Английская Википедия:Hydropower in the Mekong River Basin

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Файл:Ubol Ratana Dam.jpg
Ubol Ratana Dam in Thailand

The estimated hydropower potential of Mekong River Basin about 58,930 Megawatts (MW).[1][2][3] As of February 2024, there are an estimated 167 Hydropower Plants (HPPs) in the Mekong, with a combined installed capacity of some 36,376.3 MW. An additional 20 HPPs are currently under construction and at various stages of completion. These have a combined installed capacity of an additional 4,535.5 MW.

The single most significant impact on the use of water and its management in the Mekong Region is hydropower.[4] These developments in the Mekong River Basin have resulted in substantial environmental and social impacts, which are summarised below. These have fuelled controversy [5] and hydropower is a prominent part of the discussion around the river, its basin, and its management. This debate occurs in both the academic literature, as well as the media, and is a focus for many activist groups.[6][7]

The countries that share the Mekong River Basin have all sought the large-scale infrastructural development of its waters. As part of China's Great Western Development program, large-scale hydropower development in China's Yunnan Province has been substantial,[8][9][10] on the Mekong, the Jinsha, and the Red rivers. Large amounts of Yunnan's hydropower is exported eastwards to energy intensive load centres, such as Guangxi and Guangdong.[11] Yunnan, however, has large electricity over-supply problems, which has led to significant hydropower curtailment.[11][12]

The Lao government has also prioritized hydropower development, primarily as an export commodity. In 2021, almost 82% of Lao electricity was exported, mostly to Thailand.[13] Power production (from all sources, including hydropower) contributed 12.8% to national GDP in 2022, while electricity exports comprised almost 29% of total export values in the same year,[14] and investments in electricity production represented 79% of total foreign direct investment in 2021.[15]

Most of Cambodia's hydropower has been developed in the southwest of the country, outside of the Mekong River Basin.[16][17] Its largest HPP, the Lower Sesan 2 is, however, within the Mekong River Basin, and generates some 20% of the country's electricity.[18] Cambodia has ruled out developing hydropower on the Mekong mainstream,[19] but multiple dams are planned for construction in Mekong tributary catchments. Cambodia also exports electricity directly from the Don Sahong HPP, a southern Lao dam located on the Mekong mainstream.[20]

In Thailand, little technically exploitable hydropower potential remains in its parts of the Mekong River Basin. Most of its HPPs were developed in the 1980s and 1990s, and accompanied by large-scale irrigation infrastructure development as part of the massive Kong-Chi-Mun Project,[21] more recently rearticulated as the Khong-Loei-Chi-Mun Project [22][23] Large-scale energy infrastructure in Thailand has been met with strong resistance - for example, the Assembly of the Poor's opposition to the Pak Mun HPP, the last dam to be commissioned in Thailand. This has forced Thailand to export the social and environmental externalities of hydropower construction and operation to neighbouring states.[24][25]

While there are multiple HPPs planned for Myanmar parts of the Mekong River Basin,[26] years of political instability have generally impended hydropower development.

Vietnam's Mekong hydropower development is concentrated in its Central Highlands. It does not appear as if any technically-exploitable hydropower potential remains. Here, hydropower has also been accompanied by significant irrigation development. Vietnam's hydropower investments in this area includes sizeable dams on two key Mekong tributaries, the Sesan and the Srepok rivers.

Mekong mainstream hydropower plants

HPPs on the Mekong mainstream have aroused particular environmental concerns.[27][28] The majority of these are based in China's Yunnan Province. Table 1 below indicates the status of each of these HPPs.

Table 1: Hydropower plants on the Mekong mainstream[29]

