Английская Википедия:1950 Nobel Prize in Literature
Шаблон:Infobox award The 1950 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded the British philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought."[1][2] He is the fourth philosopher to become a recipient of the prize after the French analytic-continental philosopher Henri Bergson in 1927, and was followed by the French-Algerian existentialist Albert Camus in 1957.[3] He is also the fifth British author to be awarded.
Laureate
Шаблон:Main Bertrand Russell made his first pioneering contributions within the branch of philosophy that deals with logic and mathematics. But his influence eventually spread across much more ground.[4] His work is known for its lightheartedness and humor, and it has helped a large audience of readers learn about science and philosophy. His writings cover a variety of subjects, including social and moral challenges, and his opinions were frequently divisive. Russell was a fierce champion of the right to free speech and thinking as well as a strong supporter of reason and humanism. His most famous philosophical works include Principia Mathematica (1910–1913), The Problems of Philosophy (1912), Why I Am Not a Christian (1927), Power: A New Social Analysis (1938), and A History of Western Philosophy (1945).[5][3]
Deliberations
Nominations
Russell had not been nominated for the prize before 1950, making it one of the rare occasions when an author have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature the same year they were first nominated.[6] He was only nominated once by nominator Eugen Tigerstedt (1907–1979), professor of Swedish literature at the University of Helsinki.[7]
In total, the Nobel committee received 79 nominations for 54 individuals. Pär Lagerkvist (awarded in 1951) received seven nominations and was named a favorite following the publication of his novel Barabbas,[8] while Winston Churchill (awarded in 1953) received six nominations. 20 of the nominees were nominated first-time such as Simon Vestdijk, Graham Greene, Mika Waltari, Martin Buber, Robert Frost, Karl Jaspers, Alfred Noyes, John Dewey, Hermann Broch, and Robert Graves. Four of the nominees were women namely Karen Blixen, Marie Under, Gertrud von Le Fort, and Henriette Roland Holst. The American author William Faulkner was nominated in 1950 and was awarded for last year.[9]
The authors Edgar Rice Burroughs, Augusto d'Halmar, Albert Ehrenstein, John Gould Fletcher, Nicolai Hartmann, George Cecil Ives, Alfred Korzybski, Sigizmund Krzhizhanovsky, Elisabeth Langgässer, Marcel Mauss, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Emmanuel Mounier, Cesare Pavese, Ernest Poole, Hilda D. Oakeley, George Orwell, Alykul Osmonov, Rafael Sabatini, Agnes Smedley, Olaf Stapledon, Xavier Villaurrutia, and Yi Kwang-su (nominated posthumously in 1970) died in 1950 without having been nominated.
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mark Aldanov (1886–1957) | Шаблон:Flag (Шаблон:Flag) Шаблон:Flag |
biography, novel, essays, literary criticism | Файл:Nobel prize winner.svg Ivan Bunin (1870–1953) |
| 2 | Eugène Baie (1874–1964) | Шаблон:Flag | law, essays | Paul Saintenoy (1862–1952) |
| 3 | Karen Blixen (1885–1962) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, memoir | Cai Woel (1895–1963) |
| 4 | Jacobus Cornelis Bloem (1887–1966) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Victor Emanuel van Vriesland (1892–1974) |
| 5 | Hermann Broch (1886–1951) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | The Austrian PEN-Club |
| 6 | Martin Buber (1878–1965) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
philosophy | Файл:Nobel prize winner.svg Hermann Hesse (1877–1962) |
| 7 | Albert Camus (1913–1960) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, philosophy, drama | Gustaf Hellström (1882–1953) |
| 8 | Hans Carossa (1878–1956) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, autobiography, essays | Axel Lindqvist (1873–1953) |
| 9 | Winston Churchill (1874–1965) | Шаблон:Flag | history, essays, memoir | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 10 | Paul Claudel (1868–1955) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, essays, memoir | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 11 | Benedetto Croce (1866–1952) | Шаблон:Flag | history, philosophy, law | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 12 | Júlio Dantas (1876–1962) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, novel, essays | Lisbon Academy of Sciences |
| 13 | John Dewey (1859–1952) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, pedagogy, essays | Henry Steele Commager (1902–1998) |
| 14 | Georges Duhamel (1884–1966) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, drama, literary criticism | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 15 | Johan Falkberget (1879–1967) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 16 | William Faulkner (1897–1962) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, screenplay, poetry, essays | Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland (1884–1965) |
| 17 | Robert Frost (1874–1963) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama | American Academy of Arts and Letters |
| 18 | Edward Morgan Forster (1879–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, essays, biography, literary criticism | English PEN Centre |
| 19 | Robert Graves (1895–1985) | Шаблон:Flag | history, novel, poetry, literary criticism, essays | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 20 | Graham Greene (1904–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, autobiography, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 21 | Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, screenplay | Anders Österling (1884–1981) |
