Английская Википедия:1985 Portuguese legislative election
The 1985 Portuguese legislative election took place on 6 October. The election renewed all 250 members of the Assembly of the Republic.
In June of the same year, the then incumbent Prime Minister, Mário Soares, resigned from the job due to the lack of parliamentary support, the government was composed by a coalition of the two major parties, the center-right Social Democratic and the center-left Socialist, in what was called the Central Bloc, however this was an unstable balance of forces and several members of each party opposed such alliance.
The new leader of the Social Democratic Party, Cavaco Silva, elected in May, was among those that never supported such alliance, and short after being elected leader of the party made the coalition fall in July. Mário Soares didn't run again and resigned as party leader, as he decided to run for the 1986 Presidential elections. The PS nominated Almeida Santos, minister of state in Soares government, as intern leader and as the party candidate for Prime Minister.
A new election was called by the President and the Social Democrats won with a short majority and Cavaco became the Prime-Minister. The election was the first of three consecutive election victories for the Social Democratic Party. Meanwhile, a new party had been founded by supporters of the President Ramalho Eanes, the Democratic Renewal Party, led by Hermínio Martinho and which the main figure of the party's campaign was First lady Manuela Ramalho Eanes,[1] that surprisingly gained 45 MPs and more than one million votes in the election, becoming the parliamentary support of the Cavaco's government until 1987, when it removed its support, making Cavaco fall.
The Communists and the Socialists lost votes and MPs, and the left would only return to the government ten years later, in 1995.
Background
Fall of the government
Шаблон:See also The unpopularity of the Central Bloc government was creating deep rifts between PS and PSD and also within both parties, as growing poverty, budget cuts and unemployment, due to the International Monetary Fund bailout policies, were leading to massive protests. In February 1985, Carlos Mota Pinto resigned from the PSD leadership and planned to contest the next party congress.[2] However, he died before the congress and Cavaco Silva was elected as leader. Shortly after his election, Cavco Silva withdraw his party from the government and Soares Central Bloc government fell.[3]
Leadership changes and challenges
PSD 1985 leadership election
By 1985, deep divisions were consuming the PSD regarding their role in the Central Bloc government with the PS.[4] Then deputy Prime Minister and PSD leader Carlos Mota Pinto, resigned from the government and the party's leadership and a snap party congress was called.[5] But, Mota Pinto, who was expected to run for the leadership in the snap congress, died suddenly just 10 days before the start of the congress in Figueira da Foz.[6] João Salgueiro, the candidate from "Mota Pinto's wing" was expected to win easily, but former finance minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva surprised the party by announcing a late candidacy, in what is now known as the "Running-in of Cavaco's new Citroën".[7] Cavaco Silva had the support of the wings against the Central Bloc, and against all odds he defeated Salgueiro by just 57 votes.[8] The results were the following: Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | align=right | 422 | align=right | 53.6 |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | João Salgueiro | align=right | 365 | align=right | 46.4 |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | 787 | align=center | |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: Results[9] |}
PS 1985 nomination selection
After the fall of the Central Bloc government, Mário Soares was acclaimed as the PS candidate for the 1986 Presidential election, and shortly after, António Almeida Santos was unanimously selected as the party's candidate for Prime Minister in the 1985 general elections.[10] Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | António Almeida Santos | colspan="2" align=right | Voice vote |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | | align=right | 100.0 |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: |}