Project Country Location COD Installed capacity (MW) Status
Sambor Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord N/A 2,600 Cancelled
Stung Treng Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord N/A 980 Cancelled
Angsai Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord ? 55 Planned
Baita Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord ? ? Planned
Banda Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord ? 1,000 Planned
Bangduo Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord ? 720 Planned
Cege Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord ? 129 Planned
Dachaoshan Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2003 1,350 Commissioned
Dahuaqiao Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2018 920 Commissioned
Dongzhong Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord ? 108 Planned
Ganlanba Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord ? 155 Planned
Gongguoqiao Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2012 900 Commissioned
Guoduo Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2015 160 Commissioned
Guonian Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord N/A 1,200 Cancelled
Gushui Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord ? 2,600 Planned
Huangdeng Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2017 1,900 Commissioned
Jinghong Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2009 1,750 Commissioned
Lidi Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2019 420 Commissioned
Lin Chang Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord ? 72 Planned
Longqingxia Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2006 2.5 Commissioned
Manwan Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 1995 1,570 Commissioned
Mengsong Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord N/A 600 Cancelled
Miaowei Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2017 1,400 Commissioned
Nuozhadu Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2014 5,850 Commissioned
Quzika Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord ? 405 Planned
Ru Mei Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord ? 2,100 Planned
Tuoba Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2025 1,400 Under construction
Wunonglong Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2018 990 Commissioned
Xiaowan Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2010 4,200 Commissioned
Yue Long Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2030 100 Planned
Ban Koum Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2030 1,872 Planned
Don Sahong Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2020 240 Commissioned
Luang Prabang Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2030 1,460 Under construction
Pak Chom Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord ? 1,079 Planned
Pak Beng Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2033 912 Planned
Pak Lay Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2029 728 Planned
Phoug Noi Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2029 728 Planned
Sanakham Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2028 684 Planned
Thako Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord N/A 86-172 Cancelled
Xayaburi Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord 2019 1,285 Commissioned

Notes: COD = Commercial Operating Date; N/A = Not Applicable

Existing hydropower infrastructure in the Mekong River Basin

Table 2: Commissioned dams in the Mekong River Basin (15 MW installed capacity and above)[29]

