Английская Википедия:HMS Caroline (1795)
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Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship careerШаблон:Infobox ship characteristicsHMS Caroline was a 36-gun fifth-rate Шаблон:Sclass frigate of the Royal Navy. She was designed by Sir John Henslow and launched in 1795 at Rotherhithe by John Randall. Caroline was a lengthened copy of Шаблон:HMS with improved speed but more instability. The frigate was commissioned in July 1795 under Captain William Luke to serve in the North Sea Fleet of Admiral Adam Duncan. Caroline spent less than a year in the North Sea before being transferred to the Lisbon Station. Here she was tasked to hunt down or interdict French shipping while protecting British merchant ships, with service taking her from off Lisbon to Cadiz and into the Mediterranean Sea. In 1799 the ship assisted in the tracking of the French fleet of Admiral Étienne Eustache Bruix, and in 1800 she participated in the blockade of Cadiz.
In 1803 Caroline brought the news of the declaration of war with France to the East Indies where she would stay for the rest of her service. The ship's main role in the Indies was attacking the possessions of the French and their allies and as such she participated in a number of important events, including the Java campaign of 1806–1807 in which she fought the action of 18 October 1806. The frigate also played an active role in the Persian Gulf campaign of 1809, the invasion of the Spice Islands where her crew were instrumental in capturing Banda Neira, and the invasion of Java in 1811. After this Caroline returned home to be paid off at Portsmouth where she was hulked. Her last, and most successful, commander was Captain Sir Christopher Cole. Caroline was broken up at Deptford in 1815.
Construction
Caroline was a 36-gun, 18-pounder Шаблон:Sclass frigate designed by Sir John Henslow.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Her class was designed as a lengthened version of the frigate Шаблон:HMS.Шаблон:Sfnp This was an attempt by the Admiralty at the beginning of the French Revolutionary War to increase the speed and general performance of their frigates.Шаблон:Sfnp The new ships were given wider gun port spacings than on Inconstant in an attempt to increase spacing between the guns themselves, which resulted in guns having to be placed on the extreme ends of the ships.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp This in turn meant that the class was known to pitch heavily.Шаблон:Sfnp
The ships were thought to be slightly faster than previous designs of Henslow, being capable of reaching Шаблон:Convert, but bought this speed with decreased stability.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Similar to other ships designed in the 1790s, Caroline had solid barricades on the quarterdeck and forecastle to increase protection to the crew and provide extra space for guns.Шаблон:Sfnp The ship had originally been planned to hold 6-pound guns in these new positions, but on 16 March 1795 before the ship had been launched, the 6-pounders were upgraded to 9-pounders and her ten 32-pound carronades were also added to the design.Шаблон:Sfnp
Caroline was ordered to be built at Rotherhithe by John Randall & Co. on 24 May 1794. She was laid down in June of the same year and launched on 17 June 1795 with the following dimensions: Шаблон:Convert along the gun deck, Шаблон:Convert at the keel, with a beam of Шаблон:Convert and a depth in the hold of Шаблон:Convert. She measured 924 Шаблон:Small tons burthen. The fitting out process for Caroline was completed at Deptford on 25 September.Шаблон:Sfnp The design and armament of the ship were not considerably altered after her launch or during service, with the only major change being the addition of two 6-pounders on 4 March 1805.Шаблон:Sfnp As such she sailed throughout her career with twenty-six 18-pounders on her gundeck, eight 9-pounders and six 32-pound carronades on her quarterdeck, and two 9-pounders and four 32-pound carronades on her forecastle.Шаблон:Sfnp Other ships of her class such as Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS received armament overhauls in 1812 and 1813, but by this point Caroline had already been hulked.Шаблон:Sfnp
Service
Lisbon Station
1795–1797
Caroline was commissioned by Captain William Luke in July 1795 to serve in the French Revolutionary Wars, beginning her career in the North Sea Fleet of Admiral Adam Duncan. The frigate served in close contact with Duncan, being able to react quickly to his orders and split off from the fleet where necessary.[1] On 1 December the frigate took the 14-gun brig Le Pandore off the Texel after a chase of one hour, however Le PandoreШаблон:'s companion, the 12-gun brig Le Septnie, escaped while the crew of Le Pandore were being removed.[2]Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp After this Caroline transferred to the Lisbon Station, tasked with patrolling from Cape Finisterre to the southern border of Spain and Portugal, where she took an 18-gun corvette in April 1796, and the 10-gun privateer polacre La Zenodene off Cape Palos on 23 May.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Soon after this on 11 August the frigate sailed briefly for the Mediterranean Sea.Шаблон:Sfnp There the frigate captured the French privateer Rochellaire on 20 August alongside the ships-of-the-line Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS, the frigate Шаблон:HMS, and the sloop Шаблон:HMS.[3] Sailing with the ship-of-the-line Шаблон:HMS and the frigates Alcmene and Шаблон:HMS, she then captured the Spanish merchant Adriana on 5 November.[4] Activity continued into 1797, with the Spanish brig San Joseph being captured by Caroline and the frigate Шаблон:HMS on 16 February and another Spanish brig, San Luis, taken by Caroline on 5 July.[5][6] In September she sailed to the Cape of Good Hope with Colonel Arthur Wellesley on board as he went to join his regiment in India.Шаблон:Sfnp