Electoral system
The Assembly of the Republic has 250 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 126 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.[11]
The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude.[12] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.[13]
For these elections, and compared with the 1983 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:[14]
Parties
The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 3rd legislature (1983–1985) and that also partook in the election:
Campaign period
Party slogans
| Party or alliance | Original slogan | English translation | Refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| width="1" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| | PS | « O que prometo, faço. Vamos a isto. » | "What I promise, I do. Let's do this." | [16] |
| bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| | PSD | « Retomar a esperança » | "Resuming hope" | [17] |
| bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| | APU | « Vitória da APU para salvar o país » | "Victory for APU to save the country" | [18] |
| bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| | CDS | « Confiança, razão, força para Portugal » | "Trust, reason, strength for Portugal" | [19] |
| bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| | PRD | « Mais Portugal » | "More Portugal" | [20] |
Candidates' debates
| 1985 Portuguese legislative election debates | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Organisers | Moderator(s) | Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Colors Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Colors Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Colors Шаблон:Small | |||||||||||||||||
| PS Шаблон:Small |
PSD Шаблон:Small |
APU Шаблон:Small |
CDS Шаблон:Small |
Refs | ||||||||||||||||
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | |||||||||||||||||
| 3 Sep | RTP1 | P | AШаблон:Efn | P | P | [21] | ||||||||||||||
| 5 Sep | RTP1 | N | AШаблон:Efn | P | P | [22] | ||||||||||||||
| 10 Sep | RTP1 | P | P | N | P | [23] | ||||||||||||||
| 12 Sep | RTP1 | P | P | P | N | [23] | ||||||||||||||
| Шаблон:Small | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Date | Organisers | Polling firm/Link | ||||||||||||||||||
| PS | PSD | APU | CDS | Notes | ||||||||||||||||
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | |||||||||||||||||
| 3 Sep | RTP1 | Expresso | Шаблон:Party shading/PS| 36 | Шаблон:N/A | 23 | 25 | Шаблон:Small | |||||||||||||
Opinion polling
Шаблон:See also The following table shows the opinion polls of voting intention of the Portuguese voters before the election. Those parties that are listed were represented in parliament (1983-1985). Included is also the result of the Portuguese general elections in 1983 and 1985 for reference.
| Date Released | Polling Firm | PS | PSD | APU | CDS | PRD | Others | Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; width:60px;"| | ||||||||
| 6 Oct 1985 | Leg. Election | 20.8 Шаблон:Font |
29.9 Шаблон:Font |
15.5 Шаблон:Font |
10.0 Шаблон:Font |
17.9 Шаблон:Font |
5.9 Шаблон:Font |
9.1 |
| 6 Oct 1985(22:50) | RTP1 | 22.0–26.9 | 26.8–29.7 | 15.0–18.1 | 9.3–10.8 | 14.5–16.5 | – | 2.8–4.8 |
| 6 Oct 1985 (21:10) | RTP1 | 23.8–26.9 | 28.0–29.8 | 17.3–18.1 | 9.8–10.7 | 11.1–14.9 | – | 2.9–6.0 |
| 6 Oct 1985 | Rádio Comercial | 19.0–22.0 | 29.0–31.0 | 14.0–16.0 | 8.0–16.0 | 18.0–22.0 | – | 9.0–10.0 |
| 4 Oct 1985 | Expresso | 28.0–32.0 | 27.0–31.0 | 15.0–17.0 | 9.0–12.0 | 8.0–11.0 | – | 1.0 |
| 29 Apr 1985 | Norma | 24.7 | 16.4 | 18.4 | 17.1 | 8.4 | 15.0 | 6.3 |
| Mar 1985 | Norma | 21.1 | 18.4 | 20.0 | 19.2 | 5.5 | 15.8 | 1.1 |
| Feb 1985 | Marktest | 15.0 | 21.3 | 15.0 | 17.1 | 28.6 | 3.0 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white" | 7.3 |
| 25 Feb 1985 | Norma | 20.7 | 21.6 | 17.8 | 17.6 | 10.0 | 12.3 | 0.9 |
| 21 Jan 1985 | Norma | 21.3 | 22.9 | 20.3 | 16.2 | Шаблон:N/A | 19.3 | 1.6 |
| Dec 1984 | Marktest | 18.6 | 23.0 | 14.3 | 16.2 | 25.4 | 2.5 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white" | 2.4 |
| Dec 1984 | Norma | 23.5 | 25.2 | 23.4 | 13.2 | Шаблон:N/A | 14.7 | 1.7 |
