Английская Википедия:1668 Shandong earthquake
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox earthquake
A major seismic event occurred during the rule of the Qing dynasty in Shandong Province on July 25, 1668. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of Шаблон:M 8.5,[1] making it the largest historical earthquake in East China, and one of the largest to occur on land. The earthquake had cataclysmic implications to the region. An estimated 43,000 to 50,000 lives were lost in the earthquake,[2] and its effects were widely felt. The epicenter may have been located between Ju and Tancheng counties, northeast of the prefecture-level city of Linyi in southern Shandong.
Geology
The earthquake occurred halfway between Beijing and Shanghai, where seismic activity is infrequent. There had not been any major earthquakes in the area for over 150 years.[3] Within historical times, only seven earthquakes have occurred with estimated magnitudes greater than Шаблон:M 6.0. The first recorded earthquake occurred northwest of Zhucheng in 70 BC, estimated at Шаблон:M 7.0 or greater. The most recent destructive earthquake occurred on 19 November 1829, measuring Шаблон:M 6.75 near Yidu and Linqu. These major earthquakes occur along the Tan-Lu Fault Zone.[4]
The most geologically significant fault in eastern China is the Tan-Lu Fault Zone—a north-northeast-south-southwest trending dextral strike-slip fault zone. The fault extends Шаблон:Cvt from Wuxue near the Yangtze River bank, through the Bohai Sea, to Zhaoxing, Heilongjiang. It has evolved multiple times during its history; from the late Triassic to middle Cretaceous, it was a sinistral strike-slip fault zone which produced offsets ranging from Шаблон:Cvt. During the late Cretaceous, the fault zone became an area of extensional tectonics, producing rift grabens and collecting sediments up to Шаблон:Cvt thick in some areas. During the Paleogene, rifting ceased and the fault zone evolved into a dextral strike-slip fault by the late Eocene. This was in response to a change in tectonics brought on by the India-Asia collision and subduction along the west Pacific.[5]
Earthquake
The earthquake rupture occurred along the Шаблон:Cvt-long Yishu Fault, a segment of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone. The Tan-Lu Fault Zone formed during the Mesozoic. Its slip rate has been estimated at less than Шаблон:Cvt per year.[6][7] During the earthquake, the Yishu Fault ruptured and produced an average offset of Шаблон:Cvt. The slip sense was mainly dextral strike-slip with a small thrust component.[8] Seismic inversion suggest a Шаблон:Cvt rupture area on a near-vertical, north–south striking fault.[8] A hypocenter depth of between Шаблон:Cvt and Шаблон:Cvt has been suggested.[3] Three aftershocks occurred on 26 July and 18 September of 1688; estimated at Шаблон:M 6.25 and 6.0, respectively. Another aftershock occurred in 1672 estimated at Шаблон:M 6.0.[4]
A paleoseismic study of the fault zone in 1987 suggest the same segment was the source of a similarly-sized earthquake in 6280 BC.[4] The same fault may have also produced the 1975 Haicheng earthquake in Haicheng, Шаблон:Cvt north of this event.[3] Another destructive earthquake in 1969 was also produced along the Tan-Lu Fault Zone.[9]
Impact
| Place | Fatalities |
|---|---|
| Ju County | >20,000 |
| Tancheng County | >8,700 |
| Linyi | >6,900 |
| Zhucheng | >2,700 |
| Dongying | >1,000 |
| Laiwu | Most of the population was killed |
| Jiaoxian | >90 |
| Weifang | >470 |
| Yishui | 1,725 |
| Jimo | 653 |
| Zouxian | >100 |
| Yutai | 140 |
| Sishui | >100 |
The earthquake was felt in 379 counties, 29 of which experienced catastrophic damage. It also affected Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Liaoning, and Korea.[11] There was a Шаблон:Convert radial zone of damage around Tancheng, Linyi and Ju County. It is considered one of the most destructive in Chinese history.[3] The earthquake produced strong shaking assigned XII (Extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, the most destructive shaking an earthquake could achieve.[10] Seismic intensity VIII was over Шаблон:Convert corresponding to an elliptical-shaped area along the fault zone.[4]
In Ju County alone, more than 20,000 people were killed. Residential and official homes were destroyed. Schools, temples, warehouses and the city walls toppled. In Mashi, Wulugu, Yanjiagu, Shifengdo, Keluodo and Maqi, landslides occurred on the hills. Widespread land subsidence and collapse occurred.[12] Fissures up to Шаблон:Convert wide and hundreds of meters long were observed. One fissure measured Шаблон:Convert from Guanzhuang to Gehu along a river cliff. It ejected dust, sand and water. At three wells, water was ejected Шаблон:Convert into the air.[10]
In Tancheng, battlements, government buildings, homes, a watchtower, temples and storehouses were completely destroyed. Over 8,700 people died. Fissures were reportedly so wide that people were unable to walk over it. The bottom of these fissures were also too deep to be seen. Water erupted from the ground to a height of Шаблон:Convert.[10] At Lizhuang, a town in the county, massive subsidence occurred.[13]
In Linyi, no homes, city walls and temples were left intact. There were over 6,900 reported fatalities. Black water was said to emerge from fissures. Water erupted from wells and formed a pool measuring Шаблон:Convert wide. Many nearby cities walls fell, and some parts flooded by overflowing rivers and wells. Fissures caused water and sand to erupt, burying homes. Many livestock also died. Heavy damage occurred in Ganyu.[10]
Tsunami
Historical records also documented a probable tsunami in the region. It was reported that coastal cities were flooded and rivers overflowed.[14]
Response
The Kangxi Emperor ordered his ministry to handle the relief efforts. In 40 prefectures and counties, tax fees were waived. Over 227,300 taels of silver were issued.[11]
See also
References
Further reading
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
