Английская Википедия:1936 North American heat wave
The 1936 North American heat wave was one of the most severe heat waves in the modern history of North America. It took place in the middle of the Great Depression and Dust Bowl of the 1930s and caused catastrophic human suffering and an enormous economic toll. The death toll exceeded 5,000, and huge numbers of crops were destroyed by the heat and lack of moisture. Many state and city record high temperatures set during the 1936 heat wave stood until the summer 2012 North American heat wave.[2][3] Many more endure to this day; as of 2022, 13 state record high temperatures were set in 1936. The 1936 heat wave followed one of the coldest winters on record.
June 1936
High temperatures began briefly in the Northeast from June 1 to 3. On June 3, Allentown, Pennsylvania had a high of Шаблон:Convert (Шаблон:Convert above the average) while New York City had a high of Шаблон:Convert.[4][5] Baltimore, Maryland had a high of Шаблон:Convert, just below the daily record high set in 1925.[6] As the month went on, heat began to build in the Rocky Mountains and over the Southeast.
Western United States
Salt Lake City, Utah started off with below average temperatures but would see record highs of Шаблон:Convert on both June 20 and 22.[7] Grand Junction, Colorado saw five days above Шаблон:Convert with record highs set from June 18 through 20.[8] Areas east of the Rockies in Colorado varied greatly, with Pueblo seeing one day above Шаблон:Convert (June 18) while Lamar saw eleven consecutive days with highs above Шаблон:Convert.[9] Cheyenne, Wyoming (with typical highs averaging Шаблон:Convert) saw highs averaging Шаблон:Convert with a record Шаблон:Convert high for June 18. In Ashton, Idaho, a record high for the month of June was set on June 27 at Шаблон:Convert.[10]
Southeast and Midwest
In the South, the heat started in the Gulf Coast states with Atlanta, Georgia seeing low to mid-90's in the early part of the month followed by Birmingham, Alabama seeing a string of mid-Шаблон:Convert highs from June 6 through 10.[11][12] Following this, intense heat began to build in the region by mid-month. From June 16 through 19, highs were in the upper 90's to near Шаблон:Convert in Birmingham.[12] In a similar time frame, Huntsville, Alabama saw a string of five days above Шаблон:Convert with only one day not setting a new daily record high.[13] In Mississippi, Jackson and Meridian both saw highs in the upper 90's while Greenville and Tupelo saw highs in the 100's.[14][15] For some areas, June 17 was the hottest day of the month with Atlanta setting a daily record high of Шаблон:Convert and Evansville, Indiana hitting Шаблон:Convert .[11][16]
On June 19, as the heat began to spread northward, multiple areas in the Midwest saw record daily highs, including St. Louis and Kansas City, Missouri, and Topeka, Kansas.
On June 20, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri all set all-time, monthly record highs: Corning, AR hit Шаблон:Convert, Dodson, Louisiana hit Шаблон:Convert, Greenwood, Mississippi hit Шаблон:Convert, and Doniphan, Missouri hit Шаблон:Convert.[17] Dozens of other cities had daily record high temperatures, including Shreveport, Louisiana (Шаблон:Convert), Little Rock, Arkansas (Шаблон:Convert), and Memphis, Tennessee (Шаблон:Convert). The heat also began to spread northward, with St. Louis and Kansas City, MO also seeing daily high records.
On June 26, Nebraska set a new monthly record high as it hit Шаблон:Convert in Franklin.
On June 29, it was Шаблон:Convert in both Saint John, Kentucky and Etowah, Tennessee and Шаблон:Convert in Seymore, Indiana; these temperatures set new monthly record highs for each state.[17] This day was particularly brutal, with many areas across the South and Midwest reporting record highs for the month. Springfield, Illinois hit Шаблон:Convert falling just short of the Шаблон:Convert record set in 1934. Galesburg, Illinois hit Шаблон:Convert and Lexington, Kentucky hit Шаблон:Convert which remains their hottest temperature ever recorded in June.
July 1936
July started off relatively mild in many areas, with many areas in the Midwest seeing highs in the upper-80's to low-90's. However, areas in the Central Great Plains saw temperature's in the 100's with Topeka, KS, Omaha, NE and other locations seeing daily record highs. On Independence Day, July 4, this all quickly changed.