| 22 | Taha Hussein (1889–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, translation | Bernard Guyon (1904–1975) |
| 23 | Nikos Kazantzakis (1883–1957) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, philosophy, essays, drama, memoir, translation | Hjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961) |
| 24 | Karl Jaspers (1883–1969) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
philosophy | Ernst Levy (1881–1968) |
| 25 | Johannes Jørgensen (1866–1956) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, biography | Cai Woel (1895–1963) |
| 26 | Pär Lagerkvist (1891–1974) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, short story, drama | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 27 | Halldór Laxness (1902–1998) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 28 | Enrique Larreta (1875–1961) | Шаблон:Flag | history, essays, drama, novel | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 29 | Leonid Leonov (1899–1994) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, short story | Valentin Kiparsky (1904–1983) |
| 30 | Lin Yutang (1895–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, philosophy, essays, translation | Файл:Nobel prize winner.svg Pearl Buck (1892–1973) |
| 31 | François Mauriac (1885–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 32 | Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | philology, history | Gunnar Tilander (1894–1973) |
| 33 | Martin Andersen Nexø (1869–1954) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 34 | Alfred Noyes (1880–1958) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, essays, biography, novel, short story, literary criticism | Frederick Samuel Boas (1862–1957) |
| 35 | Seán O'Casey (1880–1964) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, memoir | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 36 | Arnulf Øverland (1889–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Cai Woel (1895–1963) |
| 37 | Boris Pasternak (1890–1960) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, translation | Martin Lamm (1880–1950) |
| 38 | Edward Plunkett (1878–1957) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, novel, drama, poetry, essays, history, autobiography | Irish PEN Centre |
| 39 | Thomas Head Raddall (1903–1994) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, history, essays, memoir | Will Richard Bird (1891–1984) |
| 40 | Henriette Roland Holst (1869–1952) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, biography | Victor Emanuel van Vriesland (1892–1974) |
| 41 | Jules Romains (1885–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, screenplay | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 42 | Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, essays, history | Eugen Tigerstedt (1907–1979) |
| 43 | Jean Schlumberger (1877–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | French Centre – PEN International |
| 44 | Mikhail Sholokhov (1905–1984) | Шаблон:Flag | novel | Valentin Kiparsky (1904–1983) |
| 45 | Angelos Sikelianos (1884–1951) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 46 | Leopold Staff (1878–1957) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, translation | Jan Parandowski (1895–1978) |
| 47 | Albert Steffen (1884–1963) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, drama, novel | Kersti Bergroth (1886–1975) |
| 48 | Stijn Streuvels (1871–1969) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Franz De Backer (1891–1961) |
| 49 | Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889–1975) | Шаблон:Flag | history, philosophy | Fredrik Böök (1883–1961) |
| 50 | Marie Under (1883–1980) | Шаблон:Flag (Шаблон:Flag) |
poetry | Johannes Aavik (1880–1973) |
| 51 | Tarjei Vesaas (1897–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel | Olav Midttun (1883–1972) |
| 52 | Simon Vestdijk (1898–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, essays, translation | Victor Emanuel van Vriesland (1892–1974) |
| 53 | Gertrud von Le Fort (1876–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, poetry | Файл:Nobel prize winner.svg Hermann Hesse (1877–1962) |
| 54 | Mika Waltari (1908–1979) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, novel, poetry, drama, essays, screenplay | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
Award Ceremony
During the award ceremony held at Stockholm City Hall on 10 December 1950, Anders Österling of the Swedish Academy, said:Шаблон:Blockquote
Nobel lecture
Russell delivered a Nobel lecture entitled "What Desires Are Politically Important?" at the Swedish Academy on 11 December 1950. The lecture addresses the political ramifications of desires that are considered infinite in their ability to be satisfied but not necessary for immediate human survival.[10] He highly stressed the importance of neutral and socially beneficial venues for the venting of passions and suggests the cultivation of intelligence as the best antidote for social strife.[10]
References
External links
- Award Ceremony speech
- The Nobel Prize Award Ceremony 1950 video nobelprize.org
Шаблон:Nobel Prize in Literature
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Bertrand Russell britannica.com
- ↑ Bertrand Russell – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu
- ↑ Bertrand Russell – Facts nobelprize.org
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Håkan Möller "Pär Lagerkvist, Barabbas and the Nobel Prize for Literature" Journal of World Literature 1 2016, p.505
- ↑ Nomination archive – 1950 nobelprize.org
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 1950 Nobel lecture nobelprize.org
