Английская Википедия:1981 Hama massacre

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:DistinguishШаблон:Infobox civilian attack Шаблон:Campaignbox Islamist uprising in Syria

The 1981 Hama massacre was an incident in which over 300 residents of Hama, Syria, were killed by government security forces.

Background

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From 1976 to 1982, Islamists, including the Muslim Brotherhood, fought the Ba'ath Party-controlled government of Syria in what has been called a "long campaign of terror".[1] In July 1980, the ratification of Law No. 49 made membership in the Muslim Brotherhood a capital offense.[2] Middle East Watch (part of Human Rights Watch) called the period between 1976 and 1982 "The Great Repression."[3] According to Middle East Watch, Шаблон:"Journalist Robert Fisk who was reporting from Hama in 1981 states:

"When I spent a night in the autumn of 1981 in the town’s only hotel.. A visit to the homes of three very frightened foreign aid workers – two Australians and an Indian – confirmed a popular rumour in Damascus: that Hama was in a state of near-revolt against Assad’s Baathist regime."[4]

The massacre

The 1981 Hama massacre occurred after a failed attack around 21–22 April 1981 by armed Islamist guerrillas (reports identify a security checkpoint or a spring festival) near an Alawite village near Hama.[5][6][7] As a revenge action, government units deployed into Hama and launched house-to-house searches, sealing off neighborhoods as street fighting erupted.[5] A curfew was imposed and Syrian Army troops entered the city. Between Thursday 23 April 1981 and Sunday 26 April 1981, security forces killed scores to hundreds of residents - between 150 and "several hundred", according to The Washington Post,[6] or at least 350, plus 600 injured, according to authors Olivier Carré and Gérard Michaud[5] chosen randomly among the male population over the age of 14.[8] The killings were carried out by the government's "Protection Brigades" (a palace guard commanded by the president's brother Rifaat al-Assad, and Syrian Special Forces commanded by General Ali Haidar, an Alawite and Assad aide, according to the Post,[6] while Human Rights Watch identified Syrian Special Forces and the Syrian Arab Army's 47th Brigade.[7]

The Washington Post described the incident as "believed to have been the bloodiest retribution so far in President Hafez Assad's two-year crackdown on opponents to his rule".[6] Syrian Mukhabarat and Alawite militias loyal to Rifa'at al-Assad unleashed brutal attacks on the civilians of Hama; executing and torturing family members of those accused of collaborating with the opposition. Due to the extensive nature of the campaign, many Hamawi Christians were also targeted.[9]

Aftermath

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See also

Further reading

References

Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Coord missing

Шаблон:Syria-hist-stub Шаблон:Massacre-stub

Партнерские ресурсы
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  1. ↑ Seale, Patrick. 1989. Asad, the Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press,p.335.
  2. ↑ Human Rights Watch 1996
  3. ↑ Middle East Watch. Syria Unmasked: The Suppression of Human Rights by the Assad Regime. New Haven: Yale UP, 1991, p.8.
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Middle East Watch. Syria Unmasked: The Suppression of Human Rights by the Assad Regime. New Haven: Yale UP, 1991, pp. 17-18.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Syrian Troops Massacre Scores Of Assad's Foes, Washington Post June 25, 1981
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 James A. Paul Human Rights in Syria Human Rights Watch, 1990, p.20-21
  8. ↑ Carré, Olivier and Gérard Michaud. Les Frères musulmans: Egypte et Syrie (1928–1982). Paris: Gallimard, 1983: p. 148-151.
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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