Heat Dome Forms Over Midwest
On July 4, multiple areas centered around the Central Midwest saw temperatures spike into the 100's. Peoria, Illinois reached Шаблон:Convert, Sioux City, Iowa hit Шаблон:Convert (their highest temperature on record), Des Moines, Iowa hit Шаблон:Convert (falling one degree short of the record), Springfield, Illinois hit Шаблон:Convert, and Kansas City, Missouri hit Шаблон:Convert. All these areas saw their hottest Independence Day on record. That night, temperatures would only fall into the 70's.[18][19][20]
On July 5, the heat persisted in these areas while spreading to others. Areas in Eastern Iowa had highs in the low to mid 100's, with Burlington, Iowa hitting Шаблон:Convert for the second day in a row. In Bismarck, North Dakota, the temperature hit Шаблон:Convert and in Aberdeen, South Dakota, it hit Шаблон:Convert.[21]
On July 6, Steele, North Dakota hit Шаблон:Convert, the highest temperature ever recorded in North Dakota. this occurred 5 months after the record low of Шаблон:Convert was set in the state. Fargo and Bismarck both hit Шаблон:Convert. In Moorhead, Minnesota, the record high of Шаблон:Convert was also set. The heat continued to spread, with Rockford, Illinois hitting Шаблон:Convert, and Minneapolis, Minnesota and Grand Forks, North Dakota hitting Шаблон:Convert respectively.[22]
On July 7, the heat spread to the Great Lakes area. Milwaukee, Wisconsin hit Шаблон:Convert, Madison, Wisconsin hit Шаблон:Convert, Green Bay, Wisconsin hit Шаблон:Convert, Duluth, Minnesota hit Шаблон:Convert, and Kalamazoo, Michigan hit Шаблон:Convert.[23][24][25][26] The heat also spread south, with Evansville, Indiana hitting Шаблон:Convert, and Lexington, Kentucky hitting Шаблон:Convert.
On July 8, heat began to creep back into the Northeastern United States, with some areas having highs in the 80's and 90's. Elsewhere the heat dome expanded more with Indianapolis, and Fort Wayne, Indiana hitting Шаблон:Convert respectively. South Bend, hit Шаблон:Convert (their second day above 100), and Louisville, Kentucky hit Шаблон:Convert. Flint, Michigan hit Шаблон:Convert, breaking the record.[27]
On July 9, temperature's spiked, with many all-time record highs being set in both the Great Lakes and Northeast United States. The recap of temperatures are as follows for July 9th.
Rockford, IL: Шаблон:Convert[22]
Pittsburgh, PA: Шаблон:Convert
Syracuse, NY: Шаблон:Convert
Rochester, NY: Шаблон:Convert
Detroit, MI: Шаблон:Convert[28]
Philadelphia, PA: Шаблон:Convert
Albany, NY: Шаблон:Convert[29]
Baltimore, MD: Шаблон:Convert
Scranton, PA: Шаблон:Convert
Washington DC: Шаблон:Convert
Johnstown, PA: Шаблон:Convert
Columbus, OH: Шаблон:Convert
Warren, OH: Шаблон:Convert
Williamsport, PA: Шаблон:Convert
Trenton, NJ: Шаблон:Convert
Central Park, New York City: Шаблон:Convert
On July 10, the heat peaked in Mid-Atlantic and Northeast, with some areas setting all-time record highs in parts of the South and most of the Midwest. The recap is as follows.
Atlanta, GA: Шаблон:Convert
Pittsburgh PA: Шаблон:Convert
Detroit, MI: Шаблон:Convert[28]
Grand Rapids, MI: Шаблон:Convert[26]
Central Park, New York City: Шаблон:Convert[5]
Youngstown, OH: Шаблон:Convert
Philadelphia, PA: Шаблон:Convert
Richmond, VA: Шаблон:Convert
Washington DC: Шаблон:Convert
Lynchburg, VA: Шаблон:Convert
Rockford, IL: Шаблон:Convert[22]
Bowling Green, KY: Шаблон:Convert
St. Cloud, MN: Шаблон:Convert[30]
Baltimore, MD: Шаблон:Convert
Lexington, KY: Шаблон:Convert
Xenia, OH: Шаблон:Convert
Cumberland & Frederick, MD: Шаблон:Convert
Runyon, NJ: Шаблон:Convert
Phoenixville, PA: Шаблон:Convert
Martinsburg, WV: Шаблон:Convert
Aberdeen, SD: Шаблон:Convert
On July 11, the heat subsided in the Northeast, though highs were still in the 90's. The heat temporarily stopped spreading but was still heavily impacting areas with Bismarck, ND recording a low of only 83°.