Project Country River Location COD Installed capacity (MW) Mean Annual Energy (GWh) Height (m) Crest length (m) Total storage (million m3) Max reservoir area (km2)
Lower Sesan 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Sesan Шаблон:Coord 2018 400 2,312 45 7,729 1,790 335
Dachaoshan Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2003 1,350 5,500 115 481 890 26.25
Dahuaqiao Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2018 920 4,070 106 231.5 293
Ganlanba Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2015 155 1,177 60.5 458 577 58
Gongguoqiao Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2012 900 4,041 105 356 316 343
Guoduo Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2015 160 823 93 235.5 83
Huangdeng Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2017 1,900 8,578 203 457 1,613
Jinfeng Шаблон:Flagicon Nan La He Шаблон:Coord 1998 16 64.3 45 19.48
Jinghong Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2009 1,750 5,570 108 705.5 1,140 510
Jinhe Шаблон:Flagicon Jin He Шаблон:Coord 2004 60 367 34 68.4 4.27
Laoyinyan Шаблон:Flagicon Gua Lan Zi He/Shun Dian He Шаблон:Coord 1997 16 4.2 1,092
Lidi Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2019 420 1,753 75 346.4 75 3.7
Luozhahe 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Luo Zha He Шаблон:Coord 2018 30 135 59 14.33
Luozhahe 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Luo Zha He Шаблон:Coord 2016{ 50 225 71 3,391
Manwan Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 1995 1,570 6,710 132 418 920 415
Miaowei Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2017 1,400 5,999 140 660
Nanhe 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Luo Zha He Шаблон:Coord 2009 40 170 56.8 148 11.36
Nanhe 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Luo Zha He Шаблон:Coord ? 25 100
Nuozhadu Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2014 5,850 23,912 262 608 23,703 320
Wunonglong Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2018 990 4,116 138 247 284
Xiaowan Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2010 4,200 18,990 295 893 14,560 194
Xi'er He 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Xi'er He Шаблон:Coord 1979 105 440
Xi'er He 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Xi'er He Шаблон:Coord 1987 50 37 122 0.2
Xi'er He 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Xi'er He Шаблон:Coord 1988 50 223 21
Xi'er He 4 Шаблон:Flagicon Xi'er He Шаблон:Coord 1971 50 14
XunCun Шаблон:Flagicon Hei Hui Jiang Шаблон:Coord 1999 78 345 67 165 74
Mong Wa Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Lwe Шаблон:Coord 2017 66 330.45 51 78 8.01
Don Sahong Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2020 240 2,000 25 6,800 25 2.2
Houay Ho Шаблон:Flagicon Houayho/Xekong Шаблон:Coord 1999 152 450 79 3,530 37
Houay La Nge Шаблон:Flagicon Houay La-Nge Шаблон:Coord 2023 60 290 58 179 14 93.6
Houay Lamphan Gnai Шаблон:Flagicon Xekong Шаблон:Coord 2015 84.8 480 77 74.5 140 9
Houay Por Шаблон:Flagicon Houay Por Шаблон:Coord 2018 15 75 6 0.76
Lower Houay Lam Phanh Шаблон:Flagicon Houay Lamphan Шаблон:Coord 2022 15 68 55 523 73.9
Nam Ao Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ao Шаблон:Coord 2023 15 92 26 130 52 4.9
Nam Beng Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Beng Шаблон:Coord 2014 36 145 25.5 84.8 3,611 0.7
Nam Che 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Che Шаблон:Coord 2019 16.8 23 50
Nam Chien 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Che Шаблон:Coord 2018 104 448.2 68.8 367 14
Nam Houng 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Houng Шаблон:Coord 2023 15 57 1.52
Nam Khan 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Khan Шаблон:Coord 2015 130 558 160 405 30.5
Nam Khan 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Khan Шаблон:Coord 2016 88 480 77 74.5 140 9
Nam Kong 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Kong Шаблон:Coord 2021 160 649 87 386 679 21.8
Nam Kong 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Kong Шаблон:Coord 2018 66 264 50 210 71.4 4.2
Nam Kong 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Kong Шаблон:Coord 2021 54 204 65 500 471 32
Nam Leuk Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Leuk/Nam Ngum Шаблон:Coord 2000 60 215 51.5 800 185 17.2
Nam Lik 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Lik Шаблон:Coord 2019 64 256 36.5 72 22.3
Nam Lik 1-2 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Lik Шаблон:Coord 2010 100 435 103 328 11 24.4
Nam Mang 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Mang Шаблон:Coord 2016 64 225 70 280 16.5 0.148
Nam Mang 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Gnogn Шаблон:Coord 2004 40 150 28 151 49 10
Nam Ngiep 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ngiep Шаблон:Coord 2019 272 1,546 167 530 1,192 67
Nam Ngiep 1 (DS) Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ngiep Шаблон:Coord 2019 18 105 20 90 4.6 1.27
Nam Ngiep 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ngiep Шаблон:Coord 2015 180 732 70.5 163
Nam Ngiep 2B Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ngiep Шаблон:Coord 2015 18 76
