Английская Википедия:Ibanag language

The Ibanag language (also Ybanag or Ibanak) is an Austronesian language spoken by up to 500,000 speakers, most particularly by the Ibanag people, in the Philippines, in the northeastern provinces of Isabela and Cagayan, especially in Tuguegarao, Solana, Abulug, Camalaniugan, Lal-lo, Cabagan, Tumauini, San Pablo, Sto. Tomas, Sta. Maria, and Ilagan and other neighboring towns and villages around the Cagayan River and with overseas immigrants in countries located in the Middle East, United Kingdom and the United States. Most of the speakers can also speak Ilocano, the lingua franca of northern Luzon island. The name Ibanag comes from the prefix I which means 'people of', and Шаблон:Lang, meaning 'river'. It is closely related to Gaddang, Itawis, Agta, Atta, Yogad, Isneg, and Malaweg.

Classification

Similar to more known languages in the Philippines such as Cebuano and Tagalog, Ibanag is a Philippine language within the Austronesian language family. On the other hand, it belongs to the Northern Philippine languages subgroup where related yet larger Ilocano and Pangasinan also fall under.

Distribution and dialects

Ibanag is spoken in various areas of Northeastern Region of the Philippines (namely within Isabela and Cagayan), and because of this there are also minor differences in the way that it is spoken in these areas. Ibanag spoken in Tuguegarao is known to be the standard dialect. And other native Ibanag speakers usually distinguish if the speaker is from Tuguegarao City with the variation of their pronunciation and accent. Most who have adapted the urban dialects of Ibanag tend to have a Hispanic accent.Шаблон:Cn

In Tuguegarao, before the Spaniards came, the language was Irraya (an almost-extinct Gaddang dialect). Spaniards introduced Ibanag to the city from Lal-lo (formerly the city of Nueva Segovia) and made the language as the lingua franca of the northeastern Philippines. But with the introduction of Ilocano settlers, Ilocano has become the new lingua franca since the late 20th century.^[1]^[2]

Cauayan speakers and Ilagan speakers in Isabela have a hard accent as opposed to the Tuguegarao Ibanag that sounded Hispanic. But, native speakers of Northern Cagayan have a harder accent.Шаблон:Cn

For example, Ibanags from towns in northern Cagayan, which includes Abulug, Aparri, Camalaniugan, Pamplona and Lallo, tend to replace their ps with fs.^[3] Also, certain Ibanag words differ from these areas as opposed to the Tuguegarao and Isabela Ibanag. The dialects are South Ibanag and North Ibanag.^[4]

Examples:

Шаблон:Lang – Шаблон:Lang ('hot')
Шаблон:Lang – Шаблон:Lang ('a place to put')
Шаблон:Lang – Шаблон:Lang ('banana')

Tuguegarao Ibanag may be considered the standard; however, Northern Cagayan Ibanag may be closest to the ancient Pre-Hispanic Ibanag existent prior to the spread of the language throughout the province, as Northern Cagayan was the original Ibanag home territory. On the other hand, Tuguegarao Ibanag, besides having Spanish influences, may have acquired elements from nearby Itawis. At the same time, Isabela Ibanag may have acquired elements from the original Gaddang language predominant in the province.

Tuguegarao Ibanag	Isabela Ibanag	English	Tagalog
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Don't eat eggs.	Шаблон:Lang

Archaic Ibanag

Some words used in the present such as Шаблон:Lang 'rice', Шаблон:Lang 'pig', Шаблон:Lang 'fire', are listed in Spanish texts as Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang respectively. Also, the Ibanag term for the number one, Шаблон:Lang, was once used interchangeably with the word Шаблон:Lang, which is no longer used apparently by modern speakers of the language.^[5]^[6]

Use and current status

As of Oct. 2012, "revival of the Ibanag culture is part of the Mother-Tongue Based (MTB) program of the [Philippine] government which seeks to preserve indigenous cultures, including its languages, for generations to come. Ibanag is one of the MTB languages now taught in Philippine schools," and two current stage plays, Шаблон:Lang (Heritage of the River) and Why Women Wash the Dishes are being performed in the Ibanag language.^[7]