On July 13, the heat spread south through the Great Plains, with Wichita, Kansas reporting a high of Шаблон:Convert, Fort Smith, Arkansas hitting Шаблон:Convert, Tulsa, Oklahoma hitting Шаблон:Convert, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma hitting Шаблон:Convert. Elsewhere, temperatures began to significantly rise with multiple areas hitting above Шаблон:Convert. The recap is as follows:
Columbus, OH: Шаблон:Convert
Detroit, MI: Шаблон:Convert[28]
Green Bay, WI: Шаблон:Convert[24]
Minneapolis, MN: Шаблон:Convert[30]
Alpena, MI: Шаблон:Convert
Madison, WI: Шаблон:Convert[23]
Duluth, MN: Шаблон:Convert[25]
St. Cloud, MN: Шаблон:Convert[30]
Decatur, IL: Шаблон:Convert[18]
Grand Rapids, MI: Шаблон:Convert[26]
Evansville, IN: Шаблон:Convert
Kalamazoo, MI: Шаблон:Convert[26]
Rockford, IL: Шаблон:Convert[22]
Saginaw, MI: Шаблон:Convert[28]
Eau Claire, WI: Шаблон:Convert[31]
Waterloo, IA: Шаблон:Convert[21]
Mt. Vernon, IL: Шаблон:Convert[18]
Mio, MI: Шаблон:Convert
Henderson, KY: Шаблон:Convert
Wisconsin Dells, WI: Шаблон:Convert
July 14 was the peak day of the heat wave for most areas with countless record-breaking temperatures broken across many areas. The records are as follows.
Detroit, MI: Шаблон:Convert (Шаблон:Convert on July 24, 1934)
Springfield, MO: Шаблон:Convert (Шаблон:Convert in 1954)
Indianapolis, IN: Шаблон:Convert (tied July 22, 1901 and July 21, 1934)[32]
Columbus, OH: Шаблон:Convert (tied July 21, 1934)
Cincinnati, OH: Шаблон:Convert (108 °F on July 21-22, 1934)
Madison, WI: Шаблон:Convert[23]
Louisville, KY: Шаблон:Convert
Kalamazoo, MI: Шаблон:Convert[26]
Minneapolis, MN: Шаблон:Convert[30]
Rochester, MN: Шаблон:Convert
Xenia, OH: Шаблон:Convert
St. Louis, MO: Шаблон:Convert (Шаблон:Convert in 1954)
Lima, OH: Шаблон:Convert
Cedar Rapids, IA: Шаблон:Convert[18]
Dubuque, IA: Шаблон:Convert
Terre Haute, IN: Шаблон:Convert
Springfield, IL: Шаблон:Convert (Шаблон:Convert in 1954)[18]
Decatur, IL: Шаблон:Convert (Шаблон:Convert in 1954)[18]
Moline, IL: Шаблон:Convert[18]
Burlington, IA: Шаблон:Convert[18]
Rockford, IL: Шаблон:Convert[22]
Waterloo, IA: Шаблон:Convert[18]
Palestine, IL: Шаблон:Convert (Шаблон:Convert in 1954)[18]
Mt. Vernon, IL: Шаблон:Convert[18]
Collegeville, IN: Шаблон:Convert
On July 15, temperatures finally began to decline over most areas while other isolated areas still saw heat still increase. Missouri hit an all-time high of Шаблон:Convert in Clinton, Missouri. Peoria, IL hit Шаблон:Convert and Quincy hit Шаблон:Convert, setting all-time records for those cities.[18] In Iowa, many cities tied the records set the previous day. However, in the Great Plains temperatures continued to rise as a new heat wave began to develop.
Heat Persists over the Great Plains
Although heat in the Midwest had begun to subside, heat had been building in the Great Plains over that period. It began on July 13 when there was a noticeable increase in temperatures but began to peak on July 14.