1798–1799
The frigate continued throughout this period to serve on the Lisbon Station while also spending considerable time around Cadiz and the edges of the Mediterranean while assigned to Admiral Lord St Vincent's fleet.Шаблон:Sfnp As part of such, in 1798, she shared in the proceeds of the capture of the merchants Umbarca Souda, on 18 February, Constanza, on 26 April, and Strella de Mare, on 9 May, and the Spanish privateer El Carmen on 27 February.[7][8] Between 19 March and 26 April Caroline also captured the French privateers Le Francois, Le Fortune, and Le Vainqueur.[9] The ship recaptured the East India Company ship Шаблон:Ship on 29 June, after she had been taken by the French privateer Mercure on 17 June.[10] Caroline continued to share in the fleet's merchant captures, with Il Terrice on 21 July and Virgin d'Idra on 18 September.[7] While patrolling off the Savage Islands with the frigate Шаблон:HMS on 4 October, Caroline took the privateer Le President Parker.Шаблон:Refn Earlier in the day the frigate had retaken the merchant ship Bird of Liverpool, on her way to Africa, which had been taken by Le President Parker on 27 September.[11]
This began a small string of successes for Caroline, with her boats destroying the 1-gun privateer L'Esperance at Tenerife on 16 October and four days later taking the 10-gun privateer Le Baret at the same location, again with Flora.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp The ship also shared in the capture of the merchants Nostra Senora de Misericordia and San Joseph on 20 October.[7] In November command of the ship briefly transferred to Captain Lord Henry Paulet.Шаблон:Sfnp On 21 November Caroline and Flora took the Spanish merchant El Bolante off Madeira, and then on 23 November the 10-gun French privateer La Garonne.Шаблон:Sfnp In December Paulet was replaced by Captain William Bowen; Caroline took the 12-gun privateer brig Le Ferailleur on 4 December by tricking her into believing the frigate and two small prizes with her were a merchant convoy.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Caroline continued on station off Lisbon throughout 1799 as well.Шаблон:Sfnp On 27 January the frigate recaptured the British letter of marque Jane which she had been chasing since JaneШаблон:'s captor, the privateer L'Intrepide, had been taken and disclosed her location on 25 January.Шаблон:Sfnp In the same month Drie Vrienden Hoy and the brig Nymph were also recaptured.[12] With continuing success, Caroline and Flora retook Six Sisters, which had been captured by a French privateer, in early February and captured the French privateers L'Aventure on 14 February and La Legere on 19 April.Шаблон:Sfnp[13][8] On 24 June the frigate followed and reported the position of Admiral Étienne Eustache Bruix's escaped French fleet to Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Cotton, assisting Cotton in his hunt for Bruix that saw him chase the French from Brest to the Mediterranean.Шаблон:Sfnp On 31 August Caroline took the privateer La Resolve and then on 26 December El Fleche and La Voiture.[14]
1800–1801
On 15 January 1800 Caroline took the 22-gun privateer Vulture at Шаблон:Coord. Caroline sighted Vulture Шаблон:Convert west of Lisbon chasing the merchant brig Flora; Vulture attempted to escape and threw two of her guns overboard to increase her speed, but in the evening Caroline captured her without a shot being fired.Шаблон:Refn The frigate then took the Danish merchant Young Johannes, laden with wine, on 8 April.[15] In late 1800 Caroline began to serve in Rear-Admiral Sir James Saumarez's Cadiz blockade squadron.Шаблон:Sfnp Caroline often patrolled with the brig HMS Salamine, together taking on Christmas Day the French brig Good Friends, which was laden with cannon and mortars, and the French 4-gun xebec privateer Le Regulus laden with arms on 21 January 1801.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp[16] Continuing a busy start to the year, Caroline and the brig Шаблон:HMS detained the Swedish brig Active on 1 February as she travelled to Leghorn.Шаблон:Sfnp The frigate continued off Cadiz throughout 1801, forming part of the bolstered squadron there in August, retaking the merchantman Prince of Wales on 5 October, and going into Portsmouth from there on 1 December.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp[17]
Initial East Indies service
1802–1803
