Английская Википедия:1991 Portuguese legislative election
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox election
The 1991 Portuguese legislative election took place on 6 October. The election renewed all 230 members of the Assembly of the Republic. There was a reduction of 20 seats compared with previous elections, due to the 1989 Constitutional revision.[1]
The Social Democratic Party, under the lead of Cavaco Silva, won a historic third term and won an absolute majority for the second consecutive election. While it lost 13 MPs due to the reduction of the overall number from the original 250 to 230, although just a 3 seat loss if the 1987 election results are tabulated with the new seat distribution, it gained a higher share of the vote than in 1987. Cavaco Silva became the first Prime Minister since Hintze Ribeiro, in 1904, to lead a party into three successive democratic election victories.
The Socialist Party, at the time led by Jorge Sampaio, the future President of Portugal, increased its share by 7% and gained 12 MPs, a gain of 16 if compared with 1987 with the new seat distribution, but did not manage to avoid the absolute majority of the Social Democrats. Like four and six years earlier, and like 1979 and 1980, the PS failed to win a single district. In the first legislative election after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the communist dominated Democratic Unity Coalition lost much of its electoral influence, losing almost 10 MPs and 4% of the voting, but were able to hold on to the district of Beja by a slight margin over the PSD.
On the right, the CDS could not recover its past influence, mainly to the effect of tactical voting for the Social Democratic Party by right-wing voters, increasing its parliamentary group by only 1 MP. The National Solidarity Party, using a populist campaign, achieved for the first time an MP, in what would be the only presence of such party in the Parliament.
Voter turnout fell to 67.8%, and for the first time below 70% of the electorate.
Background
Leadership changes and challenges
CDS 1988 leadership election
After CDS's poor results, just 4%, in the 1987 general elections, then CDS leader Adriano Moreira announced he would leave the leadership and called a party congress to elect a new leader.[2] Diogo Freitas do Amaral, former party leader and defeated candidate in the 1986 presidential election, returned to the party and was the sole candidate to the party's leadership.[3] Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Diogo Freitas do Amaral | colspan="2" align=right | Voice vote |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | | align=right | 100.0 |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: |}
PS 1989 leadership election
In the 1987 general election the PS polled 2nd with just 22%, while the PSD won a historic absolute majority. Then party leader, Vítor Constâncio was facing pressures because of his strategy, with interferences also from President Mário Soares, and, adding to this, his difficulty in finding a strong candidate for Lisbon to contest the 1989 local elections.[4] Because of these pressures, Constâncio resign in late 1988 and a party congress to elect a new leader was called for mid January 1989. Two candidates were on the ballot, Jorge Sampaio and Jaime Gama.[5] Sampaio was easily elected as PS leader.[6] Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Jorge Sampaio | align=center | WIN | align=right | |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Jaime Gama | align=right | | align=right | |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | | align=center | |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: |}
PRD 1991 leadership election
The Democratic Renewal Party's results in the 1987 election were disappointing and António Ramalho Eanes resigned from the leadership.[7] Hermínio Martinho returned to the leadership, but the party was plagued by deep divisions on its ideology and strategy, with key members, including Ramalho Eanes, announcing their departure from the party[8] In June 1991, the party held a leadership ballot between Hermínio Martinho and Pedro Canavarro. Martinho defended the dissolution of the party, while Canavarro proposed the continuation of the party. The ballot results gave Canavarro a landslide victory.[9] The results were the following: Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Pedro Canavarro | align=right | 145 | align=right | 79.2 |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Hermínio Martinho | align=right | 38 | align=right | 20.8 |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | 183 | align=center | |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: [9] |}
Electoral system
The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected to four-year terms. The total number of MPs was reduced in 1989, during the Constitutional amendments, to 230 from the previous 250. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.[10]