Nam Ngiep 3A Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ngiep Шаблон:Coord 2014 44 144 30 110 13.85 1.8
Nam Ngum 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ngum Шаблон:Coord 1971 315 1,455 70 468 4,700 370
Nam Ngum 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ngum Шаблон:Coord 2011 615 2,300 181.5 421 3,590 122.2
Nam Ngum 5 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ngum Шаблон:Coord 2012 120 507 104.5 258 314 14.6
Nam Ou 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ou Шаблон:Coord 2019 160 710 65 442 89.1 9.56
Nam Ou 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ou Шаблон:Coord 2016 120 546 55 352 121.7 15.7
Nam Ou 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ou Шаблон:Coord 2020 150 685 72 340 168.6 13.26
Nam Ou 4 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ou Шаблон:Coord 2020 116 524 47 300 124 9.37
Nam Ou 5 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ou Шаблон:Coord 2016 240 1,049 74 335 17.22
Nam Ou 6 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ou Шаблон:Coord 2016 180 739 88 409 17.01
Nam Ou 7 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ou Шаблон:Coord 2020 190 811 147 825 1,494 38.16
Nam Pha Gnai Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Pha Gnai Шаблон:Coord 2016 19.2 130 65 148 1.5
Nam Phay Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Phay Шаблон:Coord 2018 86 419.5 18.92
Nam San 3A Шаблон:Flagicon Nam San Шаблон:Coord 2016 69 278.4 75 350 123 8.5
Nam San 3B Шаблон:Flagicon Nam San Шаблон:Coord 2015 45 198
Nam Tha 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Tha Шаблон:Coord 2018 168 759.4 93.7 349.2 1,755 113.9
Nam Tha Had Muak Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Tha Шаблон:Coord 2022 37.5 102.67
Nam Theun 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Theun Шаблон:Coord 2022 650 2,561 177 771 2,772 93.6
Nam Theun 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Theun/Xe Bangfai Шаблон:Coord 2010 1,075 5,936 48 325 3,500 450
Theun-Hinboun Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Theun Шаблон:Coord 1998 220 1,645 48 810 1,300 49
Theun-Hinboun Expansion Project Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Gnouang Шаблон:Coord 2013 222 1,395 65 480 2,450 49
Xayaburi Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2019 1,285 6,035 48 810 1,300 49
Xe Kaman 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Xe Kaman Шаблон:Coord 2018 290 1,096 120 185 4,804 149.8
Xe Kaman 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Xe Kaman Шаблон:Coord 2014 250 1,000 102 543 141.5 5.2
Xe Kaman-Sanxay Шаблон:Flagicon Xe Kaman Шаблон:Coord 2018 32 131.2 28 180 1.76
Xe Lanong 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Xe Lanong Шаблон:Coord 2020 70 269.9 67.5 302 953
Xepian-Xenamnoy Шаблон:Flagicon Xepian/Xenamnoy Шаблон:Coord 2019 427 1,788 73 1,600 1,043 50.6
Xe Nam Noy - Xe Katam Шаблон:Flagicon Xenamnoi/Xekatam Шаблон:Coord 2016 20.1 83
Xeset 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Xeset Шаблон:Coord 1994 45 154 18 124
Xeset 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Xeset Шаблон:Coord 2009 76 309 26 144
Xeset 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Xe Don Шаблон:Coord 2017 23 80 11 1.3
Chulabhorn Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Phrom Шаблон:Coord 1972 40 93 70 700 165 31
Lam Ta Khong Шаблон:Flagicon Lam Ta Khong Шаблон:Coord 1974 500 400 40.3 251 310 37
Pak Mun Шаблон:Flagicon Mun Шаблон:Coord 1994 136 280 17 300
Sirindhorn Шаблон:Flagicon Lam Dom Noi Шаблон:Coord 1971 36 86 42 940 1,967 288
Ubol Ratana Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Pong Шаблон:Coord 1966 25.2 57 35.1 885 2,559 410
A Luoi Шаблон:Flagicon A Sap Шаблон:Coord 2012 170 686 49.5 208
Buon Kuop Шаблон:Flagicon Sre Pok Шаблон:Coord 2009 280 1,455 34 1,828 37 5.57
Buon Tua Sra Шаблон:Flagicon Se San/Krong Po Ko Шаблон:Coord 2009 86 359 83 1,041 787 41
Dray Hlinh 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Sre Pok Шаблон:Coord 2007 16 85
Hòa Phú Шаблон:Flagicon Sre Pok Шаблон:Coord 2014 29 132 12 384.5 5 1.6
Krông Nô 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Krong No Шаблон:Coord 2016 30 109 9.3
Krông Nô 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Krong No Шаблон:Coord 2016 18 63.5 42 260 20 1.75
Plei Krong Шаблон:Flagicon Se San/Krong Po Ko Шаблон:Coord 2008 100 479 65 745 1,049 53
Sesan 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Se San Шаблон:Coord 2006 260 1,224 79 6.4
Sesan 3A Шаблон:Flagicon Se San Шаблон:Coord 2007 96
Sesan 4 Шаблон:Flagicon Se San Шаблон:Coord 2009 360 60 54
Sesan 4A Шаблон:Flagicon Se San Шаблон:Coord 2009 360 60 54
Sre Pok 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Sre Pok Шаблон:Coord 2009 220 52.5
Sre Pok 4 Шаблон:Flagicon Sre Pok Шаблон:Coord 2009 600 329.3 155 860 114 150
Sre Pok 4A Шаблон:Flagicon Sre Pok Шаблон:Coord 2014 308.35 4
Upper Kontum Шаблон:Flagicon Se San/Dak Bla/Dak Ngh Шаблон:Coord 2011 250 1,056.4 73 392 174 7.08
Yali Falls Шаблон:Flagicon Se San Шаблон:Coord 2001 720 3,658.6 65 1,460 1,073 64.5
Yan-Tann-Sien Шаблон:Flagicon Yan-Tann-Sien Шаблон:Coord 2010 19.5 79

