on 8 July 1933 for the Royal Navy as HMS Phaeton, named after the Greek mythological figure.Шаблон:Sfn However, in 1934, the Australian government was seeking a replacement for the light cruiser Шаблон:HMAS, and negotiated to purchase Phaeton while she was still under construction.

The cruiser was renamed after the capital city of New South Wales, and was launched on 22 September 1934 by Ethel Bruce, the wife of Stanley Bruce, former prime minister of Australia and the serving Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney was commissioned into the RAN on 24 September 1935, drawing her ship's company from Brisbane, which had been decommissioned earlier that day.Шаблон:Sfn

Following the announcement that Australia was purchasing a British-built cruiser, there was criticism, primarily from the Opposition of the day, stating that such a warship should be built using Australian resources and labour.Шаблон:Sfn Several reasons were given in reply for acquiring British-built cruisers instead of Australian-made: the ship was already close to completion, the pending threat of war meant that there was not enough time to train Australians in the necessary shipbuilding skills, and that of the two cruisers built in Australian shipyards, one (Шаблон:HMAS) had taken seven years to complete.Шаблон:Sfn

Design

Шаблон:Main Sydney was one of three Modified Leander-class light cruisers acquired by the RAN during the late 1930s. Although the first ship of the class to join the RAN, Sydney was the second ship to be laid down, although the first to be completed, in what was sometimes referred to as the Perth class: Шаблон:HMAS and Шаблон:HMAS operated with the Royal Navy for a short period before they were purchased by Australia in 1938.Шаблон:Sfn Like most British cruisers, the Leanders were designed for long-range patrols, scouting, and trade protection duties.Шаблон:Sfn

SydneyШаблон:'s displacement ranged between 6,701 tons (light) and 8,940 tons (full load), with a standard displacement of 7,198 tons: improved fabrication and welding techniques made her 52 tons lighter than her sister ships. She had a length of Шаблон:Convert between perpendiculars and Шаблон:Convert overall,Шаблон:Efn a beam of Шаблон:Convert, and a draught at standard displacement between Шаблон:Convert forward and Шаблон:Convert aft.

The ship was propelled by four Admiralty 3-drum boilers, feeding Parsons single-reduction geared turbines, which supplied Шаблон:Convert to the four propeller shafts.Шаблон:Sfn Unlike the first five Leanders, which had their machinery arranged on the "in-line" principle (consisting of six boilers in three compartments forward, and four turbines in two further compartments aft), Sydney was designed with two redundant machinery groups, a design practice adopted from the United States Navy. The cruiser had two boilers and the turbines for the outer shafts forward, and two boilers and the turbines for the inner shafts aft; as steam from any boiler could be routed to any turbine, the ship could continue operating if one space was damaged.Шаблон:Sfn

Each space had its own uptake, giving the modified ships a different profile to the single-funnelled early Leanders; an arrangement which contributed to naval historian Henry Lenton's description of the Modified Leanders as "the most handsome cruisers ever built by the Royal Navy, with a symmetry that was as attractive as it was functional."Шаблон:Sfn

Sydney and her sister ships were constructed from Шаблон:Convert hull plating, with a Шаблон:Convert armour belt over the machinery spaces (the lengthening of this belt from Шаблон:Convert to adequately cover both spaces negated the weight reduction from their reorganisation), and Шаблон:Convert plates over the shell rooms and magazines.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney was the first Australian warship fitted with asdic; a Type 125 unit in a retractable pattern 3069 dome.Шаблон:Sfn The retractable sonar dome, located near the bow, was a weak point in the hull.Шаблон:Sfn

One of the cruiser's early commanding officers, Royal Navy Captain J.W.A. Waller, believed that the ship's single director control tower was a weak point in the design.Шаблон:Sfn The director control tower was the highest compartment on the ship, from where personnel would determine the range and optimum firing angle for a gun salvo, then transmit this information to the gun turrets: the actual firing could be controlled from the tower or the turret.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Waller believed that the centralised system could be destroyed with a single hit, or the wiring linking the compartment to the turrets could be severed, forcing the four turrets to rely on independent control.Шаблон:Sfn Although Waller suggested that a second tower be installed aft to provide redundancy, it was deferred indefinitely as subsequent commanding officers did not share his concerns, and combat experiences of other Leander-class cruisers showed that the system was more robust than expected.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Armament

SydneyШаблон:'s main armament consisted of eight 6-inch (152 mm) breech-loading Mk XXIII guns mounted in four Mk XXI twin turrets: "A" and "B" forward, "X" and "Y" aft.Шаблон:Sfn All eight guns could be fired in salvo, elevated to an angle of 60° and depressed to −5°, and fire eight rounds a minute at targets up to Шаблон:Convert away.Шаблон:Sfn

A twin barrelled warship turret. Four young sailors are working on the barrels: two are sitting astride the barrels, while the other two work from the deck.

Sailors working on the Шаблон:Convert diameter barrels of "A" turret, following the Battle of Cape Spada in 1940

Four 4-inch (100 mm) quick-firing Mk V guns, mounted on single, high-angle, Mk IV mountings, were fitted to a platform around the aft funnel.Шаблон:Sfn These were primarily used to target aircraft at heights up to Шаблон:Convert, but could also be used against surface targets, with a maximum range of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn Their replacement with eight Mk XIX high-angle/low-angle guns in four twin mounts, which was to occur in the late 1930s, was prevented by the outbreak of World War II.Шаблон:Sfn The guns could have been swapped out during a maintenance docking, but the demand for cruisers and SydneyШаблон:'s fortune in never sustaining major damage meant that the additional time in dock could not be justified.Шаблон:Sfn For close-range anti-aircraft defence, the 4-inch guns were supplemented by twelve Шаблон:Convert Vickers Mk III machine guns, which were arranged in three Mk II quadruple mountings, one on each side of the forward superstructure, and the third on top of the aft superstructure.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

