Английская Википедия:115 (barge)

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115 (also known as Barge 115, No.115, or Whaleback 115) was an American whaleback barge in service between 1891 and 1899. She was built between May and August 1891, in Superior, Wisconsin (or West Superior, Wisconsin) by Alexander McDougall's American Steel Barge Company, for the "McDougall fleet", based in Buffalo, New York. She was one of a class of distinctive, experimental ship designed and built by McDougall. The whalebacks were designed to be more stable in high seas. They had rounded decks, and lacked the normal straight sides seen on traditional lake freighters. 115 entered service on August 25, hauling iron ore from Superior.

In December 1899, while being towed by the whaleback freighter Colgate Hoyt from Two Harbors, Minnesota, for Lake Erie with a load of iron ore, the two vessels encountered a storm. After 40 hours of slow progress across Lake Superior, 115 broke away from Colgate Hoyt at 6:05Шаблон:Nbspa.m., on December 13. Colgate Hoyt searched for her for four hours, but due to the scarcity of fuel on board, she was forced to proceed to Sault Ste. Marie. After drifting around Lake Superior for five days, 115 crashed into Pic Island, near Marathon, Ontario. Her crew made it to shore in a makeshift raft, walking for several days, before being located by crew from the Canadian Pacific Railway.

The wreck of 115 was located in 1980, at a depth of between Шаблон:Convert of water.

History

Background

Шаблон:Main 115 was a whaleback, an innovative but unpopular ship design of the late 1880s, designed by Alexander McDougall. A Scottish immigrant, Great Lakes captain, inventorШаблон:Sfnp and entrepreneur, McDougall developed the idea of the whaleback as a way to improve the ability of barges to follow a towing vessel in heavy seas.Шаблон:Sfnp Whalebacks were characterized by distinctive hull shapes with rounded tops, lacking conventional vertical sides, and conoidal ends.Шаблон:Sfnp Their rounded hulls enabled water to easily slide off their decks, minimising friction, and letting them sail quickly and smoothly through the water.Шаблон:Sfnp Their superstructure was located on turrets mounted on the main deck.Шаблон:Sfnp The rounded contours of whalebacks gave them an unconventional appearance,Шаблон:Sfnp and McDougall's ship and barge designs were received with considerable skepticism, resistance, and derision.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp As they had porcine-looking snouts for bows, some observers called them "pig boats".Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

After McDougall was unable to persuade existing shipbuilders to try his designs, he founded the American Steel Barge Company in Superior, Wisconsin, in 1888, and built them himself. McDougall actively promoted his design and company by sending the steamer Charles W. Wetmore to London, and starting another shipyard in Everett, Washington, which built the steamer City of Everett.Шаблон:Sfnp Despite McDougall's further efforts to promote the design with the excursion liner Christopher Columbus, whalebacks never caught on, with only 44 of them being built.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

Design and construction

115 (also known as Barge 115,Шаблон:Sfnp No.115,Шаблон:Sfnp or Whaleback 115Шаблон:Sfnp) was constructed in 1891, in Superior (or West SuperiorШаблон:Sfnp), Wisconsin,Шаблон:Sfnp by the American Steel Barge Company.Шаблон:Sfnp Her first hull frames were laid down on May 21, 1891. She was launched on August 15, of that same year.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp 115 was identical to the barge 116, launched later in August.Шаблон:Sfnp She was Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert wide, and her hull was Шаблон:Convert deep.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn-ua She had a gross tonnage of 1,169 tons, and a net tonnage of 1,110 tons.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn-ua She was an unrigged barge, and was towed by a steam-powered ship.Шаблон:Sfnp

Service history

115 was built by the American Steel Barge Company for the fleet of the same name based in Buffalo, New York.Шаблон:Sfnp She was enrolled in Duluth, Minnesota, on August 20, 1891, and was given the US official number 53268.Шаблон:Sfnp Her home port was Buffalo. 115 entered service on August 25, carrying iron ore from Superior, Wisconsin.Шаблон:Sfnp

