Английская Википедия:Heronian tetrahedron
Шаблон:Short description A Heronian tetrahedronШаблон:R (also called a Heron tetrahedronШаблон:R or perfect pyramidШаблон:R) is a tetrahedron whose edge lengths, face areas and volume are all integers. The faces must therefore all be Heronian triangles (named for Hero of Alexandria). Every Heronian tetrahedron can be arranged in Euclidean space so that its vertex coordinates are also integers.Шаблон:R
Examples
An example known to Leonhard Euler is a Heronian birectangular tetrahedron, a tetrahedron with a path of three edges parallel to the three coordinate axes and with all faces being right triangles. The lengths of the edges on the path of axis-parallel edges are 153, 104, and 672, and the other three edge lengths are 185, 680, and 697, forming four right triangle faces described by the Pythagorean triples (153,104,185), (104,672,680), (153,680,697), and (185,672,697).Шаблон:R
Eight examples of Heronian tetrahedra were discovered in 1877 by Reinhold Hoppe.Шаблон:R
117 is the smallest possible length of the longest edge of a perfect tetrahedron with integral edge lengths. Its other edge lengths are 51, 52, 53, 80 and 84.Шаблон:R 8064 is the smallest possible volume (and 6384 is the smallest possible surface area) of a perfect tetrahedron. The integral edge lengths of a Heronian tetrahedron with this volume and surface area are 25, 39, 56, 120, 153 and 160.Шаблон:R
In 1943, E. P. Starke published another example, in which two faces are isosceles triangles with base 896 and sides 1073, and the other two faces are also isosceles with base 990 and the same sides.Шаблон:R However, Starke made an error in reporting its volume which has become widely copied.Шаблон:R The correct volume is Шаблон:Val, twice the number reported by Starke.Шаблон:R
Sascha Kurz has used computer search algorithms to find all Heronian tetrahedra with longest edge length at most Шаблон:Val.Шаблон:R
Classification, infinite families, and special types of tetrahedron
A regular tetrahedron (one with all faces being equilateral) cannot be a Heronian tetrahedron because, for regular tetrahedra whose edge lengths are integers, the face areas and volume are irrational numbers.Шаблон:R For the same reason no Heronian tetrahedron can have an equilateral triangle as one of its faces.Шаблон:R
There are infinitely many Heronian tetrahedra, and more strongly infinitely many Heronian disphenoids, tetrahedra in which all faces are congruent and each pair of opposite sides has equal lengths. In this case, there are only three edge lengths needed to describe the tetrahedron, rather than six, and the triples of lengths that define Heronian tetrahedra can be characterized using an elliptic curve.Шаблон:R There are also infinitely many Heronian tetrahedra with a cycle of four equal edge lengths, in which all faces are isosceles triangles.Шаблон:R
There are also infinitely many Heronian birectangular tetrahedra. One method for generating tetrahedra of this type derives the axis-parallel edge lengths <math>a</math>, <math>b</math>, and <math>c</math> from two equal sums of fourth powers
- <math>p^4+s^4=q^4+r^4</math>
using the formulas
- <math>a=\bigl|(pq)^2-(rs)^2\bigr|,</math>
- <math>b=\bigl|2pqrs\bigr|,</math>
- <math>c=\bigl|(pr)^2)-|(qs)^2\bigr|.</math>
For instance, the tetrahedron derived in this way from an identity of Leonhard Euler, <math>59^4+158^4=133^4+134^4</math>, has <math>a</math>, <math>b</math>, and <math>c</math> equal to Шаблон:Val, Шаблон:Val, and Шаблон:Val, with the hypotenuse of right triangle <math>ab</math> equal to Шаблон:Val, the hypotenuse of right triangle <math>bc</math> equal to Шаблон:Val, and the hypotenuse of the remaining two sides equal to Шаблон:Val.Шаблон:R For these tetrahedra, <math>a</math>, <math>b</math>, and <math>c</math> form the edge lengths of an almost-perfect cuboid, a rectangular cuboid in which the sides, two of the three face diagonals, and the body diagonal are all integers.Шаблон:R
No example of a Heronian trirectangular tetrahedron had been found and no one has proven that none exist.
A complete classification of all Heronian tetrahedra remains unknown.Шаблон:R
Related shapes
An alternative definition of Heronian triangles is that they can be formed by gluing together two integer right triangles along a common side. This definition has also been generalized to three dimensions, leading to a different class of tetrahedra that have also been called Heron tetrahedra.Шаблон:R
References
External links