The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude.[11] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.[12]
For these elections, and compared with the 1987 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:[13]
Parties
The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 5th legislature (1987–1991) and that also partook in the election:
With the 1987 seat distribution
1987 results with the new seat distribution
Name | Ideology | Political position | Leader | 1987 notional result | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Seats | ||||||
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | PPD/PSD | Social Democratic Party Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Nowrap | Centre-right | Aníbal Cavaco Silva |
50.2% | Шаблон:Composition bar |
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | PS | Socialist Party Шаблон:Small |
Social democracy | Centre-left | Jorge Sampaio | 22.2% | Шаблон:Composition bar |
PCP | Portuguese Communist Party Шаблон:Small |
Communism Marxism–Leninism |
Far-left | Álvaro Cunhal | 12.1% | Шаблон:Composition bar | |
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | PEV | Ecologist Party "The Greens" Шаблон:Small |
Eco-socialism Green politics |
Left-wing | - | Шаблон:Composition bar | |
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | PRD | Democratic Renewal Party Шаблон:Nowrap |
Centrism Third Way |
Шаблон:Nowrap | Pedro Canavarro |
4.9% | Шаблон:Composition bar |
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | CDS | Democratic and Social Centre Шаблон:Nowrap |
Christian democracy Conservatism |
Шаблон:Nowrap | Diogo Freitas do Amaral |
4.4% | Шаблон:Composition bar |
Campaign period
Party slogans
Party or alliance | Original slogan | English translation | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| | PSD | « No bom caminho » | "On the right track" | [15] |
width="1" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| | PS | « Agora nós » | "Now us." | [16] |
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| | CDU | « Para um Portugal melhor » | "For a better Portugal" | [17] |
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| | CDS | « A verdade, sempre! » | "The truth, always!" | [18] |
PSN | « O sol está a nascer para todos. » | "The sun is rising for everyone." | [19] |
Candidates' debates
No debates between the main parties were held as the PSD leader and Prime Minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, refused to take part in any debate.[20]
Opinion polling
Шаблон:See also The following table shows the opinion polls of voting intention of the Portuguese voters before the election. Those parties that are listed were represented in parliament (1987-1991). Included is also the result of the Portuguese general elections in 1987 and 1991 for reference.
Note, until 2000, the publication of opinion polls in the last week of the campaign was forbidden.
Date Released | Polling Firm | PSD | PS | CDU | CDS | PSN | PSR | Others | Lead | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 Oct 1991 | Leg. Election | 50.6 Шаблон:Font |
29.1 Шаблон:Font |
8.8 Шаблон:Font |
4.4 Шаблон:Font |
1.7 Шаблон:Font |
1.1 Шаблон:Font |
4.3 Шаблон:Font |
21.5 | ||||||
6 Oct 1991 | RTP1 - Universidade Católica Seat projection |
48.0–51.9 Шаблон:Font |
28.5–31.5 Шаблон:Font |
7.5–10.0 Шаблон:Font |
4.5–5.5 Шаблон:Font |
? Шаблон:Font |
? Шаблон:Font |
— | 19.5–20.4 | ||||||
6 Oct 1991 | TSF/Expresso - Euroexpansão | 45.8–50.2 | 29.8–33.9 | 6.8–9.1 | 3.7–5.5 | 1.0–2.0 | 1.4–2.6 | — | 16.0–16.3 | ||||||
6 Oct 1991 | Antena1 - Euroteste | 47.0–50.0 | 31.0–34.0 | 7.5–10.0 | 4.0–5.0 | – | 1.0–1.5 | — | 16.0 | ||||||
6 Oct 1991 | Rádio Comercial - GEOIDEIA | 49.0–52.0 | 29.0–31.0 | 7.0–9.0 | 3.0–4.0 | 2.0–3.0 | 1.0–2.0 | — | 20.0–21.0 | ||||||
6 Oct 1991 | Rádio Press | 45.5 | 35.0 | 9.6 | 4.5 | – | – | — | 10.5 | ||||||
6 Oct 1991 | Rádio Correio da Manhã | 45.8–50.2 | 29.8–33.9 | 6.8–9.1 | 3.7–5.5 | 1.0–2.0 | 1.4–2.6 | — | 16.0–16.3 | ||||||
29 Sep 1991 | Universidade CatólicaШаблон:Efn Seat projection |
51.3 Шаблон:Font |
29.3 Шаблон:Font |
7.5 Шаблон:Font |
5.0 Шаблон:Font |
7.0 Шаблон:Font |
22.0 | ||||||||
28 Sep 1991 | Euroteste | 47.3 | 35.5 | 8.5 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 11.8 | ||||||||
28 Sep 1991 | Euroteste | 46.0 | 37.0 | 9.7 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 9.0 | ||||||||
28 Sep 1991 | Euroexpansão | 44.0 | 33.0 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 11.0 | ||||||||
27 Sep 1991 | Marktest | 43.1 | 32.8 | 7.7 | 4.6 | 11.8 | 10.3 | ||||||||
27 Sep 1991 | Pluriteste | 41.2 | 34.7 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 7.6 | 6.5 | ||||||||
20 Sep 1991 | Euroteste | 45.6 | 35.5 | 10.0 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 10.1 | ||||||||
20 Sep 1991 | Marktest | 41.9 | 31.9 | 7.3 | 4.4 | 14.5 | 10.0 | ||||||||
16 Sep 1991 | Pluriteste | 39.2 | 26.6 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 22.0 | 12.6 | ||||||||
16 Sep 1991 | Euroteste | 45.1 | 34.5 | 10.2 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 10.6 | ||||||||