Notes: COD = Commercial Operating Date

Hydropower infrastructure under construction in the Mekong River Basin

Table 3: Hydropower dams under construction in the Mekong River Basin (15 MW installed capacity and above)[29]

Project Country River Location COD Installed capacity (MW) Mean Annual Energy (GWh) Height (m) Crest length (m) Total storage (million m3) Max reservoir area (km2)
Pursat 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Pursat Шаблон:Coord 2026 80 361 100 687 1,039
Charikou Шаблон:Flagicon Tsichu Шаблон:Coord ? 54 121.4 198.48 421
Jiaoba Шаблон:Flagicon Dengqu Шаблон:Coord ? 60 50
Tuoba Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2025 1,400 6,200 158 396 1,039
Houay Kaouane Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Coord ? 24
Luang Prabang Шаблон:Flagicon Mekong Шаблон:Coord 2030 1,460 6,500 80 275 1,589.5 72.39
Nam Ang Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ang Шаблон:Coord 2024 31 183.3 0.03
Nam Emoun Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Emoun Шаблон:Coord 2025 131.5 460.59 29 127 0.07 0.16
Nam Hinboun 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Hinboun Шаблон:Coord 2024 15 79.74 33 70
Nam Hinboun 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Hinboun Шаблон:Coord ? 30 155.2 38 2.57
Nam Ngao Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Hinboun Шаблон:Coord ? 15 81.1 69 438.6 2.57
Nam Ngum 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ngum Шаблон:Coord 2024 480 2,345 220 395 1,411 27.51
Nam Ngum 4 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Ngum Шаблон:Coord 2024 240 872 74 110
Nam Phan (Bolevan) Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Phak Шаблон:Coord 2025 168 788
Nam Pot 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Nam Pot Шаблон:Coord ? 20 92 4.9
Xe Lanong 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Xe Lanong Шаблон:Coord ? 35 143 55
Xekong A (DS) Шаблон:Flagicon Xekong Шаблон:Coord 2025 86 334.7 8.5 95.03 25.4
Xekong 4B (DS) Шаблон:Flagicon Xekong Шаблон:Coord 2027 175 801 117 1,004.7 22.4

Notes: COD = Commercial Operating Date

Environmental impacts of Mekong hydropower

The environmental impacts of Mekong hydropower development are generally well studied and understood. Some the key impacts of Mekong hydropower are as follows:

Hydrological impacts: about 75% of annual flows through the Mekong system occur between late June and early November,[30][31] which drives ecological productivity throughout the system.[32][33] This surge of water is known as the 'flood pulse' and dams (of all kinds) will contribute to its diminution. Wet season flows can be expected to reduce, while dry season flows can be expected to increase.[34] This has significant implications for the Mekong's ecology.

Fisheries impacts: the Mekong's fisheries are threatened in multiple ways, most importantly by dams and excessive fishing pressure.[35] Dams affect fisheries by:[36]

  • Acting as barriers to fish migration - either as fish try to migrate upstream to spawn; or for trapping fish fry or eggs as these travel downstream.
  • Interrupting natural flood cycles to which fish have evolved and adapted to over thousands of years.
  • Riverbed hardening. Dams typically release water in bursts, which removes smaller sediments like silt, sand, and gravel, as well as aquatic plants and animals and debris from vegetation. As a result, the bedrock below the dam becomes exposed and loses its value as a fish habitat.
  • Trapping sediment, a significant source of nutrition for fish.[37]
  • Altering water temperature. Water released from a dam is typically colder than prevailing temperatures downstream of the dam. This has a direct impact on fish habitats and populations.
  • Hydropeaking, which refers to the release of water from HPPs when demand is highest (usually during the day), and much smaller releases when demand is low. This also affects fisheries through the rapid alteration and high and low river flows. Globally, hydropeaking has been found to impact fish biodiversity, and fish community composition.[36][38][39]

The fisheries impact of all existing and planned mainstream dams will be most felt in Cambodia (which will experience three-quarters of the loss), while the balance will be experienced in Vietnam, Lao PDR and Thailand.[39] In terms of tonnages, this will represent a loss of between 580-750,000 Mt per year.[39]

In another study by the Mekong River Commission, fisheries assessments conducted in 2020 suggested that the annual finfish yield from the lower Mekong (i.e. those parts of the basin that fall within Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam)) was between 1.51 to 1.71 million tonnes, while the harvest of other aquatic animals (OAAs) was approximately 443,000 tons. This is approximately 25-30% less than yield estimates conducted in 2000 and 2010. The estimated value of the fish catch varies from USD 7.13 billion to USD 8.37 billion annually. In addition, the estimated value of the OAA harvest is approximately USD 1.13 billion.[40]