| Nov 1984 | Marktest | 19.8 | 24.0 | 15.5 | 14.9 | 23.3 | 2.5 | 0.7 |
| Nov 1984 | Norma | 20.7 | 22.7 | 22.4 | 17.5 | Шаблон:N/A | 16.7 | 0.3 |
| Oct 1984 | Marktest | 20.6 | 23.4 | 15.8 | 13.4 | 25.0 | 1.8 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white" | 4.0 |
| 15 Oct 1984 | Norma | 23.9 | 24.8 | 23.1 | 14.7 | Шаблон:N/A | 13.5 | 0.9 |
| Sep 1984 | Marktest | 18.8 | 22.6 | 15.2 | 15.7 | 26.6 | 1.1 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white" | 4.0 |
| Aug 1984 | Marktest | 19.2 | 22.8 | 13.8 | 15.6 | 26.9 | 1.7 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white" | 4.1 |
| Jul 1984 | Marktest | 17.9 | 20.6 | 16.9 | 13.4 | 29.0 | 2.2 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white" | 7.7 |
| Jul 1984 | Norma | 21.5 | 23.6 | 20.3 | 15.4 | Шаблон:N/A | 19.2 | 2.1 |
| Jun 1984 | Marktest | 19.8 | 16.7 | 16.6 | 16.9 | 27.5 | 2.5 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white" | 7.7 |
| Jun 1984 | Norma | 24.2 | 21.5 | 22.1 | 17.0 | Шаблон:N/A | 15.2 | 2.1 |
| May 1984 | Marktest | 25.4 | 19.8 | 13.9 | 14.6 | 24.6 | 1.7 | 0.8 |
| Apr 1984 | Marktest | 28.7 | 19.5 | 15.2 | 10.8 | 17.7 | 8.1 | 9.2 |
| Apr 1984 | Norma | 21.9 | 26.0 | 21.4 | 15.7 | Шаблон:N/A | 15.0 | 4.1 |
| Mar 1984 | Marktest | 22.6 | 16.6 | 14.1 | 12.7 | 15.0 | 19.0 | 6.0 |
| Feb 1984 | Marktest | 18.3 | 15.9 | 12.4 | 10.3 | 20.8 | 22.3 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white" | 2.5 |
| Jan 1984 | Marktest | 19.9 | 15.4 | 12.5 | 7.3 | 22.7 | 22.2 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white" | 2.8 |
| Jan 1984 | Norma | 31.8 | 22.8 | 21.2 | 13.3 | Шаблон:N/A | 10.9 | 9.0 |
| 25 Apr 1983 | Leg. Election | 36.1 Шаблон:Font |
27.2 Шаблон:Font |
18.1 Шаблон:Font |
12.6 Шаблон:Font |
Did not exist | 6.0 Шаблон:Font |
8.9 |
National summary of votes and seats
| colspan=11|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" |Parties
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Votes
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |%
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |±
! colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |MPs
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |MPs %/
votes %
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"|1983
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"|1985
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |±
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |%
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |±
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|1,732,288||29.87||Шаблон:Increase2.7||75||88||Шаблон:Increase13||35.20||Шаблон:Increase5.2||1.18
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|1,204,321||20.77||Шаблон:Decrease15.3||101||57||Шаблон:Decrease44||22.80||Шаблон:Decrease17.6||1.10
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|1,038,893||17.92||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||45||Шаблон:N/A||18.00||Шаблон:N/A||1.00
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colourШаблон:Efn
|898,281||15.49||Шаблон:Decrease2.6||44||38||Шаблон:Decrease6||15.20||Шаблон:Decrease2.4||0.98
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|577,580||9.96||Шаблон:Decrease2.6||30||22||Шаблон:Decrease8||8.80||Шаблон:Decrease3.2||0.88
|-
| style="width:10px;background-color:#E2062C;text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:left;" |People's Democratic Union
|73,401||1.27||Шаблон:Increase0.8||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|41,831||0.72||Шаблон:Increase0.0||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|35,238||0.61||Шаблон:Increase0.4||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|19,943||0.34||Шаблон:Decrease0.1||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|19,085||0.33||Шаблон:Decrease0.0||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|12,749||0.22||Шаблон:Increase0.2||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0
|-
|colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total valid
|width="65" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,653,610
|width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|97.49
|width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Increase0.1