At the start of 1802 Caroline shared in the capture of the merchant Tito with much of the squadron.[18] On 10 February the frigate returned from Cadiz to be paid off at Portsmouth.Шаблон:Sfnp She was refitted at Woolwich between March 1802 and February 1803, being recommissioned on 9 November 1802, shortly before the Peace of Amiens ended, beginning to serve in the Napoleonic Wars under Captain Benjamin William Page.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Caroline served on the Irish Station until May 1803.Шаблон:Sfnp The ship then received immediate orders to sail for the East Indies carrying the declaration of war upon France and instructions to detain all Dutch vessels. Page had so little time to react that the ship was never configured for service anywhere else but Ireland.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
On 28 May Caroline was in sight of the ship-of-the-line Шаблон:HMS as she captured the French frigate L'Ambuscade, previously the British HMS Ambuscade, and thus shared in the prize of her.[19] A day later she captured the French merchant brig La Bonne Mere.[13] Caroline took the 6-gun privateer Haasje off the Cape of Good Hope on 2 August while on voyage; Haasje had been bound for India with dispatches from Napoleon.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Haasje was sent in to Saint Helena, where the news of war she carried caused Dutch ships to be impounded and English merchant ships to stop sailing out of convoys.Шаблон:Sfnp No longer having to keep her knowledge of the war secret, the ship detained the Dutch merchant Henrica Johanna on 3 August.Шаблон:Refn[20] The passage to the East Indies took 103 days, with Caroline only stopping briefly at Madeira for water and wine.Шаблон:Sfnp Here Caroline sent dignitaries to the governor of the island, only for the representatives to mistake the governor's butler for him.Шаблон:Sfnp The frigate completed the voyage of 13,000 miles without losing any men to sickness, for which the discipline and cleanliness of the ship were praised.Шаблон:Sfnp The ship arrived in the East Indies on 6 September and took the French merchant Petite Africaine a day later.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
1804
For the next few months into early 1804 Caroline escorted convoys through the Bay of Bengal, and then on 5 January captured the 8-gun privateer Les Frères Unis around Шаблон:Convert south-west of Little Andaman.Шаблон:Refn[21]Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp During the pursuit one crewmember of Les Frères Unis was killed by a musket shot from the frigate; fifty-five members of her crew were actually soldiers who had travelled to Mauritius from Bourdeaux in July 1803. On 4 February Caroline discovered the 26-gun privateer Le Général du Caen in the channel south of Preparis island; both ships used all their possible sail in the ensuing chase but the frigate used her superior sailing qualities to get close enough to fire into Le Général du Caen with her chase guns, at which point she surrendered.Шаблон:Sfnp[21] Les Frères Unis and Le Général du Caen were both taken soon after their arrival from France and did not have any time to attack British shipping before being captured. The service of Caroline in stopping these privateers was rewarded in the presenting of swords worth 500 guineas to Page from both the Bombay and Madras merchant communities.Шаблон:Sfnp
On 10 March Caroline was sent as lead escort ship, along with the fourth-rate Шаблон:HMS, frigate HMS Dedaigneuse, and sloop Шаблон:HMS, to protect the valuable Bengal convoy sailing to and from China.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp It was suspected by Vice-Admiral Peter Rainier that the convoy would come under attack from the French admiral Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois's squadron as had happened previously with Commodore Nathaniel Dance's convoy.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Sfnp In early October Caroline and the convoy weathered a typhoon.Шаблон:Sfnp In the last day of this, a seaman on Caroline fell from her masts; the frigate was not able to halt her progress for another three-quarters of a mile (1.2 km), and the seaman was presumed drowned.Шаблон:Sfnp When further investigated it was found that the man was still swimming strongly in the distance and six men went in the ship's jolly boat to rescue him. Upon bringing the man back, the occupants of the boat were swept overboard by the waves as it was being brought on board; the boat was cut from its ropes into the sea again, and all survived in what was described as an 'extraordinary instance of preservation'.Шаблон:Sfnp No attack being made on the convoy, it reached Canton at the end of November and returned safely on 20 January 1805.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
Java campaign
1805–1806
In April 1805 Captain Peter Rainier assumed command of Caroline.Шаблон:Refn[21]Шаблон:Sfnp She captured the French 14-gun privateer brig Gautavie in the same month.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:As written, of 20 guns and 120 men, prize to Caroline arrived at Bombay on 7 April.[22]
Midway through 1805, CarolineШаблон:'s surgeon, the writer and disease expert James Johnson, left the ship; through his travels with the ship he had compiled a series of geographical and medical notes, as well as naval anecdotes, that he used to produce a number of works including The Oriental Voyager.Шаблон:Sfnp
In October 1806 the frigate was part of Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Troubridge's squadron blockading Batavia, from where a large Dutch squadron had been threatening merchant shipping.Шаблон:Sfnp On the morning of 18 October Caroline took a small brig while on station.[21] The crew of this brig informed Rainier that the 36-gun Dutch frigate Phoenix was currently under repair nearby, and Caroline set out to find her.[21]Шаблон:Sfnp