Phonology

Шаблон:Unreferenced section

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	Шаблон:IPA link		Шаблон:IPA link
Mid	Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link
Open		Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link

Monophthongization of diphthongs is observable in Ibanag. For example, the words Шаблон:Lang ('to go'), Шаблон:Lang ('house') or Шаблон:Lang ('day') are sometimes pronounced as ume, bale, and aggo respectively.Шаблон:Citation needed

Consonants

Ibanag is one of the Philippine languages which are excluded in the Шаблон:IPA-Шаблон:IPA allophony.Шаблон:Clarify

Ibanag features phonemes that are not present in many related Philippine languages; phonemes unique to Ibanag compared to its sister languages include Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang, 'rice', Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang, 'pig', Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang, 'goat' and Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang, 'maid'.Шаблон:Citation needed

Ibanag features gemination:

Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('half')
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('to squeeze, squeezing')

Table of consonant phonemes of Ibanag
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link
Plosive/ Affricate	Шаблон:Small	Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link
Plosive/ Affricate	Шаблон:Small	Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link
Fricative	Шаблон:Small	Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link		Шаблон:IPA link
Fricative	Шаблон:Small	Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link
Tap			Шаблон:IPA link ~ Шаблон:IPA link
Approximant			Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link	Шаблон:IPA link

Orthography

There are two ways that Ibanag can be written. In older texts, the "Spanish style" is often used: ⟨c⟩, and ⟨qu⟩ are used to represent /k/, and words that end with a glottal stop have -c added to the end of the word.^[8]

Example: Шаблон:Lang. 'We ate pork.'

Example: Шаблон:Lang 'The sky is full of clouds.'

The other way of writing Ibanag is the new, simplified way which tends to be more phonetic. This modern spelling system is consistent with that of the Filipino language and other languages such as Bisaya and Ilokano. Moreover, silent letters are omitted. This orthography is the one being adopted for use in public schools for the purpose of the Department of Education's Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education policy in Ibanag-speaking areas and is prescribed by the Ibanag Heritage Foundation, Inc.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Example: Шаблон:Lang 'We ate pork.'

Example: Шаблон:Lang 'The sky is full of clouds.'

Grammar

Nouns

Personal pronouns

Independent pronouns
I: Шаблон:Lang (Isabela), Шаблон:Lang
You: Шаблон:Lang (Isabela)
He, she, it: Шаблон:Lang
We (inclusive): Шаблон:Lang (Isabela)
We (exclusive): Шаблон:Lang
You (plural/polite): Шаблон:Lang
They: Шаблон:Lang

	Pronoun	Possessive pronoun forms	Example of root word	Example of derived word(s)
First person	Шаблон:Lang (Isabela), Шаблон:Lang (I)	-ku, -' when subject ends with a vowel or diphthong	Шаблон:Lang (goat) Шаблон:Lang (hand)	Шаблон:Lang (my goat) Шаблон:Lang (my hand)
	Шаблон:Lang (exclusive, our), Шаблон:Lang (Isabela) (inclusive, our)	-mi, -tam	Шаблон:Lang (book)	Шаблон:Lang (our book), Шаблон:Lang (our book)
Second person	Шаблон:Lang (you, singular)	-mu, -m	Шаблон:Lang (socks), Шаблон:Lang (book)	Шаблон:Lang (your socks), Шаблон:Lang (your book)
	Шаблон:Lang (you (plural/polite))	-nu	Шаблон:Lang (flag)	Шаблон:Lang (your flag)
Third person	Шаблон:Lang (he, she, it)	-na	Шаблон:Lang (chicken)	Шаблон:Lang (his, her, its chicken)
	Шаблон:Lang (they)	-da	Шаблон:Lang (chair)	Шаблон:Lang (their chair)

Sakan/So'

I/me: There are many ways to say I or me in Ibanag. The language is agglutinative. Thus most of the time pronouns are attached to verbs. There are at least four ways to indicate the pronoun I.
'I am eating': Шаблон:Lang = Шаблон:Lang ('to eat') and Шаблон:Lang ('I'). Sometimes, Шаблон:Lang is used instead of Шаблон:Lang.
'I gave him some food': Шаблон:Lang = Шаблон:Lang ('to give') Шаблон:Lang ('I').
'I will be the one to go': Шаблон:Lang = Шаблон:Lang ('I')
'I split it in half': Шаблон:Lang = Шаблон:Lang ('to split in half') ' ('I'). Here the glottal stop on the sentence indicates 'I'. Without the glottal stop, the sentence would become incomplete and would otherwise not make any sense.