|width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|250
|width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|250
|width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Steady0
|width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
|width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Steady0.0
|width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|—
|-
|colspan=2|Blank ballots
|48,709||0.84||Шаблон:Increase0.1||colspan=6 rowspan=4|
|-
|colspan=2|Invalid ballots
|96,610||1.67||Шаблон:Decrease0.1
|-
|colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total
|width="65" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,798,929
|width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
|width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
|colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout
||7,818,981||74.16||Шаблон:Decrease3.6
|-
| colspan=11 style="text-align:left;" | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
Шаблон:End
Шаблон:Bar box
Шаблон:Bar box
Distribution by constituency
Шаблон:Election table
|- class="unsortable"
!rowspan=2|Constituency!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S
!rowspan=2|Total
S
|- class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 | PSD
!colspan=2 | PS
!colspan=2 | PRD
!colspan=2 | APU
!colspan=2 | CDS
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Azores
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|48.3
| 3
| 20.1
| 1
| 15.2
| 1
| 4.4
| -
| 6.5
| -
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Aveiro
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|38.4
| 6
| 23.0
| 4
| 13.4
| 2
| 6.5
| 1
| 13.5
| 2
| 15
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Beja
| 13.7
| 1
| 20.1
| 1
| 11.6
| -
| style="background:red; color:white;"|44.9
| 3
| 2.2
| -
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Braga
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|32.8
| 6
| 21.8
| 4
| 16.8
| 3
| 8.5
| 1
| 14.0
| 2
| 16
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Bragança
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|39.2
| 2
| 22.7
| 1
| 6.9
| -
| 5.3
| -
| 17.1
| 1
| 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Castelo Branco
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|31.2
| 3
| 18.5
| 1
| 24.4
| 2
| 8.9
| -
| 9.6
| -
| 6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Coimbra
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|29.5
| 4
| 28.5
| 3
| 16.9
| 2
| 10.1
| 1
| 8.6
| 1
| 11
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Шаблон:HsÉvora
| 19.1
| 1
| 14.3
| 1
| 15.8
| 1
| style="background:red; color:white;"|41.2
| 2
| 3.3
| -
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Faro
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|28.4
| 3
| 22.3
| 2
| 20.5
| 2
| 15.4
| 2
| 6.1
| -
| 9
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Guarda
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|33.6
| 2
| 23.3
| 2
| 10.9
| -
| 5.2
| -
| 19.5
| 1
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Leiria
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|38.6
| 5
| 19.6
| 2
| 15.3
| 2
| 7.9
| 1
| 12.2
| 1
| 11
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lisbon
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|25.6
| 15
| 19.8
| 12
| 21.3
| 13
| 20.1
| 12
| 8.1
| 4
| 56
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Madeira
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|56.8
| 4
| 13.2
| 1
| 9.7
| -
| 3.2
| -
| 7.8
| -
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Portalegre
| 20.9
| 1
| 23.7
| 1
| 18.9
| -
| style="background:red; color:white;"|25.2
| 1
| 4.9
| -
| 3
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Porto
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|29.3
| 12
| 23.6
| 10
| 20.5
| 8
| 12.1
| 5
| 9.8
| 4
| 39
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Santarém
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|27.8
| 4
| 18.6
| 2
| 23.8
| 3
| 16.4
| 2
| 7.7
| 1
| 12
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Setúbal
| 15.4
| 3
| 16.5
| 3
| 20.4
| 4
| style="background:red; color:white;"|38.2
| 7
| 3.8
| -
| 17
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Viana do Castelo