Sediment impacts: in the Mekong, some 40% of the sediments that reach the Mekong Delta are derived from the Three Parallel Rivers area in Yunnan, while some 52% come from the Central Highlands of Vietnam.[41] The balance comes from those parts of the basin in northern Thailand, and the Tibetan gorges.[41][42] Sediment loads are lowest during the dry season and highest during the first months of the flood season, when loose sediments weathered during the dry season are washed into rivers.[41][43]

Although suspended sediment concentrations in the Mekong have been monitored since 1994, the ‘pre-disturbance’ sediment load is unknown. Nevertheless, studies can demonstrate very significant declines in the Mekong's sediment load since 2001. At Chiang Saen, sediment flows have decreased from about 85 million metric tonnes per year (Mt/yr) to 10.8 million Mt/yr, meaning that the sediment contributions from China to the Mekong mainstream has decreased to about 16% of all sediments in the Lower Mekong as compared to about 55% historically.[44] A similar trend is seen down-stream at Pakse, where average loads have decreased from 147 Mt/yr to 66 Mt/yr between 1994 and 2013.[44]

The declining sediment load has significant implications for the Mekong Delta, recharging sediments otherwise washed away by the sea, consumed by sea-level rise, or in combination with land subsidence. Studies of the possible long-term consequences of system-wide sediment reductions suggest that it is likely that nearly half of the Delta's land surface will be below sea level by 2100, with the remaining areas impacted by saline intrusion from the sea and frequent flooding.[42] Much of the Mekong's sediment decline is attributed to the 'trapping efficiency' of dams.[42][44][45][46]

Forest impacts: there is a two-way relationship between (reservoir) hydropower a deforestation in the catchments they draw on. In the absence of soil conservation measures, deforestation often contributes to increased erosion, which is then deposited in the reservoir, a reducing reservoir capacity. The 1,570 MW Manwan HPP on the Mekong mainstream in China, for example, lost 21.5–22.8% of the total storage capacity to sediments in its first 11 years of operation.[47] But hydropower can also drive deforestation. Reservoirs need to be cleared of vegetation before filling, and given the size of some reservoirs, the area subjected to clearance can be considerable. The deforestation impact of reservoir clearance in the Mekong is unknown. In 2008, an estimated 60% of the timber harvested in Laos was approved under special quotas for hydroelectric and other infra-structure projects.[48] It has been estimated that hydropower development contributes to the loss of 13,100 ha of forest a year in Laos.[49] Over 2006/07, the Lao national timber quota was temporarily raised by 400,000 m3 to allow for logging specifically related to the development of the Nam Theun 2 HPP.[50] It has been argued that logging represents an additional motivation to hydropower development, and is frequently linked to corrupt actorsШаблон:Clarify.[51]

River connectivity: 'connectivity' refers to the degree to which matter and organisms can move among spatially defined units in a natural system. ‘River connectivity’ is typically described as longitudinal (between a river's main channel and its floodplains), lateral (between upstream areas in the river channel or catchment, and downstream ones), and vertical (within the water column, between upper water layers and lower ones.[52][53] River connectivity can be conceptualised as a continuum from 'fully connected' to 'disconnected'. River connectivity strongly influences the resistance and resilience of rivers to natural and human-induced disturbances.[53]

Dams interrupt connectivity, and so fish cannot swim upstream to spawn or breed; dams affect water quality in a variety of ways, altering upstream ecosystems so that they contrast starkly with downstream ones. Dam reservoirs are lacustrine (lake-like) environments unlike rapidly flowing waters downstream; upstream, the water is heavy with sediments, while downstream it is not; above the dam, the water is cold, while below it, it is warmer.

A 2014 study explores an HPP build-out of 81 proposed dams across the Mekong Basin.[54] If this were to occur, it would reduce the Mekong's connectivity to just 11% by 2022. This build-out – already well advanced – would make the Mekong one of the most heavily impounded rivers in the world.

