Английская Википедия:HMS Devastation (1871)

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Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship careerШаблон:Infobox ship characteristics

HMS Devastation was the first of two Devastation-class mastless turret ships built for the Royal Navy. This was the first class of ocean-going capital ship that did not carry sails, and the first whose entire main armament was mounted on top of the hull rather than inside it.

Design and construction

[[Image:HMS Devastation (1871) 12-inch gun turret interior.jpg|left|thumb|An interior view of one of DevastationШаблон:'s two main battery turrets, showing a rear view of the turretШаблон:'s two [[RML 12 inch 35 ton gun|Шаблон:Convert 35-ton]] muzzle-loading rifles. These guns were replaced in 1891 by [[BL 10 inch gun Mk I – IV|Шаблон:Convert]] breech-loading rifles.]]

Devastation was built at a time in which steam power was well-established among the world's larger naval powers. However, most ships built at this time were equipped not only with a steam engine, but also with masts and sails for auxiliary power. The presence of masts also prohibited the use of gun turrets since the rigging would obstruct their arc of fire. Devastation, designed by Sir Edward J. Reed, represented a change from this pattern when she was built without masts and her primary armament, two turrets each with two 12-inch (305 mm) muzzle-loading guns, was placed on the top of the hull, allowing each turret a 280-degree arc of fire.

Devastation was the first turret ship built to an Admiralty design. She was Шаблон:Convert long between perpendiculars, with a beam of Шаблон:Convert, a mean draught of Шаблон:Convert, and had a freeboard of only Шаблон:Convert. She was armed with four RML 12 inch 25 ton guns, mounted in pairs in two turrets, protected by armour Шаблон:Convert thick. Her breastworks and hull were protected by Шаблон:Convert of armour, and she was also fitted with a Шаблон:Convert spur bow. The ship had a double bottom, and was divided internally into watertight compartments. She was propelled by two four-bladed screws, Шаблон:Convert in diameter, each powered by two direct-acting trunk engines built by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich, providing a total of Шаблон:Convert, with eight boilers, working at Шаблон:Convert, giving a maximum speed of Шаблон:Convert. Devastation could carry 1,350 tons of coal, giving her a range of Шаблон:Convert at 12 knots or Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert. She also carried 30 tons of water, enough for three weeks, and 19 tons of provisions, six weeks supply for her crew of 329.

Following the loss of the masted turret ship Шаблон:HMS, which capsized and sank on 6 September 1870 with the loss of 500 men, almost her entire crew, a special committee was appointed to examine the design of this type of vessel, and particularly the Devastation. Although they found no reason for concern in the stability of the ship, as a safety precaution a number of changes were made to the design. The freeboard was increased to Шаблон:Convert, and armour-plated bulkheads, between Шаблон:Convert thick provided additional protection to the magazines and engines. The 25-ton guns were replaced with RML 12 inch 35 ton guns. This additional weight increased her mean draught to Шаблон:Convert.

Файл:The Trial trip of HMS 'Devastation' - The Graphic 1873.jpg

The Trial trip of Devastation. The Graphic 1873

Sea trials were made in mid-1873 and generated an unusual amount of public interest; not just for the novelty of her appearance, but as the successor to the Captain. In time trials she recorded a speed of Шаблон:Convert, the engines producing Шаблон:Convert. Gunnery trials were made off the Isle of Wight, firing Шаблон:Convert Palliser shells. To judge her behaviour in various sea conditions she was then accompanied by the armoured ships Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS in a voyage from Plymouth to Castletownbere in southern Ireland, and from there she made two cruises out into the Atlantic. Apart from a tendency for her low forecastle to be swept by the sea, she performed slightly better than her companions in both pitch and roll. Шаблон:Clearleft

Service history

Devastation was deployed to serve in the waters of the United Kingdom and the Mediterranean Sea. In 1891, the 12-inch guns were replaced with 10-inch breech-loading guns and she was refitted with new triple-expansion steam engines.

In November 1898 Captain Frederick Inglefield was appointed as her commander. In March 1900 she is reported to have visited Syracuse, Sicily. In 1901 she was guard ship at the port of Gibraltar, until relieved as such by newly commissioned Шаблон:HMS in February 1902. She left the Mediterranean station headquarters at Malta, homebound, on 19 February 1902, and after a last visit to Gibraltar arrived in Plymouth on 2 April. She was paid off at Devonport on 18 April, and proceeded to Portsmouth. On 21 June 1902 she was recommissioned as a tender to the torpedo school ship HMS Vernon. She took part in the fleet review held at Spithead on 16 August 1902 for the coronation of King Edward VII.

Later, she was refitted again and assigned to the First Reserve Fleet based in Scotland. The ship was broken up in 1908. Шаблон:Clearleft

Popular culture

• HMS Devastation is the ship depicted on "England's Glory" matchboxes.
• Her badge was also issued by publishers for use in Monogram and Crest Albums – a popular collecting hobby of the second half of the 19th century.

• England's Glory matchbox

  England's Glory matchbox

• Heraldic badge used on stationery

  Heraldic badge used on stationery

References

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Ross, David. Great Warships From The Age of Steam. New York: Metro Books, 2014. pp. 22–23 Шаблон:ISBN

External links

• Шаблон:Commonscatinline
• Шаблон:Cite web
• HMS Devastation (1871)