14 Sep 1991 | Norma | 45.0 | 37.5 | 11.2 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 7.5 | ||||||||
28 Aug 1991 | Euroexpansão/Marktest | 35.3 | 36.8 | 8.7 | 4.9 | 14.3 | 1.5 | ||||||||
4 Aug 1991 | Euroteste/JN | 47.5 | 37.8 | 12.3 | 8.2 | colspan="3" Шаблон:N/A | 7.7 | ||||||||
19 Jul 1991 | Norma | 43.7 | 32.9 | 12.4 | 6.5 | 4.5 | 10.8 | ||||||||
19 Jul 1991 | Euroteste | 45.4 | 36.6 | 10.8 | 4.0 | 3.2 | 8.8 | ||||||||
13 Jan 1991 | EurotesteШаблон:Efn | 47.5 | 36.9 | 9.3 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 10.6 | ||||||||
17 Dec 1989 | Local Elections | 35.4 | 36.8 | 13.3 | 9.2 | Шаблон:N/A | Шаблон:N/A | 5.4 | 1.4 | ||||||
18 Jun 1989 | EP Elections | 32.8 | 28.5 | 14.4 | 14.2 | Шаблон:N/A | 0.8 | 9.3 | 4.3 | ||||||
19 Jul 1987 | Leg. Election | 50.2 Шаблон:Font |
22.2 Шаблон:Font |
12.1 Шаблон:Font |
4.4 Шаблон:Font |
Did not exist | 0.6 Шаблон:Font |
10.5 Шаблон:Font |
28.0 | ||||||
National summary of votes and seats
| colspan=11|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Parties
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|±
! colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|MPs
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |MPs %/
votes %
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align=center|1987
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align=center|1991
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|±
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|±
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|2,902,351||50.60||Шаблон:Increase0.4||148|||135||Шаблон:Decrease13||58.70||Шаблон:Decrease0.5||1.16
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|1,670,758||29.13||Шаблон:Increase6.9||60||72||Шаблон:Increase12||31.30||Шаблон:Increase7.3||1.07
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colourШаблон:Efn
|504,583||8.80||Шаблон:Decrease3.3||31||17||Шаблон:Decrease14||7.39||Шаблон:Decrease5.0||0.84
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|254,317||4.43||Шаблон:Decrease0.0||4||5||Шаблон:Increase1||2.17||Шаблон:Increase0.6||0.49
|-
|style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#000080 align="center" |
|align=left|National Solidarity
|96,096||1.68||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||1||Шаблон:N/A||0.44||Шаблон:N/A||0.39
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|64,159||1.12||Шаблон:Increase0.5||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|48,542||0.85||Шаблон:Increase0.5||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|35,077||0.61||Шаблон:Decrease4.3||7||0||Шаблон:Decrease7||0.00||Шаблон:Decrease2.8||0.0
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|25,216||0.44||Шаблон:Increase0.0||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|10,842||0.19||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||0||Шаблон:N/A||0.00||Шаблон:N/A||0.0
|-
| Шаблон:Party name with colour
|6,661||0.12||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||0||Шаблон:N/A||0.00||Шаблон:N/A||0.0
|-
|style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#E2062C align="center" |
|align=left|People's Democratic UnionШаблон:Efn
|6,157||0.11||Шаблон:Decrease0.8||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0
|-
|colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total valid
|width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,624,759
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|98.07
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Increase0.3
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|250
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|230
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Decrease20
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Steady0.0
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|—
|-
|colspan=2|Blank ballots
|47,652||0.83||Шаблон:Decrease0.1||colspan=6 rowspan=4|
|-
|colspan=2|Invalid ballots
|63,020||1.10||Шаблон:Decrease0.2
|-
|colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total
|width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,735,431
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
|colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout
||8,462,357||67.78||Шаблон:Decrease3.8
|-
| colspan=11 align=left | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
|}
Шаблон:Bar box
Шаблон:Bar box
Distribution by constituency
Шаблон:Election table
|- class="unsortable"
!rowspan=2|Constituency!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S
!rowspan=2|Total
S
|- class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 | PSD
!colspan=2 | PS
!colspan=2 | CDU
!colspan=2 | CDS
!colspan=2 | PSN
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Azores
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|64.1
| 4
| 25.8
| 1
| 1.3
| -
| 3.4
| -
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Aveiro
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|58.6
| 9
| 27.8
| 4
| 2.8
| -
| 6.1
| 1
| 1.3
| -
| 14
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Beja