Greenhouse gases: hydropower reservoirs do emit greenhouses gases (GHGs), although the volumes and types depend on the reservoir's latitude and age.[55] Young reservoirs tend to release larger amounts of GHGs than older ones due to the availability of decomposing vegetation and other organic matter soon after initial inundation; tropical reservoirs tend to release more than temperate ones due to higher rates of net primary production.[55][56]

In the Mekong, one study looked at 119 reservoirs across the basin, and found that these emit be-tween 0.2–1,994 kg  of CO2 per MWh over a 100 year lifetime with a median of 26 kg  of CO per MWh.[57] Hydropower reservoirs that also provided irrigation water (22) had generally higher emissions reaching over 22,000 kg  of CO2 per  MWh.[57] Yearly emissions ranged from 26 to 181,3 000 Mt of CO2 per year over a 100-year lifetime, with a median of 28,000 Mt of CO2 per year. Altogether, 82% of hydropower reservoirs (119) and 45% of reservoirs also providing irrigation (22) had emissions comparable to other renewable energy sources (<190 kg  CO2 per  MWh), while the rest had higher emissions equivalent to fossil fuel power plants (>380 kg  CO2 per  MWh).[57] These results, the study authors caution, are tentative and they suggest that hydropower in the Mekong Region cannot be considered categorically as low-emission energy. Instead, the GHG emissions of hydropower should be carefully considered case-by-case.[57]

Mekong hydropower and resettlement of affected communities

People are affected by hydropower in a diversity of ways. Most immediately are those displaced by an HPP (i.e. resettled due to the presence of the dam itself, its reservoir, and/or ancillary buildings and infrastructure). Then there are those who will be affected by fisheries and sediment losses, and/or losses arising due to hydrological changes. Such populations may be eligible for compensation. Finally, there are broader impacts, related to the ways in which hydropower affects national economies. This section focuses on involuntary displacement and resettlement due to hydropower in the Mekong.

Figures for the number of people displaced by hydropower development are scattered and not generally available. Where data are available, they are as follows:

Table 4: Resettlement of hydropower-displaced people in the Mekong River Basin[29]

Project Country Status No. resettled
Battambang 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 4,350
Lower Sesan 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 4,809
Pursat 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Under construction 1,436
Dachaoshan Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 6,363
Dahuaqiao Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 4,061
Gongguoqiao Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 3,476
Huangdeng Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 4,415
Jinfeng Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 126
Jinghong Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 2,264
Lidi Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 575
Lin Chang Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 69
Manwan Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 7,260
Miaowei Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 11,036
Nuozhadu Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 43,602
Tuoba Шаблон:Flagicon Under construction 5,951
Wunonglong Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 1,268
Xiaowan Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 38,646
Xu Cun Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 400
Don Sahong Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 66
Houay Ho Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 3,000
Luang Prabang Шаблон:Flagicon Under construction 12,966
Nam Hinboun 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 1,200
Nam Kong 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 1,612
Nam Leuk Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 134
Nam Lik 1-2 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 3,127
Nam Mang 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 1,200
Nam Ngiep 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 407
Nam Ngum 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 3,242
Nam Ngum 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 6,234
Nam Ngum 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Under construction 523
Nam Ou 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 3,080
Nam Ou 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 700
Nam Ou 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 560
Nam Ou 4 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 630
Nam Ou 5 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 910
Nam Ou 6 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 210
Nam Ou 7 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 490
Nam San 3A Шаблон:Flagicon Under construction 2,832
Nam Tha 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 10,523
Nam Theun 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 2,623
Nam Theun 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 6,200
Theun-Hinboun Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 4,367
Xe Bang Hieng 2 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 2,700
Xe Pian-Xe Nam Noy Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 800
Xe Pon 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 600
Xekong 3B Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 240
Xekong 4A Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 4,458
Xekong 5 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 440
Ubol Ratana Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 30,000
A Luoi Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 872
Buôn Kốp Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 4,732
Buon Tua Srah Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 2,215
Dray Hinh 1 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 153
Plei Krong Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 6,239
Sesan 3A Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 665
Sesan 4 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 1,021
Sre Pok 3 Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 9,279
Upper Kontum Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 1,363
Yali Шаблон:Flagicon Commissioned 24,610

In 2011, it was estimated that hydropower development in Laos would result in the resettlement of between 100,000 and 280,000 people.[58] In 2019, the Lao Minister of Energy and Mines estimated that, up until that point, 60,000 people from 12,000 families from more than 200 villages across Laos had been resettled to make way for power projects.[59] Similar estimates are not available for other parts of the Mekong River Basin.

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:GeoGroup Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Dams on Mekong River Basin

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

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