Sikaw

You: There are also a couple of ways to indicate you.
'(You) go outside': Шаблон:Lang = Шаблон:Lang ('to go') and Шаблон:Lang ('you')
'You give': Шаблон:Lang = Шаблон:Lang ('to give/to put') and Шаблон:Lang ('you')

Yayya

He/she/it: As with the other pronouns, there are a couple of ways to say this, but usually people use Шаблон:Lang.
'He lost it': Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) 'lost' (Шаблон:Lang) 'he/she/it' (NOTE: without the glottal stop, Шаблон:Lang can mean 'he', 'she', or 'it'.)

Sittam

We: Often Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang is attached at the end of the verb or noun. Шаблон:Lang is inclusive 'we'.
'Let us go': Шаблон:Lang (Isabela) or Шаблон:Lang

Sikami

We: To exclude the person being spoken to, Шаблон:Lang is used. In this case, Шаблон:Lang is attached to the end of the verb, adjective or noun.
'We are going to look': Шаблон:Lang = Шаблон:Lang ('to go'), Шаблон:Lang ('we')
'We are full' (as in food): Шаблон:Lang = Шаблон:Lang ('full'), Шаблон:Lang (exclusive 'we')
'We are Ibanags': Шаблон:Lang

Sikamu

You: This is for plural 'you'. Often Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang is used.
'Go get him/her': Шаблон:Lang = Шаблон:Lang ('to get'), Шаблон:Lang (plural 'you')
'You went there?': Шаблон:Lang = Шаблон:Lang ('went') Шаблон:Lang ('you')

Ira

They: Шаблон:Lang. Шаблон:Lang is seldom used unless emphasizing that it is 'them'. Instead of Шаблон:Lang, the word Шаблон:Lang is used.
'They bought my house': Шаблон:Lang = Шаблон:Lang ('bought'), Шаблон:Lang ('they')

Possessive pronouns

Шаблон:Lang is the root word that identifies something as belonging to someone. Often Шаблон:Lang is added before Шаблон:Lang to emphasize this. This is only possible with 'mine' and 'yours' but not with other possessive pronouns.

'That IS mine.': Шаблон:Lang

'My, mine': Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
'Me': Шаблон:Lang
'Your, yours': -m, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
'His, her, its': Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
'Our, ours' (inclusive): Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
'Our, ours' (exclusive): Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
'Your, yours': Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
'Their, theirs': Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
'My toy': Шаблон:Lang
'Your gift': Шаблон:Lang
'Her earring': Шаблон:Lang
'Our land': Шаблон:Lang
'Our house': Шаблон:Lang
'Your car': Шаблон:Lang
'Their dog': Шаблон:Lang
'This is mine': Шаблон:Lang
'This is hers/his': Шаблон:Lang
'That is yours': Шаблон:Lang
'That is hers': Шаблон:Lang

Demonstrative pronouns

'This': Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
'That' (item by person being spoken to): Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang (Isabela)
'That' (far from both speaker and person being spoken to): Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang
'That' (sometimes used for objects that are absent or in the past): Шаблон:Lang
'This dog': Шаблон:Lang
'That cat': Шаблон:Lang
'That carabao': Шаблон:Lang
'That day': Шаблон:Lang

In order to emphasize or stress the distance or time, the stress on the word falls on the first syllable except for Шаблон:Lang – i.e. Шаблон:Lang 'that land'.

Other ways that words are emphasized are by using locatives.

'THIS house' (here): Шаблон:Lang
'That girl there': Шаблон:Lang
'That man over there': Шаблон:Lang
'That old lady a long time ago': Шаблон:Lang*

With Шаблон:Lang the stress on tu is often lengthened to emphasize the distance and time that has passed.