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|33.5
| 3
| 18.4
| 1
| 16.2
| 1
| 8.2
| -
| 16.6
| 1
| 6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Vila Real
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|42.2
| 3
| 23.0
| 2
| 8.6
| -
| 5.9
| -
| 12.5
| 1
| 6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Viseu
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|37.7
| 5
| 20.0
| 2
| 10.9
| 1
| 5.0
| -
| 19.9
| 2
| 10
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Europe
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|24.3
| 1
| 24.2
| 1
| 7.1
| -
| 18.8
| -
| 17.3
| -
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Outside Europe
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|40.5
| 1
| 7.8
| -
| 3.3
| -
| 2.6
| -
| 37.9
| 1
| 2
|-
|- class="unsortable" style="background:#E9E9E9"
| style="text-align:left;" | Total
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|29.9
| 88
| 20.8
| 57
| 17.9
| 45
| 15.5
| 38
| 10.0
| 22
| 250
|-
| colspan=12 style="text-align:left;" | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
|}
Maps
-
Most voted political force by municipality.
Aftermath
Fall of the government
In early 1987, a trip of a Portuguese parliamentary delegation to the Soviet Union created a diplomatic issue as the delegation also traveled to Estonia, a territory that wasn't recognized by the Portuguese State as a Soviet controlled territory. Because of this incident, Opposition parties accused Cavaco Silva of disallowing Parliament and, shortly after, the Democratic Renewal Party proposed a motion of no confidence against the Government, and the party's leader, Hermínio Martinho, communicated to President Mário Soares their intentions.[24] At first, the Socialists weren't supportive of the PRD's motion, but, last minute negotiations led the PS to also support the motion. On 3 April 1987, the motion passes by a 134 to 108 vote and the government falls.[25] Mário Soares was in an official trip to Brazil when he was informed, which unpleased the President, and he then returned to Lisbon to meet with parties. The PS, PRD and PCP proposed an alternative government to the PSD minority, but Soares rejected and called a snap general election for 19 July 1987, which resulted in a landslide PSD majority government.[26]
| Motion of no confidence Aníbal Cavaco Silva (PSD) | |||
| Ballot → | 3 April 1987 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Required majority → | 126 out of 250 Шаблон:Tick | ||
| Шаблон:Collapsible list | Шаблон:Composition bar | ||
| Шаблон:Collapsible list | Шаблон:Composition bar | ||
| Шаблон:Collapsible list | Шаблон:Composition bar | ||
| Шаблон:Collapsible list | Шаблон:Composition bar | ||
| Sources[27][28] | |||
See also
Notes
References
Sources
External links
- ↑ "PRD", Diario de Notícias, 30 May 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "1985 o ano que lançou Cavaco, por Ferreira Fernandes", Diario de Notícias, 9 March 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ↑ "Bloco Central junta PS e PSD", Diario de Notícias, 7 January 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ↑ "Mota Pinto, o aliado de Soares que militava no PPD", Público, 15 January 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ↑ "19 de Maio de 1985: O líder inesperado ", Expresso, 17 May 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ↑ "Cavaco Silva e as Eleições Legislativas de 1985: uma Introdução", Alexandre António da Costa Luís, 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ↑ "Aníbal Cavaco Silva, o PSD e a Evolução da Democracia Portuguesa: o XI Governo Constitucional (1987-1991)", Nuno Marques Freire, UNIVERSIDADE DA BEIRA INTERIOR Faculdade de Ciências Socias e Humanas, October 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- ↑ "Quando o candidato do PS não foi o líder", Diario de Notícias, 3 June 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Gallaher, Michael (1992). "Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities"
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Composição dos Grupos Parlamentares/Partidos
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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