A mixture of 0.303-inch (7.7 mm) machine guns were used for close defence work, and could be fitted to pedestals at various points on the ship, primarily around the bridge and on the three searchlight platforms (one either side of the forward funnel, the third raised above the aft superstructure).Шаблон:Sfn At launch, Sydney carried fourteen Lewis machine guns and two Vickers machine guns, but by the start of World War II, the Lewis guns had been reduced to nine, and the Vickers guns removed completely.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Eight 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes were fitted in two QR Mk VII quadruple mounts to the deck below the platform for the 4-inch guns.Шаблон:Sfn Only eight Mark 9 torpedoes were carried. Sydney was fitted with a single depth charge rail at the stern, which held five Mk VII depth charges.Шаблон:Sfn Four 3-pounder (47-mm, 1.9-in) quick-firing Hotchkiss guns were carried as saluting guns.Шаблон:Sfn These were removed during the August 1940 refit.Шаблон:Sfn

Sydney was fitted with a Шаблон:Convert, cordite-powered revolving catapult between the two funnels, which was used to launch a Supermarine Walrus (sometimes described as a Seagull V) amphibious aircraft.Шаблон:Sfn The Walrus was operated by Royal Australian Air Force personnel from No. 5 Squadron RAAF (which was redesignated No. 9 Squadron RAAF in 1939). The 7-ton electric crane used to recover the aircraft also served to deploy most of the ship's boats.Шаблон:Sfn

Operational history

Early history

Sydney completed working up trials before sailing from Portsmouth on 29 October 1935, Captain J.U.P. Fitzgerald RN in command.Шаблон:Sfn Almost immediately after departing, Sydney was instructed to join the Royal Navy's Mediterranean Fleet at Gibraltar and assist the 2nd Cruiser Squadron in enforcing economic sanctions against Italy in response to the Abyssinian crisis.Шаблон:Sfn During January 1936, the cruiser underwent maintenance in Alexandria and visited medical facilities in Cyprus: cases of rubella and mumps had been circulating through the ship's company since late 1935.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In March, Sydney was reassigned the 1st Cruiser Squadron, where she and the heavy cruiser Шаблон:HMAS continued to enforce sanctions and participate in fleet exercises with Royal Navy units.Шаблон:Sfn Following the resolution of the Abyssinian crisis, Sydney departed for Australia on 14 July; reaching Fremantle in late July before visiting Melbourne on 8 August and arriving in her namesake city three days later.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:HMAS Sydney SLV H98.105 2529.jpg

Sydney, circa 1935

After reaching Australian waters, Sydney spent most of her time on fleet exercises and training cruises.Шаблон:Sfn In 1938, the cruiser was one of several RAN units prepared to respond to the Munich crisis, but all ships stood down after the potential war was averted.Шаблон:Sfn From 17 to 19 April 1939, Sydney was one of eight warships involved in a joint forces trade protection exercise off the south-east Australian coast.Шаблон:Sfn In early August 1939, Sydney was in Darwin, prior to visiting the Netherlands East Indies.Шаблон:Sfn However, in response to the events which prompted the start of World War II, Sydney was ordered to sail to Fremantle on a war footing, where she arrived on 22 August.

Start of World War II

Following the declaration of war, Sydney was instructed to carry out patrol and escort duties in Australian waters.Шаблон:Sfn Captain John Collins took over command of Sydney on 16 November.Шаблон:Sfn On 28 November, Sydney joined the Australian heavy cruisers Шаблон:HMAS and Шаблон:HMAS in an unsuccessful four-day search for the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee, which was known to be operating in the Indian Ocean.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney was relieved by Шаблон:HMAS on 13 December, and sailed to Cockatoo Island Dockyard in Sydney for a maintenance docking.Шаблон:Sfn The work was completed in late January 1940, and as a shakedown cruise Sydney joined Canberra and the British ships Leander and Шаблон:HMS in escorting the Suez-bound Anzac convoy US 1; Sydney broke off after the convoy left the east coast of Australia and returned to Sydney.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Returning to Fremantle on 6 February, Sydney relieved Australia as the cruiser responsible for patrol and escort duties on the west coast.Шаблон:Sfn

On 19 April, Sydney joined the escort of Anzac convoy US 2 off Albany, and remained with the convoy until it reached the Cocos Islands on 28 April and was replaced by Шаблон:Ship.Шаблон:Sfn The Australian cruiser set course for Fremantle, but on 1 May was assigned to the East Indies Station and rerouted to Colombo, where she arrived on 8 May.Шаблон:Sfn Arriving in Colombo on 8 May, Sydney was immediately tasked with meeting Anzac convoy US 3 off the Cocos Islands and escorting it across the Indian Ocean.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The cruiser departed on 12 May, but while en route, she was instructed to make for the Mediterranean.Шаблон:Sfn

Arriving back in Colombo on 18 May, Sydney replenished before sailing at high speed to Aden, where she arrived four days later.Шаблон:Sfn The Australian cruiser, accompanied by HM Ships Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS, departed the next day, with the ships crossing the Suez Canal during the night of 25–26 May, and arriving in Alexandria that afternoon at 15:30.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney was originally marked for operations in the Red Sea, but after observing the performance of an Australian five-destroyer flotilla assigned to the British Mediterranean Fleet, Admiral Andrew Cunningham decided to "keep the Australian cruiser for himself" and attached Sydney to the Royal Navy's 7th Cruiser Squadron.

Mediterranean operations

Sydney was in Alexandria harbour on 10 June 1940, and that evening learned of Italy's intention to declare war at midnight.Шаблон:Sfn By 01:00 on 11 June, all ships in harbour had departed to search for Italian warships in position to attack Alexandria, and secure the sea lines of communication in the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean.Шаблон:Sfn The Australian cruiser was involved in the westbound sweep, and sailed as far as the Gulf of Taranto during the four-day operation.Шаблон:Sfn Apart from an unsuccessful depth charge attack on a suspected submarine during the afternoon of 13 June, Sydney did not encounter any enemy vessels.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:HMAS Sydney 4 inch guns SLV H98.105 3249.jpg

4-inch guns on HMAS Sydney

On 21 June, Sydney fired in anger for the first time, joining the British cruisers Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS, the French battleship Lorraine, and a force of destroyers in shelling the Italian-controlled Libyan port of Bardia.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney focused her fire on a military camp throughout the twenty-two-minute bombardment.Шаблон:Sfn During this operation, the Australian ship's Walrus amphibian performed bombardment spotting for the squadron, but was fired on by three biplanes: although reported at the time as Italian Fiat CR.42 Falcos, the attackers were later determined to be British Gloster Gladiators.Шаблон:Sfn The pilot flew the damaged aircraft to Mersa Matruh, and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his skill in doing so, but the unrepairable Walrus was the only casualty of the operation.Шаблон:Sfn The next day, a retaliatory airstrike against the ships, by then having returned to Alexandria, failed to do damage.Шаблон:Sfn

