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...Hayyan al-Tawhidi]], he was accused of treason for engaging in trade with the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]]. Convicted, his possessions were confiscate ...de los franciscanos'' (Editorial Cisneros, 2013), pp. 127–144, at p. 13 of the PDF.</ref> ...

...in the medieval Islamic world|astronomer]], and [[Arabic poetry|poet]] of the [[Islamic Golden Age]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Suter|first=Heinr ...his is a book by the name of ''Kitab al-'amal bil Kurah'' (''On the use of the Spherical astrolabe'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosenthal|first=Franz|date= ...

...ogical tradition, and his son [[Bahshamiyya|Abū Hāshīm al-Jubbā'ī]].<ref>''The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy'', Volume II, ed. Robert Passnau ( [[Category:Philosophers from the Abbasid Caliphate]] ...

...ounding the Baghdad school of [[Aristotelianism#Islamic world|Aristotelian philosophers]]. .... He then taught in Baghdad where the Muslim philosopher [[Al Farabi]] and the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Christian]] philosopher [[Yahya ibn Adi]] w ...

...f the Karaite community within the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], in opposition to the [[rabbi]]nical claimant ...id frequently attacks [[Saadia Gaon]], whom he never calls by name, but by the appellation "hadha al-rajul" (this man). ...

...]].<ref>{{cite book|last=F. E.|first=Peters|title=Aristotle and the Arabs: The Aristotelian Tradition in Islam|year=1968|publisher=[[New York University P ...for heretical beliefs.<ref>{{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Robert C.|title=The case of rhyme versus reason: Ibn al-Rūmī and his poetics in context|year= ...

...ommon year starting on Thursday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]]. ...ook |last1=McKitterick |first1=Rosamond |title=The Frankish Kingdoms Under the Carolingians, 751-987 |date=1983 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-49005-5 ...

...ism|Ismaili]] beliefs and practices. It is included in the polemic work of the 10th-century anti-Ismaili writer [[Akhu Muhsin]]. == The author == ...

|nationality = [[Caliphate]] |era = [[Islamic Golden Age]] <br> ([[Abbasid dynasty|Abbasid era]]) ...

{{Short description|20th Abbasid Caliph (r. 934–940)}}{{Lowercase title}} | title = [[List of Caliphs|Caliph]] <br />[[Commander of the Faithful]] ...

| name = Bishr the Barefoot | birth_place = [[Merv]], Abbasid Caliphate ...

| influences = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source--> | influenced = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source-->}} ...

...public works. Modern Islamic [[economist]]s{{Who|date=February 2015}} deem the institutional framework appropriate for contemporary Islamic societies. ...n early physical copy that mentions Bayt Al-Maal, highlighted in red. From the hadith manuscript MS. Leiden Or. 298, dated 866 CE.]] ...

{{about|the astrologer|the historian and hadith scholar|Abu Ma'shar Najih al-Sindi al-Madani}} | caption = Page of a 15th-century manuscript of the "Book of nativities" (BNF Arabe 2583 fol. 15v). ...

...dawah|Da‘wah]]''. In his theological and philosophical writings he brought the Isma'ili spiritual heritage to its pinnacle.<ref name="Iranica">VERENA KLEM ...esided, worked and died.<ref>[http://ismaili.net/heritage/node/8200 12.0 ''The Fatimid Da'i Al-Mu'ayyad: His Life'', by Dr. Abbas Hamdani, University of W ...

...he ''Ithbāt al-imāma'', an influential analysis of Isma'ili conceptions of the [[imamate]], combining [[rationalist]] philosophical argument with Islamic ...na]] was a son of an Isma'ili convert, and the philosophical traditions of the time, emphasizing [[rationalism]], are evident in al-Naysaburi's own works. ...

...= [[Medieval philosophy|Medieval period]] <br>([[Abbasid dynasty|Later Abbasid era]]) | birth_place = [[Baghdad]], Abbasid Caliphate ...

...ī'''{{efn|{{Lang-ar|أبو إسحاق شهاب الدين إبراهيم بن عبد الله الحموي}}. For the full name, see {{harvnb|Rosenthal|1968|p=492}}, and {{harvnb|Krauss-Sánche ...3|p=184}}.</ref> In his own writings, he insists that he played no role in the coming to power of his patron, Emir [[Al-Nasir Kilij Arslan|al-Nāṣir Qil ...

| birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Dinawar]], [[Jibal]], [[Abbasid Caliphate]]}} | death_place = {{nowrap|Dinawar, Jibal, Abbasid Caliphate}} ...

{{Short description|37th and last Abbasid Caliph (r. 1242–1258)}}{{Lowercase title}} | succession = [[Caliph]] of the [[Abbasid dynasty]] ...