While doing so, the ship discovered two brigs at anchor off Batavia; one of these was the 14-gun Dutch brig Zeerob which had sailed from Bantem.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Sfnp[21] Zeerob was captured by Caroline, but the other brig was too close to the shore to be pursued and made her escape into Batavia, where she sheltered with Phoenix and the 36-gun frigate Maria Reijersbergen, the 20-gun sloop William, the 18-gun Patriot, and the 14-gun Zeeplong.[21]Шаблон:Sfnp As the brig escaped, Phoenix emerged from the inner harbour in an attempt to manoeuvre away from Caroline.Шаблон:Sfnp Caroline entered the harbour and sailed for Maria Reijersbergen, determining her to be the largest threat, firing at her from the range of half a pistol shot; after around thirty minutes of bombardment the Dutch frigate surrendered.[21]Шаблон:Sfnp Her consorts, Patriot, William, and Zeeplong, all failed to engage Caroline, making the battle much fairer than it should have been considering the number of ships present.Шаблон:Sfnp
While Maria Reijersbergen had a full complement of 270 men, Caroline was fifty-seven men below complement in the fight due to men having been sent away in prize ships or being in hospital.[21]Шаблон:Sfnp The ship had three seamen killed as well as four Dutch prisoners who were being held in the hold at the time; eighteen men were wounded with six mortally so, including the lieutenant of marines.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp The Dutch ship had around fifty men killed and wounded and was heavily damaged due to the efficiency of CarolineШаблон:'s guns; her rigging (including a yard shot in half), masts, and hull all received damage in the battle.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Caroline fought her opponent in very shallow water surrounded by dangerous shoals, and was not able to chase the other ships that had been sheltering alongside the frigate. Despite this the Dutch ships, including six merchants, ran themselves aground to ensure they would not be captured by her.[21]Шаблон:Sfnp
On 27 November a squadron under Rear-Admiral Edward Pellew sailed for Batavia to complete the destruction begun by Caroline.Шаблон:Refn Pellew's ships could not enter due to the shallow shoals, and thus sent in their boats to attack the beached Dutch vessels; PhoenixШаблон:'s crew scuttled her upon the boats' approach, and the British succeeded in burning all the ships that had escaped Caroline.Шаблон:Sfnp Maria Reijersbergen was bought into the Royal Navy as Шаблон:HMS.Шаблон:Refn[21]
1807
On 27 January 1807 the frigate was sailing near the Philippines having recently finished convoying the East India Company ships Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship, when a strange sail was sighted on the horizon.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp A chase of the ship ensued and when Caroline came within gunshot the ship raised Spanish colours; soon after the enemy ship was discommoded by a change in the winds and the ship was able to come alongside her. The enemy ship, despite being much smaller than Caroline, began to fire into her; the frigate returned her fire, and the ship surrendered to her after having twenty seven of her crew killed or wounded.Шаблон:Sfnp Upon investigation it was found that the ship was the 16-gun St. Raphael sailing as Pallas, she had on board 500,000 dollars in specie and 1,700 quintals of copper.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Sfnp In capturing this valuable prize Caroline had only seven men wounded, of which one later died, but illness meant that she returned to port with only a small portion of her crew fit to serve.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
By June Caroline was with Pellew's squadron, with him serving jointly as commander-in-chief with Troubridge, at Madras.Шаблон:Sfnp The ship was sent with the frigate HMS Psyche to hunt for two Dutch ships-of-the-line that had escaped from Batavia in 1806, and on 29 August they arrived off Surabaya; here they captured a merchant vessel on 30 August that informed them that the Dutch ships were lying in a state of disrepair inside the nearby port of Gresik.Шаблон:Refn[21]Шаблон:Sfnp Having successfully discovered the enemy ships, Psyche went on to destroy a number of Dutch merchant ships lying off the coast while Caroline chased a strange sail.[21] On 31 August Caroline shared by agreement in PsycheШаблон:'s capture of the Dutch corvette Шаблон:Ship, which was bought into the navy as HMS Samarang.[23] From September Commander Henry Hart took command of the frigate as her acting-captain, still in Pellew's squadron.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp On 20 October the squadron left Madras for Gresik, the harbour that Caroline and Psyche had reconnoitered in August.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Sfnp