That same day, Germany and Vichy France signed the Second Armistice at Compiègne: although French warships (which had until that point operated with the Allies) were ordered to return to France and disarm, the British government was unwilling to allow them to fall into Axis hands.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney and the British warships in Alexandria turned their guns on the French, but unlike the situation in Mers-el-Kébir, which deteriorated into a naval battle, British Admiral Cunningham and French Admiral René-Emile Godfroy peacefully negotiated to disarm the ships at Alexandria.Шаблон:Sfn

Sydney and other elements of the 7th Squadron sailed from Alexandria on 27 June, escorting a Malta convoy.Шаблон:Sfn Late on 28 June, the ships engaged a force of three Italian destroyers carrying out a ressuply mission to Tobruk.Шаблон:Sfn Although two Italian vessels were able to continue their way, the third, Espero was disabled.Шаблон:Sfn At 20:00, Sydney (which had little opportunity to fire during the engagement) was detailed to recover any survivors and sink the destroyer while the rest of the force continued on to Malta.Шаблон:Sfn However, while Шаблон:Convert from Espero, the Italian ship fired two shells, both of which fell in line with but short of the cruiser.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney opened fire, and after four salvos struck the destroyer with no shots fired in return, resumed the approach.Шаблон:Sfn Espero sank at 20:35, and Sydney remained in the area for almost two hours to collect survivors despite the risk of submarine attack, before she was ordered to withdraw to Alexandria.Шаблон:Sfn The cruiser rescued 47 Italians (three of whom died from wounds during the return voyage), and left a fully provisioned cutter in the water to be used by other Italian survivors after Sydney had departed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

On the evening of 7 July, Sydney departed from Alexandria as part of a fleet including four other light cruisers, three battleships, an aircraft carrier, and sixteen destroyers, divided into three groups.Шаблон:Sfn The three groups were to rendezvous on 9 July at a point Шаблон:Convert east of Cape Passero and Шаблон:Convert from Malta, at which point the destroyers would escort two convoys outbound from Malta, while the other vessels would attack targets of opportunity around Sicily. However, early on 8 June, the British submarine Шаблон:HMS reported that she had unsuccessfully attacked an Italian fleet including two battleships.Шаблон:Sfn Throughout the day, the fleet had to defend itself from multiple Italian air raids: at one point Sydney and the other cruisers of the 7th Squadron attacked what they thought was a high-flying bomber, but was later determined to be the planet Venus.Шаблон:Sfn Aerial reconnaissance located the Italian force during the afternoon, which was made up of at least two battleships, accompanied by multiple cruisers and destroyers.Шаблон:Sfn The sightings of such a large force of warships, combined with the heavy air attack, led Admiral Andrew Cunningham to conclude that the Italians were also covering a major convoy, and decide to reposition his fleet between the Italians and Taranto, the projected destination.Шаблон:Sfn

Contact with the Italian fleet was lost during the night, but regained in the morning of 9 July.Шаблон:Sfn By 14:00, the Allied fleet had positioned itself in the Italians' path, and Cunningham ordered them west, to close on the projected position of the enemy and engage.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney spotted smoke at 14:45, and made visual contact with a force of five cruisers just after 15:00.Шаблон:Sfn The Allied cruiser squadron, supported by the battleship Шаблон:HMS altered their course northward, and at 15:20, Sydney opened fire on an Italian Zara-class cruiser, Шаблон:Convert distant, but both the Allied and Italian cruiser forces were unable to successfully hit their opposing numbers.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney remained unsuccessful until the late part of the engagement, when she successfully shelled a smokescreen-laying destroyer.Шаблон:Sfn The naval component of what came to be known as the Battle of Calabria concluded around 17:00, with Cunningham unwilling to pursue the Italian fleet through the smokescreen they had created.Шаблон:Sfn The Allied ships instead broke off for Malta, while enduring several heavy but ineffective air attacks; during the safe delivery of Malta Convoy MA 5 and the return to Alexandria on 13 July, Sydney sustained no damage, but expended all her anti-aircraft ammunition.Шаблон:Sfn SydneyШаблон:'s participation in the battle earned the ship a battle honour: "Calabria 1940".Шаблон:Sfn

Close up of a ship's funnel, which has a large hole in the side. Sailors are smiling and waving at the photographer from the top of the funnel and inside the hole.

Sailors from Sydney posing around and in the forward funnel shellhole. This was the only damage received by the Australian cruiser during the battle of Cape Spada.

The Australian cruiser spent five days in Alexandria for resupply and maintenance, before departing for Crete with the British destroyer Шаблон:HMS.Шаблон:Sfn They arrived at sunset on 18 July, and the next morning, the two ships were ordered to patrol the Gulf of Athens for Axis warships and shipping, while providing support for a four-ship destroyer force (HM Ships Шаблон:HMS, Шаблон:HMS, Шаблон:HMS, and Шаблон:HMS) conducting an anti-submarine sweep north of Crete.Шаблон:Sfn Believing that these two tasks were incompatible, and that protecting the destroyers was the more important, SydneyШаблон:'s commander, Captain John Collins, ordered the two ships to move Шаблон:Convert south of their patrol area while maintaining radio silence. At 07:20 on 19 July, the destroyer force spotted and was spotted by a pair of Italian light cruisers; Giovanni dalle Bande Nere and Bartolomeo Colleoni, which opened fire seven minutes later.Шаблон:Sfn The British destroyers turned to a north-east heading and set off at Шаблон:Convert, broadcasting news of the attack to the silent Sydney while closing the gap between the two forces. Using the wireless signals to track the four destroyers, Sydney and Havock made to intercept the destroyers and their cruiser pursuit, and was able to close at least half an hour earlier than if they had followed their original instructions: when Sydney opened fire on Bande Nere at 08:29, both sides were surprised by the appearance of the cruiser.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Within minutes, Sydney had successfully damaged Bande Nere, and when the Italians withdrew to the south, the six Allied ships pursued.Шаблон:Sfn At 08:48, with Bande Nere hiding behind a smoke screen, Sydney shifted her fire to Bartolomeo Colleoni, which was disabled by 09:33.Шаблон:Sfn Collins ordered the destroyers to torpedo the ship and rescue survivors: Hyperion, Ilex, and Havock did so, while Hero and Hasty supported Sydney in continuing pursuit of Bande Nere.Шаблон:Sfn At 10:37, the chase ended, as the faster Italian cruiser had outrun the Allies, visibility was reduced by smoke and haze, and ammunition aboard the pursuing ships was low: Sydney had ten shells left for her forward turrets.Шаблон:Sfn The six ships returned to Alexandria around 11:00 on 20 July after fending off several air attacks (one of which damaged Havock), and were met by cheering from all ships in the harbour.Шаблон:Sfn

