Английская Википедия:1881 in science
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Шаблон:Year nav topic5 Шаблон:Science year nav
The year 1881 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
- 22 May – John Tebbutt discover the long-period comet, C/1881 K1 (also known as the Great Comet of 1881, Comet Tebbutt, 1881 III, 1881b).[1]
Biology
- October – Charles Darwin publishes his last scientific book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms.
- L. S. Poliakov describes the wild horse discovered by Nikolai Przhevalsky in Mongolia in 1879 as a new species, Przewalski's Horse (Equus przewalski poliakov).[2][3]
- The first systematic study in forensic entomology is conducted by physician and entomologist Hermann Reinhard in Germany.[4]
Chemistry
- Friedrich Beilstein publishes the first edition of his Handbuch der organischen Chemie.
History of science and technology
- The birch bark Bakhshali manuscript, incorporating perhaps the earliest known use of mathematical zero, is unearthed near Bakhshali in British India.
- Publication in England of a pioneering study in industrial archaeology, H. A. Fletcher's "The archaeology of the west Cumberland iron trade".[5]
Mathematics
- Simon Newcomb makes the first statement of Benford's law.[6]
Medicine
- July 13 – Dr. George Goodfellow performs the first laparotomy to remove a bullet.
- September 25 – The first modern Caesarean section is performed successfully by German gynecologist Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer in Meckesheim using the transverse incision technique.
- December – Eduard von Hofmann carries out autopsy studies of the nearly 400 victims of the Vienna Ringtheater fire, carbon monoxide poisoning being held an underlying cause of death.
- Louis Pasteur discovers a vaccine for anthrax.
- Carlos Finlay, a Cuban doctor, first proposes that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes rather than direct human contact.[7]
- French obstetrician Étienne Stéphane Tarnier introduces a form of neonatal incubator (couveuse) for routine care of premature infants at the Paris Maternité.[8]
- English ophthalmologist Waren Tay publishes the first description of the genetic disorder which will become known as Tay–Sachs disease.[9]
- approx. date – The non-invasive sphygmomanometer, for the measurement of blood pressure, is invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl von Basch.[10]
Technology
- March 1 – The Cunard Line's Шаблон:SS, the first steel transatlantic liner, is launched at J. & G. Thomson's yard at Clydebank in Scotland.[11]
- May 16 – The Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway, the world's first electric tramway, is opened in Berlin by Siemens & Halske.[12]
- June – The positive-buoyancy powered submarine "Fenian Ram" (Holland Boat No. II), designed by John Philip Holland, is first submersion-tested in New York City.
- September 26 – Godalming in England becomes the first town to have its streets illuminated by electric light (hydroelectrically generated).[13]
- October 10 – Richard D'Oyly Carte's Savoy Theatre opens in London, the world's first public building to be fully lit by electricity, using Joseph Swan's incandescent light bulbs.[11][14][15] The stage is first lit electrically on December 28.[16]
- December 21 – SS Aberdeen, the first oceangoing ship successfully powered by a triple expansion steam engine, designed by Alexander Carnegie Kirk, is launched at Robert Napier and Sons' yard at Govan in Scotland.
- Peter Herdic patents the Herdic horse-drawn cab in the United States.
Awards
- Copley Medal: Karl Adolph Wurtz[17]
- Wollaston Medal for Geology: Peter Martin Duncan
Births
- January 29 – Alice Catherine Evans (died 1975), American microbiologist.
- January 31 – Irving Langmuir (died 1957), American chemist.
- March 17 – Walter Rudolf Hess (died 1973), Swiss physiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- April 28 – Edith A. Roberts (died 1977), American plant ecologist.
- May 1 – Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (died 1955), French paleontologist and philosopher.
- August 6 – Alexander Fleming (died 1955), British bacteriologist.
- September 18 – Vera Lebedeva (died 1968), Soviet Russian pediatrician.
- October 4 – George Constantinescu (died 1965), Romanian engineer.
- October 11 – Lewis Fry Richardson (died 1953), British mathematical physicist.
- October 22 – Clinton Davisson (died 1958), American physicist.
- November 9 – Margaret Reed Lewis (died 1970), American cell biologist.
- November 13 – Ludwig Koch (died 1974), German Jewish animal sound recordist.
Deaths
- February 3 – John Gould (born 1804), English zoologist.
- March 26 – Lovisa Åhrberg (born 1801), Swedish surgeon.
- May 14 – Mary Seacole (born 1805), Jamaican-born nurse.
- May 19 – Joseph Barnard Davis (born 1801), English craniologist, physician and anthropologist.
- May 26 – Jakob Bernays (born 1824), German philologist.
- June 23 – Matthias Jakob Schleiden (born 1804), German biologist.
- June 29 – Maurice Raynaud (born 1834), French physician.
- July 27 – Hewett Watson (born 1804), English biologist.
- October 31 – George W. DeLong (born 1844), American Arctic explorer.
- November 30 - Jean-Alfred Gautier (born 1793), Swiss astronomer[18]
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news letter from C. Todd
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:The Timetables of Science
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Archaeological Society 5:5–21.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:HDS