The squadron arrived on 5 December and on 11 December attacked the port. Caroline was used by Pellew as his flagship for some of the operation after his actual flagship, the ship-of-the-line Шаблон:HMS, grounded herself and her crew became intoxicated on a store of liquor.Шаблон:Sfnp When Culloden grounded Caroline was directly astern of her and it was thought that Caroline would either hit Culloden or have to run herself ashore to escape that, but through the quick use of a spare anchor the crisis was averted just before Caroline hit the flagship's stern.Шаблон:Sfnp The squadron then burned the three Dutch ships-of-the-line present, and a large merchant ship, all of which had been scuttled by the Dutch, and destroyed the fort, its gun batteries, and the dockyard.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Hart was in charge of the landings and then commanded the troops during the attack against the port's infrastructure.Шаблон:Sfnp
This action meant that the Dutch no longer had an active navy presence in the East Indies.Шаблон:Sfnp A committee from Surabaya spoke with the squadron and stopped further destruction in return for their assistance in replenishing the squadron with food and other supplies.Шаблон:Sfnp Having repaired and replenished themselves, the ships left Gresik on 17 December.Шаблон:Sfnp Continuing her duties, Caroline participated in an engagement with a series of batteries and gunboats at the entrance of Manila Bay soon after this.Шаблон:Sfnp Despite having served for four years in the Indies, it was reported around this time that the crew had not become more seasoned to the climate and were still harshly affected by the heat, diseases and other effects present.Шаблон:Sfnp
Persian Gulf campaign
1808–1809
In the first months of 1808 Caroline captured the merchant ships Le Gustave and Le Paroudi Patche.[24] On 21 December Captain Charles Gordon took over from Hart, and the frigate moved to operate in the Persian Gulf to combat pirates in November 1809.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp The same month, Caroline assisted in destroying over eighty pirate vessels at Ras-al-Khyma.[21]Шаблон:Sfnp This was a well-known pirate stronghold that was set to be attacked along with Lingeh and Laft.Шаблон:Sfnp Caroline was sailing alongside the frigate HMS Chiffonne and several vessels of the Bombay Marine; the smaller vessels bombarded the coast on 12 November in advance of a landing of troops including Gordon and marines from the frigate on 13 November.Шаблон:Refn[21]Шаблон:Sfnp By 10 a.m. the town had been captured by the landing force and before 4 p.m. all the pirate ships had been set on fire and destroyed, as well as all the naval storehouses in the town.Шаблон:Sfnp The troops re-embarked at midday on 14 November with Caroline having only one man injured.[21] While Chiffonne continued to attack and burn pirate vessels on the coast, Caroline was detached to convoy the transports containing the soldiers that had assisted in the attack.Шаблон:Sfnp One of the ship's lieutenants later died of an illness contracted while fighting at Ras-al-Khyma.Шаблон:Sfnp
Invasion of the Spice Islands
1810
In early 1810 Captain Christopher Cole assumed command of Caroline after requesting a transfer from his previous command, the frigate Шаблон:HMS.[21] The frigate briefly served as the flagship of Rear-Admiral William O'Bryen Drury, who was now commander-in-chief, in April from where he organised the capture of Amboyna Island.Шаблон:Sfnp On 10 May Caroline became the lead ship of a squadron including the frigate HMS Piedmontaise, the brig-sloop Шаблон:HMS, and the gun-brig Шаблон:HMS.[21] Mandarin was used as a transport to carry 100 soldiers of the Madras Regiment, money, and provisions for the garrison of the recently captured Amboyna.[21]Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp While travelling to the island the squadron stopped at Penang Island to embark artillerymen, two field guns, and twenty scaling ladders with the intent of assaulting Banda Neira before reaching Amboyna.[21]Шаблон:Sfnp After a passage of over six weeks, the ships entered the Java Sea on 23 July and approached Banda Neira on 8 August; Cole described the voyage as the most difficult he had ever made.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Sfnp[21]Шаблон:Sfnp Fearing that the Dutch would reinforce the island before they could attack it, the squadron had taken a quicker but more dangerous route than might have been expected.Шаблон:Sfnp Banda Neira was a heavily guarded island, having been reinforced since its previous capture by the British in 1796 with two major forts and ten other batteries of guns.Шаблон:Sfnp
It had originally been planned that the squadron's ships would enter the harbour under the cover of darkness, but while attempting such they were fired on by a gun battery on the nearby Rosensgen Island, which the British had not been aware of, and retired.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Instead the squadron's small boats were put into action, embarking soldiers and seamen in the evening. As the boats began to rendezvous together at 2 a.m. for the attack the weather turned for the worse with rain and thunder and many boats were swept off course, leaving 200 men to make the attack of which only 40 were soldiers.[21]Шаблон:Sfnp With a full-scale attack no longer possible, the boats available to Cole instead aimed to attack two batteries that could hinder the squadron as it attempted to enter the harbour again the following morning.