Шаблон:Lang – Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang – English: Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang – Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang – English: Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang – Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang – English: Шаблон:Lang

Locatives

'Here': Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang
'There': Шаблон:Lang (by person being spoken to)
'There': Шаблон:Lang (far from both)
'There': Шаблон:Lang (absent, past time and location)

Enclitic particles

Interrogative Words

Each of the doubled consonants must be pronounced separately – i.e. Шаблон:Lang – an ni

'What are you doing?': Шаблон:Lang
'When did you arrive?': Шаблон:Lang
'Where are we going?': Шаблон:Lang
'Who took my fan?': Шаблон:Lang
'Why are you not eating?': Шаблон:Lang
'How are you going to cook that if you do not have the ingredients?': Шаблон:Lang
'How much is this? How much is that?': Шаблон:Lang

Verbs

Ibanag verbs are conjugated based on tense, but not person.

Like most other Malayo-Polynesian languages, Ibanag does not have a copula, which means there is no verb equivalent to English to be. However, this is sometimes compensated for by using the verb for to have.

Infinitive and present tense

Many times, the infinitive form is the same as the present tense.

'There is'/'to have': Шаблон:Lang
'To eat/eat': Шаблон:Lang
'To drink/drink': Шаблон:Lang
'To need/need': Шаблон:Lang
'To want/want', 'to like/like': Шаблон:Lang
'To go/go', 'to come/come': Шаблон:Lang
'To not want/not want', 'to not like/not like': Шаблон:Lang
'I am here': Шаблон:Lang
'Do you eat goat?': Шаблон:Lang
'Drink this': Шаблон:Lang
'Drink water': Шаблон:Lang
'You need to sleep': Шаблон:Lang
'To ask': Шаблон:Lang

Past tense

There are different ways to form the past tense. Here are a few common ways.

'Cooked': Шаблон:Lang
'Cut': Шаблон:Lang
'Cut (hair)': Шаблон:Lang
'Placed far away': Шаблон:Lang
'Bought': Шаблон:Lang
'We cooked dinengdeng': Шаблон:Lang
'We cooked the pig': Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang becomes Шаблон:Lang assuming the pig itself is not present since it was already cooked)
'They cut my hair': Шаблон:Lang
'I got my hair cut': Шаблон:Lang
'They placed him far away': Шаблон:Lang
'I bought you this cow': Шаблон:Lang

Future tense

Again, there are a couple of ways of forming future tense. One is by the use of a helping word like to go.
Sometimes the present tense can indicate future depending on the context.

'We are going to pick him up.': Шаблон:Lang
'Go buy lechon later.': Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang (Isabela), Шаблон:Lang (Tuguegarao)

Sangaw and Sangawe

'Do it now': Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang not used in Tuguegarao)
'Do it now': Шаблон:Lang (Isabela)
'Later on': Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang

Structure

Syntax and word order

Ibanag sentence structure often follows the verb–subject–object pattern.

'Andoy took out the dog.': Шаблон:Lang

Adjectives often follow the nouns with a marker attached.

'Big house': Шаблон:Lang

Simple sentences as opposed to descriptive patterns:

'The house is red': Шаблон:Lang

'The red house': Шаблон:Lang

Markers

Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are the two most commonly used markers in Ibanag. They either link adjectives to nouns or indicate the subject of the sentence.

'Loud laughter': Шаблон:Lang. Шаблон:Lang indicates 'loud' and the Шаблон:Lang links it to laughter.
'Your child is tall.': Шаблон:Lang. With the lack of the verb to be and a switched syntax, Шаблон:Lang indicates that your child is the subject.

Шаблон:Lang is another marker that is used, but is not very simple to explain.Шаблон:Cn Often it is seen in conjunction with the word Шаблон:Lang, meaning 'nothing, none'.

'There is nothing to eat.': Шаблон:Lang – Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang. Here, Шаблон:Lang links Шаблон:Lang ('none') and Шаблон:Lang ('food'). Шаблон:Lang is like Шаблон:Lang in Tagalog.