The only damage to Sydney during what came to be known as the Battle of Cape Spada was caused by a shell at 09:21, which knocked a hole in the forward funnel, and wounded a sailor through splinter damage.Шаблон:Sfn For his actions, Collins was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath, while other officers and sailors from Sydney received two Distinguished Service Orders, two Distinguished Service Crosses, five Distinguished Service Medals, and twelve Mentions in Despatches between them.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Sydney herself was awarded the battle honour "Spada 1940".Шаблон:Sfn

After refuelling and rearming, Sydney and Шаблон:HMS departed Alexandria on 27 July to join the covering force for a southbound convoy from the Aegean.Шаблон:Sfn The ships were attacked five times that afternoon by aircraft, but Sydney escaped with only minor damage and shrapnel wounds.Шаблон:Sfn The two cruisers broke away from the convoy the next day to locate and sink the Greek tanker Ermioni, which was supplying the Italian-held Dodecanese Islands.Шаблон:Sfn The two cruisers located Ermioni just before dusk: Sydney provided anti-submarine protection while the tanker's crew were convinced to transfer to the British warships, after which Ermioni was shelled by Neptune.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The two ships returned to Alexandria on 30 July, and Sydney departed the same day in company with Шаблон:HMS for a three-day patrol.Шаблон:Sfn

Black-and-white aerial photograph of a two-funnelled cruiser underway. Alternating light and dark bands are painted on the side of the ship.

Sydney underway in August 1941. The ship's first camouflage pattern can be seen on the starboard flank. Shortly after this photograph was taken, the camouflage pattern was changed.

Back in Alexandria, Sydney underwent a refit, during which a Шаблон:Convert high, Шаблон:Convert thick wall of armour plating was constructed around the 4-inch gun platform, while the ship's company repainted the ship from standard grey to a naval camouflage pattern.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The refit was completed by 12 August, when Sydney, Neptune, and five destroyers set off to interdict Axis shipping along the north African coast and the Aegean Sea.Шаблон:Sfn The operation was cancelled after no ships were located during the first two days, and Sydney was tasked with assisting a destroyer squadron during shore bombardments at Bomba and Bardia.Шаблон:Sfn At the end of the month, the cruiser joined the escort of Malta convoy MB 5.Шаблон:Sfn

On the return voyage, Sydney and several other vessels were tasked with attacking Italian facilities. Canvas and timber were used to alter the cruiser's profile to resemble an Italian Condottieri-class cruiser, allowing her to manoeuvre close to Scarpanto during the night of 3–4 September.Шаблон:Sfn At dawn, Sydney and the British destroyer Ilex attacked the Italian Makri Yalo Airbase at Scarpanto; the cruiser fired 135 shells in 25 minutes, while the destroyer fended off five E-boats, sinking two.Шаблон:Sfn On completion, the two ships rejoined the fleet, but were again mistaken for Italian warships and nearly fired on before Sydney raised the White Ensign and cut down her disguise.Шаблон:Sfn Admiral Cunningham congratulated Sydney with the message "Well Done. You are a stormy petrel.", which was adopted as a nickname for the cruiser.Шаблон:Sfn On her return to Alexandria, the Australian cruiser underwent another short refit, which was completed late in the month: on 24 September Sydney supported Шаблон:HMS during the interception of a French merchant ship, then completed a two-day patrol west of Cyprus.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Late on 28 September, Sydney joined the heavy escort of a Malta-bound troop convoy.Шаблон:Sfn During the return voyage, Sydney and Шаблон:HMS left the fleet on 1 October for a sweep of the Aegean Sea, which was concluded with a brief bombardment of Maltezana before returning to Alexandria two days later.

Файл:HMAS Sydney 1934 crew.jpg

Group portrait of the 645-strong ship's company following the action against Bartolomeo Colleoni in July 1940

The entire Mediterranean fleet sailed from Alexandria on 8 October to provide cover for several Malta Convoys, and attempt to draw the Italian fleet into battle. The convoys reached their destination safely, and the operation was uneventful for Sydney; the only contact with Italian forces was an engagement during the early morning of 12 October between the British cruiser Шаблон:HMS and seven Italian torpedo boats and destroyers, of which Ajax sank three and damaged a fourth. From 25 October, Sydney, Orion, and the destroyers Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS were engaged in a sweep of the Aegean for Axis vessels, reaching as far north as the Dardanelles.Шаблон:Sfn No major incidents occurred until 28 October, when the Italians invaded Greece: the four ships were recalled to Alexandria, where they arrived that evening.Шаблон:Sfn Shortly after, the two cruisers were joined by HM Ships Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS and met the main force of the Mediterranean fleet west of Crete on 30 October.Шаблон:Sfn Over the next few days, the warships patrolled around Crete and along the Greek mainland, and provided cover for the first supply convoy to Crete.Шаблон:Sfn

On 5 November, Sydney and Шаблон:HMS departed from Port Said with military equipment to be used to establish an Allied advanced base at Souda Bay, Crete.Шаблон:Sfn After delivering the equipment, which included almost 1,000 soldiers, the equipment for a Bofors battery, cases of food, and several trucks, the cruisers rejoined the main fleet.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Mediterranean Fleet remained on patrol for several days, and during the night of 11–12 November, while the bulk of the fleet supported the world's first all-naval-aircraft attack on the Italian fleet anchored in Taranto, Sydney, Ajax, Orion and the destroyers Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS attempted to transit the Strait of Otranto as a diversion.Шаблон:Sfn Despite the mission of "looking for trouble", the northbound passage through the strait passed without incident.Шаблон:Sfn The return was not so uneventful: at 01:20, a convoy of four merchantmen with two escorting destroyers was spotted by SydneyШаблон:'s lookouts.Шаблон:Sfn The Allied warships manoeuvred in close, and opened fire at 01:27: Sydney directing her fire onto a freighter Шаблон:Convert away.Шаблон:Sfn During the 23-minute engagement, the cruiser successfully contributed to the destruction of three merchant ships and damaged a destroyer, avoided a torpedo, and unsuccessfully fired two in return.Шаблон:Sfn At 01:57, the undamaged Allied force departed the strait, and met the main fleet before midday.Шаблон:Sfn