[21] The Dutch expected any landing to occur at the north of the island, where the previous one had, and thus by landing in a different location the boats gained the element of surprise.Шаблон:Sfnp Landing in the rain, a 10-gun battery was taken quickly from behind with sixty prisoners captured for no casualties.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Twenty minutes after this the force assaulted one of the two major forts, Fort Belgica, mounting fifty-two cannons; the attack was initially successful when they used their ladders to scale the outer walls.[21]Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp The rain continued, making it impossible for the defending Dutch force to fire their cannons more than three times, but the attackers found their ladders too short to scale the inner walls of the fort.[21] Instead the force rushed the main gateway which had been opened to allow Dutch officers that lived outside the fort to enter it. The fort's commandant and ten Dutch soldiers were killed in the attack with another four officers and forty men captured.Шаблон:Sfnp
In the morning the ships entered Banda Neira's harbour with Caroline leading. The remaining batteries fired on the ships, but shots from the captured Fort Belgica and a threat to storm Fort Nassau, the other major fort, brought defence of the island to an end.Шаблон:Refn[21]Шаблон:Sfnp 120 guns and 700 Dutch soldiers were captured with no loss to the attacking force.[21]Шаблон:Sfnp CarolineШаблон:'s first lieutenant, John Gilmour, commanded the frigate while Cole was ashore despite suffering from a severe illness, and took the captured colours of the forts to Drury.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Sfnp In celebration of the victory, the captains of Piedmontaise and Barracouta had a silver cup made for Cole, while the officers of the squadron and the officers of the Madras Regiment and artillery both presented him with swords worth 100 guineas.Шаблон:Refn[21] The capture was thought to be worth £600,000 for the captors, with there being £400,000 worth of spice alone.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Caroline sailed for Madras on 15 August but Drury was absent attacking Mauritius, and so the ship instead went to Bombay for a refit.[21]Шаблон:Sfnp In September she brought the new governor and staff-officers to Banda Neira.Шаблон:Sfnp
Invasion of Java
1811
In 1811 Caroline joined Drury's forces off the Malabar Coast to prepare for an attack on Java.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Sfnp[21] On 6 March the now Vice-Admiral Drury suddenly died, leaving Cole to continue preparations in his stead until Rear-Admiral Robert Stopford and Captain William Robert Broughton arrived later in the year.[21] By the time of the arrival of these senior officers Cole had almost completed the preparations for the invasion.Шаблон:Sfnp On 4 August the large force under Stopford arrived in Chillingching Bay, east of Batavia. Caroline was the lead frigate alongside HMS Modeste and HMS Bucephalus charged with covering the debarkation of the invasion forces on the beaches.[21] It was found that no enemy forces were contesting the landing and that two batteries meant to be guarding the location were unfinished, so Cole ordered 8,000 men to land immediately from the boats of the frigates, successfully doing so before the Dutch (who had been rushing to reach the site) were able to respond.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp The Dutch having arrived to contest the invasion seven hours after the landing, Cole requested that he take 400 seamen ashore to further assist the soldiers, but his offer was declined and Caroline played no further action in the invasion.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Between 4 and 28 August at Java Caroline had two men killed, three wounded, and one missing.Шаблон:Sfnp
Cole was personally thanked for his actions by the Governor-General of India Lord Minto and the commander-in-chief of the forces Major-General Sir Samuel Auchmuty.Шаблон:Sfnp The invasion was a success, and Caroline was chosen to take Stopford's dispatches on the action back to Britain, arriving there on 15 December.[21]Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp The voyage took the ship ninety-four days, which was thought to be the second fastest passage from the East Indies to date.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Sfnp Cole was knighted on 29 May 1812 for his service, and the crew of Caroline presented him with a sword worth 100 guineas and an epistle thanking him for his kindess and bravery while in command of them.[21]Шаблон:Sfnp
Fate
Her service over, Caroline was paid off at Portsmouth in January 1812.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp In November 1813 she was fitted as a salvage ship to weight the wreck of the 100-gun ship-of-the-line HMS Queen Charlotte which had blown up in an accident off Capraia in 1800.Шаблон:Sfnp The ship was broken up at Deptford in September 1815.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
Prizes
| Vessels captured or destroyed for which CarolineШаблон:'s crew received full or partial credit | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Ship | Nationality | Type | Fate | Ref. |
| 1 December 1795 | Le Pandore | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | 14-gun brig | Captured | [2] |
