Английская Википедия:1968 Nobel Prize in Literature
Шаблон:Infobox award The 1968 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Japanese writer Yasunari Kawabata (1899–1972) "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind."[1] He is the first Japanese recipient of the prize.
Laureate
Шаблон:Main Yasunari Kawabata's short story Izu no odoriko ("The Dancing Girl of Izu"), published in 1927, served as his literary debut. After producing a number of noteworthy works, Kawabata's 1937 novel Yukiguni ("Snow Country") established him as one of Japan's most renowned writers. In 1949, he published two serial novels Senbazuru ("Thousand Cranes") and Yama no Oto. His later works include Mizuumi ("The Lake", 1955) and Koto ("The Old Capital", 1962). Both in the author's home country and abroad, The Old Capital left the biggest impression.[2][3]
Deliberations
Nominations
Kawabata was nominated on 8 occasions starting in 1961. He was annually nominated with single nominations made by members of the Swedish Academy. In 1968, his nomination was made by Eyvind Johnson, member of the said academy.[4]
In total, the Nobel Committee received 112 nominations for 76 individuals from various academics, literary critics and societies. Among the repeated nominees were Ezra Pound and E. M. Forster – both dismissed on account of their advancing ages[5] – Max Frisch, Louis Aragon, Charles de Gaulle, Graham Greene, Vladimir Nabokov and Eugène Ionesco – the latter two authors were set aside because of their controversial works.[5] Nineteen of the nominees were newly nominated such as Patrick White (awarded in 1973), Luis Buñuel, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Friedebert Tuglas, Tadeusz Różewicz, Vladimír Holan, Angus Wilson, Zbigniew Herbert, and Sławomir Mrożek. The oldest nominee was the Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal (aged 99) and the youngest was Sławomir Mrożek (aged 38). Five of the nominees were women namely Marie Under, Anna Seghers, Marianne Moore, Mildred Breedlove, and Katherine Anne Porter.[6]
The authors Karl Barth, Charles Bean, Joaquín Edwards Bello, Enid Mary Blyton, Max Brod, Abel Bonnard, Anthony Boucher, Helen Cam, León Felipe Camino, Jacques Chardonne, Donald Davidson, Pablo de Rokha, Margaret Duley, Edna Ferber, Romano Guardini, Germaine Guèvremont, D. Gwenallt Jones, Fannie Hurst, Anna Kavan, Helen Keller, Alexandre Kojève, Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, Donagh MacDonagh, Dorothea Mackellar, Thomas Merton, Harold Nicolson, Mervyn Peake, Sixto Pondal Ríos, Conrad Richter, Marah Roesli, and Tian Han died in 1968 without having been nominated for the prize.
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s)Шаблон:Efn |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jorge Amado (1912–2001) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 2 | Jean Anouilh (1910–1987) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, screenplay, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 3 | Louis Aragon (1897–1982) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 4 | Alexandre Arnoux (1884–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | screenplay | François Bar (?) |
| 5 | Wystan Hugh Auden (1907–1973) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, essays, screenplay | |
| 6 | Agustí Bartra (1908–1982) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, songwriting, translation | |
| 7 | Samuel Beckett (1906–1989) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 8 | Henri Bosco (1888–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | |
| 9 | Mildred Breedlove (1904–1994) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | United Poets Laureate International |
| 10 | Luis Buñuel (1900–1983) | Шаблон:Flag | screenplay | |
| 11 | Heinrich Böll (1917–1985) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Gustav Korlén (1915–2014) |
| 12 | Paul Celan (1920–1970) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, translation | |
| 13 | André Chamson (1900–1983) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 14 | René Char (1907–1988) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | |
| 15 | Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | memoir, essays | |
| 16 | Joseph Delteil (1894–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, short story, essays | |
| 17 | Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, short story, essays | Gustav Siebenmann (b. 1923) |
| 18 | Gunnar Ekelöf (1907–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 19 | Mircea Eliade (1907–1986) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
history, philosophy, essays, autobiography, novel, short story | Stig Wikander (1908–1983) |
| 20 | Konstantin Fedin (1892–1977) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, essays | Union of Soviet Writers |
| 21 | Edward Morgan Forster (1879–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, essays, biography, literary criticism | Georg Roppen (1919–1983) |
| 21 | Max Frisch (1911–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama | |
| 22 | Jean Giono (1895–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, poetry, drama | |
| 23 | Witold Gombrowicz (1904–1969) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, novel, drama | |
| 24 | Robert Graves (1895–1985) | Шаблон:Flag | history, novel, poetry, literary criticism, essays | |
| 25 | Graham Greene (1904–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, autobiography, essays | Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) |
| 26 | Jorge Guillén (1893–1984) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism | |
| 27 | Zbigniew Herbert (1924–1998) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, short story, drama | Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) |
| 28 | Alberto Hidalgo Lobato (1897–1967) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | |
| 29 | Vladimír Holan (1905–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Gunnar Jakobsson (1886–1972) |
| 30 | Hans Egon Holthusen (1913–1997) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism, essays | |
| 31 | Taha Hussein (1889–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 32 | Eugène Ionesco (1909–1994) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
drama, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 33 | Marcel Jouhandeau (1888–1979) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, novel | |
| 34 | Pierre Jean Jouve (1887–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, literary criticism | |
| 35 | Yasunari Kawabata (1899–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) |
| 36 | Miroslav Krleža (1893–1981) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, drama, short story, novel, essays | |
| 37 | Erich Kästner (1899–1974) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, screenplay, autobiography | PEN Centre Germany |
| 38 | Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2008) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
philosophy, essays | |
| 39 | Robert Lowell (1917–1977) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 40 | Hugh MacDiarmid (1892–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | David Daiches (1912–2005) |