On July 14, the temperature climbed to 107F in Lincoln, NE after having 5 days of temperature's in the low 100's, though that night it would be the first time the temperature fell below 80F in a week. Norfolk, NE hit 105F and Omaha, NE hit 109F. Further south, Topeka, KS hit 108F, and Kansas City, MO hit 109F. In Tulsa, OK, temperatures had been climbing the past couple days and hit 110F this day. This heat would persist into the next day before temperatures would fall noticeably on the 16th over the Central Great Plains.
On July 17, temperatures once again began to rise. Nebraska set a record high of 118F in Hartington, NE. Sioux City, IA and Sioux Falls, SD also set record highs of 110F.[20] In Grand Island, NE it was 114F, falling 2 degrees short of the record in 1934, while Hastings, NE would set a record of 115F. It was also 110F in Fort Smith, AR.
On July 18, the heat would peak. Kansas and Oklahoma set record highs of 121F in Fredonia and 120F in Alva, respectively. Wichita, KS hit 112F, Salina, KS hit 116F, 110F in Topeka, KS, and 113F in Tulsa, OK (a record high for July). On July 19, Oklahoma's record would be tied in Altus.
Latter part of July
For many areas, temperatures would be relatively lower for the last part of the month. Most areas saw highs fall below Шаблон:Convert on July 20 and 21 for the first time in nearly 2 weeks. However, temperatures would rise back into the 100's over the Great Plains after this, though generally wouldn't be as high as earlier in the month. The notable exception would be in Nebraska, Iowa and Kansas.
On July 24, Grand Island, NE broke their record high with a high Шаблон:Convert. Hastings, NE also set a new all-time high of Шаблон:Convert. Both Kansas and Nebraska tied their all-time record highs in Alton and Minden, respectively just days after they were set.
On July 25, the temperature rose to Шаблон:Convert in Lincoln, NE (a record high for the city) but would only fall to Шаблон:Convert that night. Outside of the Desert Southwest, this is one of the highest low temperatures ever recorded in the US. Omaha, NE also set a record high of Шаблон:Convert, though had a low of Шаблон:Convert. On the previous day Grand Island, NE broke their record with a high Шаблон:Convert. Des Moines, IA would set their record high of Шаблон:Convert this day as well.[21] Iowa set their record high of Шаблон:Convert in Atlantic and Logan.
August 1936 and afterwards
August was the warmest month on record for five states. Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana also set all-time high records. Many experienced long stretches of daily maximum temperatures Шаблон:Convert or warmer. Drought conditions worsened in some locations. Other states were only slightly warmer than average.
The heat wave and drought largely ended in September, although many states were still drier and warmer than average. Many farmers' summer harvests were destroyed. Grounds and lawns remained parched. Seasonable temperatures returned in the autumn.
Summer 1936 remained the warmest summer on record in the USA (since official records begin in 1895), until 2021.[33] However February 1936 was the coldest February on record, and 5 of the 12 months were below average, leaving the full year 1936 at just above the average.
Effects
As many as 5,000 heat-related deaths were reported in the United States,[3][34] and 780 direct and 400 indirect deaths in Canada.[35] Almost 5,000 people suffered from heat stroke and heat exhaustion, particularly the elderly. Unlike today, air conditioning was in the early stages of development and was therefore absent from houses and commercial buildings. Many of the deaths occurred in high-population-density areas of Chicago, Detroit, St. Louis, Milwaukee, Cleveland, Toronto, and other urban areas. Farmers across the continent saw crop failure, causing corn and wheat prices to rise quickly. Droughts and heat waves were common in the 1930s. The 1930s (the Dust Bowl years) are remembered as the driest and warmest decade for the United States, and the summer of 1936 featured the most widespread and destructive heat wave to occur in the Americas in centuries.
See also
References
Further reading
External links
- US National Climate Data Center
- List of Droughts and Heat Waves
- NOAA Climate research center July 2006 records
- Look back: Relentless, withering heat wave of 1936 killed 479 in St. Louis (St. Louis Post-Dispatch)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 18,00 18,01 18,02 18,03 18,04 18,05 18,06 18,07 18,08 18,09 18,10 18,11 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 22,3 22,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 25,0 25,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 26,3 26,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 28,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ The U.S. just had its hottest summer on record, NBC News, September 9, 2021
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
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