| April 1796 | Not recorded | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | 18-gun corvette | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 23 May 1796 | La Zenodene | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | 10-gun privateer polacre | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 20 August 1796 | Rochellaire | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | Privateer | Captured | [3] |
| 5 November 1796 | Adriana | Файл:Flag of Spain.svg Spanish | Merchant vessel | Captured | [4] |
| 16 February 1797 | San Joseph | Файл:Flag of Spain.svg Spanish | Merchant brig | Captured | [5] |
| 5 July 1797 | San Luis | Файл:Flag of Spain.svg Spanish | Merchant brig | Captured | [6] |
| 18 February 1798 | Umbarca Souda | Файл:Flag of Spain.svg Spanish | Merchant vessel | Captured | [7] |
| 27 February 1798 | El Carmen | Файл:Flag of Spain.svg Spanish | Privateer | Captured | [8] |
| 26 April 1798 | Constanza | Файл:Flag of Spain.svg Spanish | Merchant vessel | Captured | [7] |
| 19 March - 26 April 1798 | Le Francois | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | Privateer | Captured | [9] |
| 19 March - 26 April 1798 | Le Fortune | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | Privateer | Captured | [9] |
| 19 March - 26 April 1798 | Le Vainqueur | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | Privateer | Captured | [9] |
| 9 May 1798 | Strella de Mare | Файл:Flag of Spain.svg Spanish | Merchant vessel | Captured | [7] |
| 29 June 1798 | Crescent | Файл:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg British | Merchant vessel | Recaptured | [10] |
| 21 July 1798 | Il Terrice | Файл:Flag of Spain.svg Spanish | Merchant vessel | Captured | [7] |
| 18 September 1798 | Virgin d'Idra | Файл:Flag of Spain.svg Spanish | Merchant vessel | Captured | [7] |
| 4 October 1798 | Bird | Файл:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg British | Merchant vessel | Recaptured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 4 October 1798 | Le President Parker | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | 12-gun privateer | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 16 October 1798 | L'Esperance | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | 1-gun privateer | Destroyed | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 20 October 1798 | Le Baret | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | 10-gun privateer | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 20 October 1798 | Nostra Senora de Misericordia | Файл:Flag of Spain.svg Spanish | Merchant vessel | Captured | [7] |
| 20 October 1798 | San Joseph | Файл:Flag of Spain.svg Spanish | Merchant vessel | Captured | [7] |
| 21 November 1798 | El Bolante | Файл:Flag of Spain.svg Spanish | Merchant vessel | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 23 November 1798 | La Garonne | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | 10-gun privateer | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 4 December 1798 | Le Ferailleur | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | 12-gun privateer brig | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 25 January 1799 | L'Intrepide | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | Privateer | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 27 January 1799 | Jane | Файл:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg British | Letter of marque | Recaptured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| January 1799 | Drie Vrienden Hoy | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | Merchant vessel | Recaptured | [12] |
| January 1799 | Nymph | Файл:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg British | Merchant vessel | Recaptured | [12] |
| 14 February 1799 | L'Aventure | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | Privateer | Captured | [13] |
| February 1799 | Six Sisters | Файл:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg British | Merchant vessel | Recaptured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 19 April 1799 | La Legere | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | Privateer | Captured | [8] |
| 31 August 1799 | La Resolve | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | Privateer | Captured | [14] |
| 26 December 1799 | El Fleche | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | Privateer | Captured | [14] |
| 26 December 1799 | La Voiture | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | Privateer | Captured | [14] |
| 15 January 1800 | La Ventour | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | 22-gun privateer | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 8 April 1800 | Young Johannes | Файл:Flag of Denmark.svg Danish | Merchant vessel | Captured | [15] |
| 25 December 1800 | Good Friends | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | Merchant brig | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 21 January 1801 | Le Regulus | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | 4-gun privateer xebec | Captured | [16] |
| 1 February 1801 | Active | Файл:Flag of Sweden.svg Swedish | Merchant brig | Detained | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 5 October 1801 | Prince of Wales | Файл:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British | Merchant vessel | Recaptured | [17] |
| January–February 1802 | Tito | Файл:Flag of Spain.svg Spanish | Merchant vessel | Captured | [18] |