From 15 to 20 November, Sydney and three other cruisers transported 4,000 Allied soldiers and their equipment from Alexandria to the Piraeus as reinforcements for the Greek military.Шаблон:Sfn On returning to Alexandria, Sydney deployed with the majority of the Mediterranean fleet to cover multiple convoys across the sea: the Australian cruiser spent the remainder of the month operating throughout the eastern and central Mediterranean, and was bombed by Italian aircraft on 24 November at Souda Bay, but escaped damage.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney started December in the Aegean, where she escorted convoys and shelled the port of Valona, then proceeded to Malta for a refit and repairs to her rudder, which lasted until the end of the year.Шаблон:Sfn During this refit, the cruiser was fitted with degaussing equipment.Шаблон:Sfn The ship rejoined the fleet on 8 January 1941, when she was instructed to head home after proceeding along the north coast of Africa and linking up with any Australia-bound merchant ships she encountered.Шаблон:Sfn The recall was attributed to the need to bring Sydney in for a major refit and give her personnel leave, a plan to spread combat experience throughout the RAN by trading the cruiser with her sister ship, Шаблон:HMAS, and a need to protect Australia against the German merchant raiders operating in the area, particularly following the attacks on Nauru.Шаблон:Sfn

A two-funnelled cruiser slowly manoeuvring into position next to a wharf. Several small boats surround the cruiser, and a large crowd waits behind the wharf fence. The Sydney Harbour Bridge and northern shore of the harbour are in the background.

Sydney manoeuvring to come alongside at Sydney Cove on 10 February 1941

Before leaving, 100 of the ship's company were removed on 11 January, so they could be sent to England to help man the new N-class destroyers.Шаблон:Sfn The next day, the ship sailed for Aden via the Suez Canal.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney and the troopship Шаблон:Ship left Aden on 16 January to join Convoy SW 4B, which Sydney escorted until relieved by Шаблон:HMS four days later.Шаблон:Sfn The Australian cruiser was instructed to attack any Italian ships at Mogadiscio, but as there were no large merchant ships in port and Sydney was forbidden to attack the harbour itself, she then proceeded to the Seychelles to refuel.Шаблон:Sfn On 24 January, Sydney was one of several warships which responded to an attack on the merchantman Mandasor by the German merchant raider Atlantis.Шаблон:Sfn Despite a three-day search, Sydney did not come into contact with Atlantis.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney resumed her voyage home, and arrived in her namesake city after sunset on 9 February.Шаблон:Sfn The cruiser anchored in Watsons Bay for the night, then sailed into the inner harbour the next morning and tied up alongside at Sydney Cove to a heroes' welcome.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On 11 February, a holiday was declared for school students in Sydney, so they could join the thousands of people who witnessed the ship's company perform a freedom of entry march.Шаблон:Sfn

As well as the battle honours for the battles at Calabria and Cape Spada, Sydney was granted the "Mediterranean 1940" battle honour for her various actions during the Mediterranean naval campaign.Шаблон:Sfn During the eight-month deployment, the only fatality in the ship's company was a death due to illness.Шаблон:Sfn

Australian waters

Following a short refit, Sydney sailed for Fremantle on 27 February, where she was assigned to escort and patrol tasks in the Indian Ocean. This primarily involved meeting convoys off the southern Australian coast and escorting them on the next leg of their journey, either westbound to the Middle East and Europe, or northwards to the Dutch East Indies.

In April, Sydney escorted the troopship Queen Mary from Fremantle to Jervis Bay, before embarking Admiral Ragnar Colvin and a party of advisors from all three branches of the Australian military and transporting them to Singapore by 19 April for a secret conference between the British Commonwealth, the Netherlands East Indies, and the United States of America.Шаблон:Sfn The cruiser returned to Fremantle before month's end, after which Collins handed command over to Captain Joseph Burnett on 15 May.Шаблон:Sfn Shortly after, the cruiser escorted the transport SS Zealandia during a troop transport run to Singapore.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney escorted the troopship to Sunda Strait, where responsibility was handed over to the British light cruiser Шаблон:HMS.Шаблон:Sfn

In early June, Sydney met Zealandia and Danae on the troopship's return voyage, and took over escort duties from Sunda Strait back to Fremantle.Шаблон:Sfn After replenishing in Fremantle, Zealandia joined a multiple ship convoy to the east coast of Australia, which was also escorted by Sydney.Шаблон:Sfn The convoy departed on 24 June and made for Sydney, after which the cruiser joined the escort of a Pacific convoy before returning for maintenance.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This concluded on 8 August, when Sydney escorted the troopship Awatea to New Zealand, then Fiji.Шаблон:Sfn

Photograph of the stern and wake of a ship. Two more ships are following in the distance. There is a rocky island to the right.

The troopships Queen Mary (right) and Queen Elizabeth (left) sailing in Bass Strait, as seen from the stern of Sydney

On her return to Sydney at the end of August, the cruiser joined the troopships Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth during the first leg of their voyage (Anzac convoy US 12A), escorting them until rendezvousing with Canberra in the Great Australian Bight.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney then sailed to Melbourne, and remained until 19 September, during which her camouflage was repainted in a new pattern.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The cruiser then escorted the four-ship Anzac convoy US 12B to Fremantle: heavy seas while crossing the Great Australian Bight caused "A" turret to become jammed on a port facing. This was repaired in Fremantle, and the convoy proceeded to Sunda Strait, where Sydney handed the merchant ships over to the British cruisers Шаблон:HMS and Danae on 3 October and set course for Fremantle.Шаблон:Sfn On the night of 5–6 October, a mysterious ship that responded to challenge signals near Rottnest Island then disappeared led the Naval Officer in Charge Fremantle to believe that the approaches to the harbour had been mined.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney was diverted to intercept Queen Mary before the troopship reached Fremantle, and ordered to remain with her until a channel was swept and found free of mines.Шаблон:Sfn After reaching port on 7 October, Sydney officially assumed patrol and escort duties in Western Australian waters.Шаблон:Sfn