| 29.3
| 1
| 28.4
| 1
| style="background:red; color:white;"|30.4
| 2
| 2.3
| -
| 1.0
| -
| 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Braga
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|53.6
| 10
| 31.5
| 5
| 4.6
| -
| 5.6
| 1
| 0.8
| -
| 16
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Bragança
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|57.9
| 3
| 25.7
| 1
| 2.1
| -
| 8.2
| -
| 1.5
| -
| 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Castelo Branco
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|51.8
| 3
| 32.4
| 2
| 4.6
| -
| 3.9
| -
| 2.3
| -
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Coimbra
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|49.9
| 6
| 34.4
| 4
| 5.0
| -
| 3.5
| -
| 1.7
| -
| 10
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Шаблон:Hs Évora
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|35.0
| 2
| 25.9
| 1
| 27.1
| 1
| 2.8
| -
| 1.4
| -
| 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Faro
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|50.8
| 5
| 31.2
| 3
| 7.2
| -
| 2.8
| -
| 2.2
| -
| 8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Guarda
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|58.6
| 3
| 26.8
| 1
| 2.3
| -
| 5.9
| -
| 1.3
| -
| 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Leiria
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|61.2
| 7
| 23.0
| 3
| 4.5
| -
| 4.8
| -
| 1.4
| -
| 10
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lisbon
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|45.3
| 25
| 29.7
| 16
| 12.2
| 6
| 4.0
| 2
| 2.6
| 1
| 50
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Madeira
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|62.4
| 4
| 20.2
| 1
| 1.0
| -
| 6.1
| -
| 1.9
| -
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Portalegre
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|38.9
| 2
| 33.5
| 1
| 15.2
| -
| 3.3
| -
| 1.8
| -
| 3
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Porto
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|51.3
| 21
| 32.9
| 13
| 6.4
| 2
| 4.1
| 1
| 1.1
| -
| 37
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Santarém
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|49.1
| 6
| 29.4
| 3
| 9.8
| 1
| 3.3
| -
| 2.2
| -
| 10
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Setúbal
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|34.7
| 6
| 28.4
| 5
| 24.9
| 5
| 2.7
| -
| 2.4
| -
| 16
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Viana do Castelo
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|56.9
| 4
| 25.2
| 2
| 5.0
| -
| 7.2
| -
| 1.2
| -
| 6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Vila Real
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|60.6
| 4
| 26.0
| 2
| 2.6
| -
| 5.1
| -
| 1.2
| -
| 6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Viseu
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|64.3
| 7
| 19.4
| 2
| 2.1
| -
| 6.3
| -
| 1.3
| -
| 9
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Europe
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|53.7
| 1
| 31.9
| 1
| 7.8
| -
| 3.0
| -
|colspan="2" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Outside Europe
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|77.3
| 2
| 4.9
| -
| 1.0
| -
| 14.6
| -
| 2
|-
|- class="unsortable" style="background:#E9E9E9"
| style="text-align:left;" | Total
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|50.6
| 135
| 29.1
| 72
| 8.8
| 17
| 4.4
| 5
| 1.7
| 1
| 230
|-
| colspan=12 style="text-align:left;" | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
|}
Maps
-
Most voted political force by municipality.
Notes
References
External links
See also
- ↑ Sistema Eleitoral Português: Problemas e Soluções, "Leya", Marina Costa Lobo, 7 November 2018
- ↑ "Entrevista a Adriano Moreira", RTP, 30 January 1988. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ↑ "Diogo Freitas do Amaral. "Vivi e agi à minha maneira"", Diário de Notícias, 4 October 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ↑ "Perdeu PS para Guterres e Beleza ficou com votos do líder no congresso", JN, 10 September 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ↑ "8.º Congresso do PS", RTP, 14 January 1989. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ↑ "Jorge Sampaio. A história de duas derrotas que fizeram o candidato a Belém ", RTP, 10 September 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ↑ "António Ramalho Eanes", Museu da Presidência da República, 10 September 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ↑ "4ª Convenção Nacional do PRD", RTP, 15 June 1990. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 "Legislativas 91 – Parte IV" Minute 36:57, RTP, 6 October 1991. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Gallaher, Michael (1992). "Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities"
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Composição dos Grupos Parlamentares/Partidos
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news