| 28 May 1803 | L'Ambuscade | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | 32-gun frigate | Captured | [19] |
| 29 May 1803 | La Bonne Mere | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | Merchant brig | Captured | [13] |
| 2 August 1803 | Haasje | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | 6-gun privateer | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 3 August 1803 | Henrica Johanna | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | Merchant vessel | Detained | [20] |
| 7 September 1803 | Petite Africaine | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | Merchant vessel | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 5 January 1804 | Les Frères Unis | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | 8-gun privateer | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 4 February 1804 | Le Général du Caen | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | 26-gun privateer | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| April 1805 | Gautavie | Файл:Flag of France.svg French | 14-gun privateer brig | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 18 October 1806 | Not recorded | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | Merchant brig | Captured | [21] |
| 18 October 1806 | Zeerob | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | 14-gun brig | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 18 October 1806 | Maria Reijersbergen | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | 36-gun frigate | Captured | [21] |
| 18 October 1806 | Phoenix | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | 36-gun frigate | Destroyed | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 18 October 1806 | William | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | 20-gun gun-sloop | Destroyed | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 18 October 1806 | Patriot | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | 18-gun sloop | Destroyed | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 18 October 1806 | Zeeplong | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | 14-gun brig | Destroyed | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 18 October 1806 | Not recorded | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | Merchant vessel | Destroyed | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 18 October 1806 | Not recorded | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | Merchant vessel | Destroyed | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 18 October 1806 | Not recorded | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | Merchant vessel | Destroyed | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 18 October 1806 | Not recorded | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | Merchant vessel | Destroyed | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 18 October 1806 | Not recorded | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | Merchant vessel | Destroyed | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 18 October 1806 | Not recorded | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | Merchant vessel | Destroyed | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 27 January 1807 | St Raphael | Файл:Flag of Spain.svg Spanish | 16-gun treasure ship | Captured | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 31 August 1807 | Scipio | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | 18-gun corvette | Captured | [23] |
| 11 December 1807 | Revolutie | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | 68-gun ship-of-the-line | Destroyed | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 11 December 1807 | Pluto | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | 68-gun ship-of-the-line | Destroyed | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 11 December 1807 | Kortenaar | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | 68-gun sheer hulk | Destroyed | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| 11 December 1807 | Ruttkoff | Файл:Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg Dutch | 40-gun merchant vessel | Destroyed | Шаблон:Sfnp |
Notes and citations
Notes
Citations
References
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite DNB
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite RNB1823
- Шаблон:Cite RNB1823
- Шаблон:Cite RNB1823
- Шаблон:Cite RNB1823
- Шаблон:Cite RNB1823
- Шаблон:Cite RNB1823
- Шаблон:Cite RNB1823
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite NBD1849
- Шаблон:Cite NBD1849
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
- ↑ Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 7,7 7,8 7,9 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокLG15086не указан текст - ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ 21,00 21,01 21,02 21,03 21,04 21,05 21,06 21,07 21,08 21,09 21,10 21,11 21,12 21,13 21,14 21,15 21,16 21,17 21,18 21,19 21,20 21,21 21,22 21,23 21,24 21,25 21,26 21,27 21,28 21,29 21,30 21,31 21,32 21,33 21,34 21,35 Michael Phillips, Caroline (36) (1795). Michael Phillips' Ships of the Old Navy. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 Шаблон:London Gazette
- ↑ Шаблон:London Gazette
- Английская Википедия
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- 1795 ships
- Ships built in Rotherhithe
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