On May 11 or 12, 1893, 115 was in tow of Colgate Hoyt, when she was struck by the downbound whaleback freighter Thomas Wilson, which had the whaleback barge 101 in tow.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp 115 was dry docked in Duluth on May 20, for repairs.Шаблон:Sfnp 115 broke 16 hull plates on May 3, 1894, when she collided with the steamer Mesaba on Lake George.Шаблон:Sfnp In 1895, management of the American Steel Barge Company fleet was taken over by Pickands Mather & Company of Cleveland, Ohio.Шаблон:Sfnp While loaded with iron ore and under tow of the whaleback steamer A.D. Thompson, 115 ran aground in the St. Marys River, below the Sault Ste. Marie Canal in the afternoon on July 18, 1897. She was released on the morning of July 19, after lightering her cargo, which she later reloaded; she sustained no damage in the grounding.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp In August 1897, 115 was dry docked in West Superior, in order to repair damage she sustained after striking the bottom in an unknown river.Шаблон:Sfnp Ten of her bottom plates and two of her keel plates needed to be replaced.Шаблон:Sfnp

Final voyage

In December 1899, 115 and her towing steamer Colgate Hoyt were in Two Harbors, Minnesota, where 115 loaded 3,000 tons of iron ore bound for Lake Erie,Шаблон:Sfnp on what was meant to be their final trip of the shipping season.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp The two vessels left Two Harbors on December 10, and headed for the Soo Locks. 115 was under the command of Arthur A. Boyce, and had a complement of eight crew (including Captain Boyce).Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp As the two vessels left Two Harbors, they sailed into a storm. For 40 hours, Colgate Hoyt and 115 made slow progress across Lake Superior, when at 6:05Шаблон:Nbspa.m. on December 13, 115 broke away from Colgate Hoyt, south of Pic Island.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Colgate HoytШаблон:'s crew frantically searched for 115 for four hours, but scarcity of fuel on board forced her to proceed to Sault Ste. Marie,Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp where they enlisted tugboats to help search for 115.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Initially, 115 and her crew were believed to have been lost.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Maplink 115 drifted for five days before stranding near Marathon, Ontario, on Pic Island, located on the north shore of Lake Superior, becoming the final shipwreck to occur on the Great Lakes during the 1800s.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Her crew made it ashore in 115Шаблон:'s small life raft, making multiple trips between the stranded barge and Pic Island until everyone on board reached safety. Some of the crewmen carried with them extra clothes, while others carried food (two loaves of bread and ham). As well as clothes and the food items, the crewmen carried with them candles and grease.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp After walking around the island for a while, the crewmen discovered an old, roofless log cabin, containing a stove. They fashioned a roof out of tree branches, and spent the night in the cabin.Шаблон:Sfnp The following morning, the crewmen tore the cabin down, fashioning a makeshift raft out of the wood. They made it ashore on the mainland, and ended up camping in the bush.Шаблон:Sfnp The next day, they began walking along the shore to the west, camping in the bush that night as well.Шаблон:Sfnp After walking for four days, the crewmen stumbled upon a Canadian Pacific Railway track. Following the track, the crewmen managed to make it to Middletown, Ontario, at around noon, that same day.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Although all of 115Шаблон:'s crew survived, her cook's feet were frostbitten.Шаблон:Sfnp All of 115Шаблон:'s crew made it home in time for Christmas.Шаблон:Sfnp 115 was the second whaleback lost on the Great Lakes.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn-ua

115 wreck

The wreck of 115 was discovered in 1980 after a major search by wreck hunter Ryan LeBlanc at a depth of between Шаблон:Convert of water, on a rock bottom.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Maritime historian and author Cris Kohl's book, The 100 Best Great Lakes Shipwrecks – Volume II. erroneously states that 115Шаблон:'s bow with its turret is intact,Шаблон:Sfnp whereas dive footage shot in about 1980 shows that her stern and its turret are intact, instead of the bow. The bow section is broken up.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Due to the force with which 115 pounded against Pic Island, there are twisted steel plates located as high as Шаблон:Convert on the cliff she wrecked against.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Her intact bell was retrieved around the time she was discovered.Шаблон:Sfnp

Notes

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References

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Sources

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Шаблон:1893 shipwrecks Шаблон:1894 shipwrecks Шаблон:1899 shipwrecks Шаблон:Recreational dive sites

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