The next few weeks were uneventful for Sydney, and between 18 and 29 October, the cruiser visited Geraldton and Bunbury.Шаблон:Sfn On 2 November, the Australian cruiser sailed to meet Zealandia off Albany.Шаблон:Sfn The troopship was on a second troop transport run to Singapore; delivering the 8th Division.Шаблон:Sfn The two ships returned to Fremantle, and on 11 November, they departed for Sunda Strait.Шаблон:Sfn Zealandia was handed over on 17 November to Шаблон:HMS for the next leg, and the Australian cruiser turned for home: she was scheduled to arrive in Fremantle late on 20 November.Шаблон:Sfn

Final battle and loss

Note: all times in this section are UTC+7

On the afternoon of 19 November 1941, Sydney was off the coast of Western Australia, near Carnarvon, and heading south towards Fremantle.Шаблон:Sfn Around 15:55, the cruiser spotted a merchant ship on a northbound course, which quickly turned away from the coast at Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn Sydney increased speed to Шаблон:Convert and made to intercept.Шаблон:Sfn As she closed the gap, Sydney began to signal the unidentified merchantman, first by signal light, then after no reply was forthcoming and the distance between the two ships had decreased, by a combination of light and signal flag.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The merchant ship hoisted her callsign, but as she was ahead and just port of Sydney, the flags were obscured by the funnel.Шаблон:Sfn The cruiser sent a request that the merchant ship make her signal letters clear, which the signals officer did by lengthening the halyard and swinging the flags clear.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The callsign was that of the Dutch ship Straat Malakka, but she was not on SydneyШаблон:'s list of ships meant to be in the area.Шаблон:Sfn Further flag signals were exchanged between the ships, with Sydney asking the Dutch ship's destination and cargo.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

At 17:00, a distress signal was transmitted by Straat Malakka, indicating that she was being pursued by a merchant raider.Шаблон:Sfn Following this, Sydney pulled alongside the merchant ship from astern; pacing the merchantman on a parallel course, approximately Шаблон:Convert away.Шаблон:Sfn SydneyШаблон:'s main guns and port torpedo launcher were trained on the ship, while she sent the interior portion of Straat MalakkaШаблон:'s secret callsign.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Fifteen minutes later, at around 17:30, the merchantman had not replied, and Sydney sent a signal ordering her to show the secret callsign.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1985-117-02A, Hilfskreuzer Kormoran.jpg

The auxiliary cruiser Kormoran in 1940

Straat Malakka had not replied because she was the German auxiliary cruiser Шаблон:Ship in disguise, and when asked to reveal a callsign the Germans did not know, Kormoran responded by decamouflaging and opening fire.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Prompted by the raider's unveiling, Sydney also fired (accounts are divided as to which ship fired first), but while her first salvo either missed or passed through KormoranШаблон:'s upper superstructure with minimal damage, four of the raider's six Шаблон:Convert guns (the other two guns were on the port side and could not fire to starboard) were able to destroy the cruiser's bridge and gun director tower, damage the forward turrets, and set the aircraft on fire.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Sydney did not fire again until after the raider's sixth salvo: "Y" turret fired without effect, but "X" turret was able to put multiple shells into Kormoran, damaging machinery spaces and one of the raider's guns, while igniting an oil tank.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn During this, Kormoran maintained heavy fire, and around the time of the eighth or ninth German salvo, a torpedo launched at the start of the engagement hit Sydney just forward of "A" turret and near the ASDIC compartment (the weakest point on the ship's hull), ripping a hole in the side and causing the bow of the cruiser to angle down.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Down by the bows, the cruiser swung hard to port, and passed behind Kormoran; during the turn, shells from the raider knocked "B" turret off Sydney.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

By 17:35, Sydney was heading south and losing speed, wreathed in smoke from multiple fires.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Her main armament was disabled (the two aft turrets had jammed on a port facing and could not be swung around), and her secondary guns were out of effective range.Шаблон:Sfn The cruiser continued to be hit by shells from KormoranШаблон:'s aft guns as the distance between the ships increased.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Germans reported that around 17:45, all four torpedoes from SydneyШаблон:'s starboard launcher were fired, but as Kormoran was manoeuvring to bring her port broadside to bear, they all missed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In fact, only two torpedoes from SydneyШаблон:'s port launcher were ever fired, which must have happened some time earlier. The raider's engines broke down after this turn, but she continued to fire on Sydney at a high rate despite being immobilised, although many of the shells would have missed as the distance between the two ships increased.Шаблон:Sfn Kormoran ceased fire at 17:50, with the range at Шаблон:Convert, and launched another torpedo at 18:00, but missed Sydney.Шаблон:Sfn

The Australian cruiser continued on a south-south-east heading at low speed; observers aboard Kormoran doubted that Sydney was under control.Шаблон:Sfn Although disappearing over the horizon shortly later, the glow from the damaged, burning warship was consistently seen by the Germans until about 22:00, and sporadically until midnight.Шаблон:Sfn At some point during the night, Sydney lost buoyancy and sank: the bow was torn off as she submerged and descended almost vertically, while the rest of the hull glided Шаблон:Convert forward as she sank, hitting the bottom upright and stern first.Шаблон:Sfn SydneyШаблон:'s shells had crippled Kormoran; the German sailors abandoned ship after it was determined that below-deck fires could not be controlled before they reached the gun magazines or the mines in the cargo hold.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The raider was scuttled at midnight, and sank slowly until the mine deck exploded half an hour later.Шаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

SydneyШаблон:'s failure to reach Fremantle on 20 November was not initially cause for concern, as several factors might have delayed the cruiser, none of which were sufficient reason to break the order to maintain wireless silence.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn However, with no sign of the cruiser by 23 November, shore-based wireless stations began transmitting orders for Sydney to break silence and report in.Шаблон:Sfn A raft of German survivors was recovered by a British tanker on 24 November, at which point a large-scale air and sea search began.Шаблон:Sfn During this search, which lasted until the evening of 29 November 318 survivors from KormoranШаблон:'s 399 personnel were found, but apart from a carley float and a lifebelt, nothing from Sydney or the 645 aboard was recovered.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:HMAS Sydney memo.jpg

Memo from Frederick Shedden, Secretary to the War Cabinet, to Prime Minister John Curtin; the first formal advice to the Prime Minister that Sydney was believed lost.

