Английская Википедия:Hukamnama
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A Hukamnama (Punjabi: ਹੁਕਮਨਾਮਾ, translit. Hukamanāmā), in modern-times, refers to a hymn from the Guru Granth Sahib which is given as an injunction, order, or edict to Sikhs. It also refers to edicts issued by the contemporary Takhts. In the historical sense, it was used to refer to an issued commandment, instruction, injunction, order, or edict given by one of the Gurus of Sikhism or their officiated followers and associates during their lives.[1][2]
Nowadays, after the period of human gurus, the Hukumnama refers to a hymn from a randomly selected left-hand side page from the Guru Granth Sahib on a daily basis in the morning. This is seen as the order of God for that particular day. The Hukamnama is distributed and then read aloud in Gurdwaras throughout the world. The verse taken from this ceremony is referred to as Vak or Hukam.[3]
Etymology
Hukamnama, is a compound of two words hukam, meaning command or order, and namah, meaning statement.
History
The tradition of issuing hukamnamas began in the period of the early seventeenth century, during the time of Guru Hargobind.[4] The earliest surviving hukamana documents date to his guruship period.[5] However, Gurinder Singh Mann suggests that the genre of hukamnama literature predates the period of the sixth Sikh guru, perhaps to the period of Guru Amar Das, based upon a manuscript kept at Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar.Шаблон:Efn[5] Hukamnamas issued by the Sikh gurus were addressed to specific families or congregations.[5] They covered various subjects, such as the standards of Sikh ethical conduct (rehat), the characteristics of Sikh socio-religious organization, and requesting for materials, some examples being gold or horses, that the Sikh congregations in distant regions were asked to bring or send to the main headquarters of the Guru for the greater community's needs.[5] The hukamnamas had a common format and structure.[5] They began with an invocation to the divine, in the name of Akal Purakh or Waheguru.[5] Next, the names of particular congregations, community leaders, family heads (with women being mentioned on some surviving examples), and the detailed instructions of the letter that is addressed to the aforementioned to fulfill.[5] The congregations and families that these letters were addressed to held these documents in reverence and preserved them as religious tokens.[5]
During the guruship period of Guru Gobind Singh, these hukamnamas were issued akin to royal decrees from Anandpur.[5] The Guru would dictate what is to be written and a scribe would physically write it down in the form of the letter.[5] Sometimes, the letters were decorated by illumination.[5] Each letter was assigned a specific serial number before they were sent-off to be delivered to the addressee.[5]
Collections and research
The Sikh gurus issued many edicts throughout their life, some of whom have been preserved and are documented in various writings by scholars.[6][7]Шаблон:Pn[8][9] A collection of hukamnamas, whose gathering is attributed to Randhir Singh, have been studied. Serious academic research into the hukamnamas only began in the early 20th century.Шаблон:Sfn After the passing of Guru Gobind Singh, hukamnamas were also issued by his widow, Mata Sahib Kaur and by his disciple, Banda Singh Bahadur.
The Sikh Reference Library located at Amritsar held many authentic hukamnamas. These were lost after the events of Operation Blue Star in 1984.[10][11][12] This collection was studied and published in two separate books by Ganda Singh and Shamsher Singh Ashok in the late 1960's.Шаблон:Sfn
Example
Taken from Advanced Studies in Sikhism page 33[13] by Jasbir Singh and Harbans Singh, the following is an example Hukamnama by Guru Gobind Singh:
Gallery
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Illuminated hukamnama issued by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699 on the date of Samat 1756, Magh Pravaste 9
Illuminated hukamnama issued by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699 on the date of Samat 1756, Magh Pravaste 9
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Issued edict (hukamnama) of Banda Singh Bahadur containing his official seal at top of page
See also
- Gurmata, a term used to refer to binding resolutions issued by the Sarbat Khalsa
- Rakhi system, the protection tax implemented by the Sikh Confederacy
- Hukam
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Malhotra, Karamjit K. “Professor J.S. Grewal Prize: IN SEARCH OF EARLY SIKH ART.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 71, 2010, pp. 397–408. JSTOR, Шаблон:JSTOR. Accessed 12 Dec. 2022.
- ↑ 5,00 5,01 5,02 5,03 5,04 5,05 5,06 5,07 5,08 5,09 5,10 5,11 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Hukamnamas of the Sikh Gurus, a significant source of the Sikh history, have not received much scholarly attention. Scholars like Ganda Singh, Shamsher Singh Ashok and Fauja Singh have edited the hukamnamas collected by Bhai Randhir Singh and have tried to analyse them historically. They have succeeded in underlining their importance but their studies are of preliminary nature. Hence, there is a much scope in the field."
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Kaur, Jaskaran; Crossette, Barbara (2006).|http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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