Шаблон:Lang is yet another marker used. Шаблон:Lang is like Шаблон:Lang in Tagalog.

'Make a new chair.': Шаблон:Lang – Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang (Here both Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are used)

Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang in the Isabela dialect

Шаблон:Lang is used to refer to place (Isabela). This is also used in Tuguegarao.

Example: 'We went to Tuguegarao.': Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang is used to refer to things.

Example: 'We ate pork.' Шаблон:Lang (Isabela)

Sandhi

Ibanag verbs that end in n lose the last consonant, which is replaced by the first consonant of the succeeding word. However, when the succeeding word starts with a vowel or another n, the last n is not affected.

Examples:

*Шаблон:Lang

Correct: Шаблон:Lang 'Go get the book.'

*Шаблон:Lang

Correct: Шаблон:Lang 'I saw his father.'

The marker Шаблон:Lang and the preposition Шаблон:Lang (not the pronoun) sometimes, depending also on the dialect, acquire the first consonant of the succeeding word.

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang 'at the back of the house'

Шаблон:Lang 'on top.' Notice that Шаблон:Lang is succeeded by Шаблон:Lang, which starts with a vowel.

Samples

Proverbs

This is an example of an Ibanag proverb, which is also known throughout the archipelago.

Ibanag: Шаблон:Lang (*Isabela)

Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang

English: 'He who does not look back into his past, cannot reach his destination.'

Ibanag: Шаблон:Lang

Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang

English: 'In heaven there is no beer, that is why we drink it here.'

Ibanag: Шаблон:Lang (Tuguegarao)

Ibanag: Шаблон:Lang (Isabela)

Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang

English: 'Never call an egg a chick, so that it will not become rotten.'

Cagayan provincial anthem

Шаблон:Verse translation The direct translation here is different from the English version of the Cagayan Provincial Anthem.

Vocabulary

Loan words

Many words in Ibanag are of Spanish origin. The language is infused with Spanish words that are often not seen or heard in any of the other Philippine languages.
Eyeglasses: Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang
Plants: Шаблон:Lang
Store: Шаблон:Lang (from Шаблон:Lang-es)
Door: Шаблон:Lang
Toilet: Шаблон:Lang
Quickly, immediately: Шаблон:Lang (from Шаблон:Lang)

Simple greetings

Good morning: Шаблон:Lang (others say Шаблон:Lang)
Good afternoon: Шаблон:Lang (others say Шаблон:Lang)
Good evening/night: Шаблон:Lang (others say Шаблон:Lang)
How are you?: Шаблон:Lang
I am fine/good, and you?: Шаблон:Lang
I am just fine, thank God: Шаблон:Lang
Thank you: Шаблон:Lang
Where are you going?: Шаблон:Lang
I am going to...: Шаблон:Lang
What are you doing?: Шаблон:Lang
Nothing in particular: Шаблон:Lang
Please come in: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang.
Long time no see: Шаблон:Lang

Numbers

Шаблон:Columns-list

^[12]Шаблон:Clarify

Sentences

Ibanag	Tagalog	English
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	What did you eat?
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	What did you,(all) eat?
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	What are you eating?
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	What are you eating now?
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	We will eat when he/she comes.
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	We were eating when he came.
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	We would have eaten I if he had arrived.
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	The milk shot out.
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Don't eat.
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Eat now!
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	That's mine!
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	I love you

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Citation

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Английская Википедия:Ibanag language

Classification

Distribution and dialects

Archaic Ibanag

Use and current status

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

Orthography

Grammar

Nouns

Personal pronouns

Sakan/So'

Sikaw

Yayya

Sittam

Sikami

Sikamu

Ira

Possessive pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns

Locatives

Enclitic particles

Interrogative Words

Verbs

Infinitive and present tense

Past tense

Future tense

Sangaw and Sangawe

Structure

Syntax and word order

Markers

Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang in the Isabela dialect

Sandhi

Samples

Proverbs

Cagayan provincial anthem

Vocabulary

Loan words

Simple greetings

Numbers

Sentences

References

Further reading

Навигация

Поиск