Australian Prime Minister John Curtin officially announced the loss of the cruiser during the afternoon of 30 November.Шаблон:Sfn SydneyШаблон:'s destruction was a major blow to Australian morale and military capability: her ship's company made up 35 percent of the RAN's wartime casualties. The cruiser's loss did not have the same impact internationally; Japan entered World War II with attacks on Pearl Harbor on 7 December, just over a week after SydneyШаблон:'s loss was announced, and two British capital ships were destroyed within a fortnight, with the loss of Singapore following shortly after.Шаблон:Sfn

The German survivors were taken to Fremantle and interrogated.Шаблон:Sfn Attempts to learn what had happened were hampered by the German officers instructing their sailors to obfuscate the enemy with false answers, people describing events they did not witness but heard of later, and difficulty in keeping groups separated in order to check their stories against each other.Шаблон:Sfn Despite this, Australian authorities were able to piece together the broad details of the battle, which was verified by a group of German sailors who had been taken to Sydney instead: their interviews showed the same commonalities and inconsistencies as those from Fremantle, and the interrogators concluded that the true story was being recounted.Шаблон:Sfn Interrogations were concluded in December, and by the end of January, KormoranШаблон:'s personnel had been moved to prisoner-of-war camps in Victoria, where they remained until their repatriation to Germany in early 1947.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

On 6 February 1942, a Carley float containing a dead body was spotted just off Christmas Island and towed ashore.Шаблон:Sfn Examination of the raft and its occupant led the island's inhabitants to believe that they were from Sydney.Шаблон:Sfn Although a 1949 investigation conducted by the Royal Navy stated the raft was not from HMAS Sydney, and while some historians agreed, others concluded that the raft and the body originated from Sydney.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The body was exhumed in October 2006 and reburied at Geraldton Cemetery in November 2008, after DNA was extracted.Шаблон:Sfn On 19 November 2021, Australian Minister for Veterans’ Affairs Andrew Gee announced that comparison of the extracted DNA with that of relatives of Sydney personnel had identified the sailor as Able Seaman Thomas Welsby Clark who had joined Sydney in August 1941, approximately four months before her sinking.

Controversy

Файл:Carley float from HMAS Sydney at the AWM January 2022.jpg

The carley float recovered from HMAS Sydney on display at the Australian War Memorial

Шаблон:Main The battle between Sydney and Kormoran is seen as controversial: the disbelief that a modified merchant ship could so successfully defeat a cruiser combined with the lack of Australian survivors led some to believe that the German account was false.Шаблон:Sfn Rumours that the battle was not what it seemed had been around since Sydney failed to reach Fremantle on schedule in 1941, but several historians (including Tom Frame and Wesley Olson) credit Michael Montgomery and his 1980 book Who Sank The Sydney? with igniting the controversy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The main claims made by supporters of an alternative view of the engagement include: that the Germans fired on Sydney before raising their battle ensign, or after using a flag of surrender or signals of distress to lure the cruiser in, that a Japanese submarine was partially or completely responsible for sinking Sydney, that the involvement of the Japanese was covered up to lure the United States into the war, and that Australian survivors were killed in the water to eliminate witnesses.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Other claims, less widely heard, include a belief that Sydney was not at action stations and thus not prepared for KormoranШаблон:'s attack, distress calls from the cruiser were heard by Australian shore facilities but ignored, and that survivors were captured then executed by the Japanese.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

These claims have been proven false by historians and researchers; the 1998 inquiry by the Joint Standing Committee for Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade concluded that the German accounts were a "feasible" interpretation of the battle, but there was no reliable evidence to support any of the alternative claims, while the 2009 report for the Cole Inquiry (the third volume of which was completely dedicated to the "frauds, conspiracies and speculations" surrounding the battle) found nothing to substantiate any of the theories raised.Шаблон:Sfn

In addition, most researchers have speculated as to why Sydney was so close to an unknown vessel, with various levels of blame assigned to Captain Burnett for the demise of his ship.Шаблон:Sfn Theories to explain Burnett's actions include that he was inexperienced or incompetent, deceived by KormoranШаблон:'s disguise, the idea that he was under conflicting orders instructing that raiders be attacked at range but enemy supply ships be captured, or that he was trying to clearly identify the merchantman.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Search and rediscovery

Шаблон:Main Despite the approximate position of Kormoran being known (most German accounts giving the battle coordinates as Шаблон:Coord), the required search area for both ships was immense.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Calculating a search area was complicated by the fact that several people distrusted the German location, and believed the ships would be found further south and closer to shore.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Several attempts to bring supporters of the 'northern' and 'southern' positions to a consensus and narrow down the potential search area were unsuccessful.Шаблон:Sfn

Multiple searches were carried out by the RAN between 1974 and 1997 (using the survey ship Шаблон:HMAS and later the trials ship Шаблон:HMAS), but efforts were restricted to the continental shelf, and were usually in response to civilian claims that they had found Sydney at a certain location.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Other searches were conducted by RAAF aircraft carrying magnetometers; again, these were only in response to possible location claims.Шаблон:Sfn These searches failed to find either ship.

American shipwreck hunter David Mearns first learned of the battle in 1996, and began to study it as a prelude to a search for the ships in 2001.Шаблон:Sfn Mearns, with the aid of other researchers, focused on primary sources (rediscovering several archive files and diaries in the process), and came to the conclusion that the German accounts were true, and that the ship would be found at the northern position.Шаблон:Sfn After attracting the interest of the RAN, Mearns entered into a partnership with HMAS Sydney Search, a not-for-profit company set up to administer and help fund an expedition to locate Sydney and Kormoran.Шаблон:Sfn State and Federal government grants totalling just under A$5 million, coupled with private and corporate donations, were used to fund a 45-day search from the end of February to early April 2008.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Location map many Mearns' plan was to inspect a Шаблон:Convert search box around the German location with a deep-water, towed side-scan sonar to locate Kormoran, after which the search team would be able to narrow down the search area for Sydney.Шаблон:Sfn After locating one or both vessels, the search ship (survey vessel SV Geosounder, chartered from the subsea exploration company DOF Subsea Australia) would return to port and replace the sonar with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to photograph and video the wrecks.Шаблон:Sfn

After problems with equipment and weather, Geosounder commenced the search, and located Kormoran on 12 March 2008 at Шаблон:Coord.Шаблон:Sfn Using the newly discovered wreck and the accounts of the Germans describing SydneyШаблон:'s heading, speed, and last sighting after the battle, a Шаблон:Convert search box for the cruiser was calculated: the dramatically smaller area was due to the quality of information regarding SydneyШаблон:'s position and heading in relation to Kormoran, while the raider's location consisted of only broad coordinates.Шаблон:Sfn

The mangled wreck of a naval gun turret. The photograph has a blue tinge, as it was taken in deep water.