| 41 | Compton Mackenzie (1883–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, poetry, history, biography, essays, literary criticism, memoir | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 42 | André Malraux (1901–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays, literary criticism | |
| 43 | Gustave Lucien Martin-Saint-René (1888–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, essays, literary criticism, drama, songwriting, short story | |
| 44 | Segismundo Masel (1895–1985) | Шаблон:Flag | essays | Antonio de Tornes Ballesteros (?) |
| 45 | Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | philology, history | |
| 46 | Yukio Mishima (1925–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, literary criticism | Henry Olsson (1896–1985) |
| 47 | Eugenio Montale (1896–1981) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, translation | |
| 48 | Henry de Montherlant (1895–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | essays, novel, drama | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 49 | Marianne Moore (1887–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism, essays, translation | Erik Lindegren (1910–1968) |
| 50 | Alberto Moravia (1907–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, literary criticism, essays, drama | |
| 51 | Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, short story, poetry, drama, translation, literary criticism, memoir | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 52 | Pablo Neruda (1904–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | |
| 53 | Junzaburō Nishiwaki (1894–1982) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism | |
| 54 | Germán Pardo García (1902–1991) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 55 | Konstantin Paustovsky (1892–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, drama | |
| 56 | Katherine Anne Porter (1890–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, essays | |
| 57 | Ezra Pound (1885–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | |
| 58 | Tadeusz Rózewicz (1921–2014) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, translation | |
| 59 | Anna Seghers (1900–1983) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | |
| 60 | Jaroslav Seifert (1901–1986) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | |
| 61 | Claude Simon (1913–2005) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | Lars Gyllensten (1921–2006) |
| 62 | Pierre-Henri Simon (1903–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | essays, novel, literary criticism, poetry | |
| 63 | Gustave Thibon (1903–2001) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy | Édouard Delebecque (1910–1990) |
| 64 | Friedebert Tuglas (1886–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, literary criticism | The Finnish PEN Club |
| 65 | Pietro Ubaldi (1886–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, essays | |
| 66 | Marie Under (1883–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | The Finnish PEN Club |
| 67 | Mika Waltari (1908–1979) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, novel, poetry, drama, essays, screenplay | Esko Pennanen (1912–1990) |
| 68 | Peter Vansittart (1920–2008) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays, memoir | Herbert Howarth (1900–1971) |
| 69 | Erico Verissimo (1905–1975) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, autobiography, essays, translation | |
| 70 | Tarjei Vesaas (1897–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 71 | Simon Vestdijk (1898–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, essays, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 72 | Patrick White (1912–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, poetry, autobiography | Muriel Clara Bradbrook (1909–1993) |
| 72 | Kazimierz Wierzyński (1894–1969) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | |
| 73 | Thornton Wilder (1897–1975) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 74 | Angus Wilson (1913–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays | Nicholas Brooke (1924–1998) |
| 75 | Edmund Wilson (1895–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | essays, literary criticism, short story, drama | Wiktor Weintraub (1908–1988) |
| 76 | Sławomir Mrożek (1930–2013) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, essays | Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) |
Prize decision
The leading contenders for the prize in 1968 were the French novelist André Malraux and the Irish playwright Samuel Beckett (awarded in 1969). The third proposal by the Nobel Committee was the British poet W. H. Auden and Kawabata was the fourth. Anders Österling, chair of the committee, and committee member Eyvind Johnson pushed for the choice of Malraux, while the other three members of the committee supported a prize for Beckett. Eventually Kawabata was the candidate that could be agreed upon, following the Swedish Academy's ambition in the 1960s to award authors from different language areas and parts of the world.[7] While supporting a prize for Malraux, Österling admitted that a prize for Kawabata "should prove justified and welcome."[5]
Nobel lecture
Kawabata's Nobel Lecture was titled Japan, The Beautiful and Myself (Шаблон:Lang). Zen Buddhism was a key focal point of the speech; much was devoted to practitioners and the general practices of Zen Buddhism and how it differed from other types of Buddhism. He presented a severe picture of Zen Buddhism, where disciples can enter salvation only through their efforts, where they are isolated for several hours at a time, and how from this isolation there can come beauty. He noted that Zen practices focus on simplicity and it is this simplicity that proves to be the beauty. "The heart of the ink painting is in space, abbreviation, what is left undrawn." From painting he moved on to talk about ikebana and bonsai as art forms that emphasize the elegance and beauty that arises from the simplicity. "The Japanese garden, too, of course symbolizes the vastness of nature."[8]
In addition to the numerous mentions of Zen and nature, one topic that was briefly mentioned in Kawabata's lecture was that of suicide. Kawabata reminisced of other famous Japanese authors who committed suicide, in particular Ryūnosuke Akutagawa. He contradicted the custom of suicide as being a form of enlightenment, mentioning the priest Ikkyū, who also thought of suicide twice. He quoted Ikkyū, "Among those who give thoughts to things, is there one who does not think of suicide?" There was much speculation about this quote being a clue to Kawabata's suicide in 1972, a year and a half after Mishima had committed suicide.[9]
Notes
References
External links
- Ceremony speech by Anders Österling nobelprize.org
Шаблон:Nobel Prize in Literature
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Literature 1968 nobelprize.org
- ↑ Yasunari Kawabata – Facts nobelprize.org
- ↑ Yasunari Kawabata britannica.com
- ↑ Nomination archive – Yasunari Kawabata nobelprize.org
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Nomination archive – 1968 nobelprize.org
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