SydneyШаблон:'s damaged "A" turret

Sydney was located on 17 March 2008 just after 11:00, only hours after KormoranШаблон:'s discovery was made public.Шаблон:Sfn News that the cruiser had been found was announced by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd on 18 March.Шаблон:Sfn SydneyШаблон:'s wreck was located at Шаблон:Coord at Шаблон:Convert below sea level, Шаблон:Convert south-east of the raider.Шаблон:Sfn The bow of the cruiser had broken off as the ship sank, and was located at the opposite end of a debris field stretching less than Шаблон:Convert north-west from the hull, which was sitting upright on the ocean floor.Шаблон:Sfn On discovery, both wrecks were placed under the protection of the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976, which penalises anyone disturbing a protected shipwreck with a fine of up to A$10,000 or a maximum five years imprisonment.Шаблон:Sfn Both wrecks were placed on the Australian National Heritage List on 14 March 2011.

After the side-scan sonar aboard Geosounder was switched out for the ROV (again delayed by technical issues and more bad weather), the survey ship returned to SydneyШаблон:'s wreck site on 3 April, and performed a detailed study of the ship and her debris field.Шаблон:Sfn Inspections were also carried out on Kormoran and the believed battle site (the latter found to be outcrops of pillow lava), before Mearns declared the search over on 7 April.Шаблон:Sfn In April 2015, an expedition to the wrecks by Curtin University and the Western Australian Museum commenced, with the objective of using 3D imaging to map the wrecksites for further study, and to determine if any deterioration since the 2008 discovery requires the development of a conservation management plan.

Awards, memorials, and legacy

Sydney was granted the battle honour "Kormoran 1941" in recognition of the damage done to Kormoran.Шаблон:Sfn This was one of only three honours awarded during the 20th century for the sinking of a single ship, and the second to a ship named Sydney (the other had been awarded to the previous Sydney for her defeat of the German light cruiser SMS Emden at the Battle of Cocos).Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:HMAS Sydney Memorial.jpg

The memorial at Geraldton

The main memorial for the loss of Sydney is located at Geraldton, Western Australia, on top of Mount Scott.Шаблон:Sfn Planning for the memorial commenced in late 1997, after a speech by Sydney researcher Glenys McDonald at the local Rotary club.Шаблон:Sfn The first, temporary memorial (consisting of a large boulder, a flagpole, and a bronze plaque), was installed prior to 19 November 1998, and was used in a remembrance ceremony that year.Шаблон:Sfn During the playing of the Last Post, a large flock of seagulls flew over the participants and headed out to sea in formation: this became a major feature of the permanent memorial.Шаблон:Sfn The permanent memorial included four major elements: a stele of the same size and shape of the ship's prow, a granite wall listing the ship's company, a bronze statue of a woman looking out to sea and waiting in vain for the cruiser to come home, and a dome (dubbed the "dome of souls") onto which 645 stainless steel seagulls were welded.Шаблон:Sfn

The memorial (minus the stele, which had not been completed in time) was dedicated on 18 November 2001, and was used the next evening for a commemoration ceremony marking the 60th anniversary of the ship's loss.Шаблон:Sfn In May 2009, the memorial was recognised by the Australian government as being of national significance. By 2011, the stele had been completed, and a fifth element—a pool of remembrance containing a map of the region and the marked position of SydneyШаблон:'s wreck—had been added.

Two tall stained glass windows. The left window shows an aircraft carrier about to launch an aircraft, while the right depicts two cruisers and an aircraft carrier at sea. A memorial plaque sits between the windows.

Memorial windows for the first three HMA Ships Sydney (right) and the carrier Шаблон:HMAS (left)

Other memorials commemorating the loss of Sydney include an oak tree planted at the Melbourne Shrine of Remembrance, and an avenue in Carnarvon lined with 645 trees.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The service of Sydney, along with the other ships of the same name, is commemorated by a stained-glass window at the Garden Island Naval Chapel,Шаблон:Sfn and by the mast of the first Шаблон:HMAS at Bradleys Head, New South Wales. The names of those killed aboard Sydney are inscribed at the Australian War Memorial.Шаблон:Sfn

The "HMAS Sydney Replacement Fund" was established to help finance the acquisition of a replacement ship. The AU£426,000 raised was contributed to the purchase of Australia's first aircraft carrier in the late 1940s; the Majestic-class carrier was named Шаблон:HMAS upon her commissioning into the RAN in December 1948. This Sydney operated during the Korean War, then was modified into a troop transport and served in the Vietnam War, before her sale for scrap in 1973.Шаблон:Sfn

The Supermarine Seagull V aircraft that operated from Sydney between 1937 and 1938 still survives as part of the collection of the Royal Air Force Museum at Colindale in north London.

The "HMAS Sydney II Cup" was introduced in 2010 as a commemorative trophy competed for by two Australian Football League clubs, the Sydney Swans (representing the ship's namesake) and the West Coast Eagles (representing the site of the ship's loss), in an annual match.Шаблон:Sfn The trophy is based on the cruiser's battle honour board, while the design of a Best On Ground trophy for the match's best player is based on a shell casing from the frigate Sydney.Шаблон:Sfn

References

Books

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Reports and websites

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News articles

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Press releases

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External links

• Sinking of the HMAS Sydney at National Archives of Australia
• HMAS Sydney Search Pty Ltd, The Finding Sydney Foundation (official website)
• HMAS Sydney (II), Royal Australian Navy
• HMAS Sydney (II) website, by the Western Australian Museum
• Virtual Memorial to HMAS Sydney set up by the Finding Sydney Foundation and the Naval Association of Australia
• Website for the HMAS Sydney Memorial at Geraldton
• Bullet-riddled Carley life float from HMAS Sydney in the Australian War Memorial, CanberraШаблон:Dead link