Английская Википедия:1995 Portuguese legislative election

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox election

The 1995 Portuguese legislative election took place on 1 October. The election renewed all 230 members of the Assembly of the Republic.

The incumbent Prime Minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, decided not to run for a fourth consecutive term[1] and the Social Democratic Party, choose Fernando Nogueira, one of Cavaco Silva's deputies, as leader and candidate for Prime Minister in a highly contested and bitter party congress in February 1995.[2] But, the PSD was weakened by the end of the 10-year cycle of governments led by Cavaco Silva, amid scandals and the 1994 25 April bridge riots that shocked the country.[3] During the campaign, Cavaco Silva toyed with the idea of running for the 1996 Presidential elections, which he ultimately did.[4]

The PS easily won the elections with 44% of the votes, against the 34% of the PSD, achieving their first general election victory since 1983 and after a decade in opposition, but missed the absolute majority by 4 MPs. António Guterres, elected as PS leader three years before, became Prime Minister. The Social Democratic Party suffered a heavy defeat, losing almost 50 seats and 17% of the votes. This election marked the growing bi-polarization of the Portuguese political map. The two minor parties, the People's Party and the Democratic Unity Coalition (CDU) achieved only 15 MPs each, and for the first time ever the CDU failed to win a single district.

Although turnout, in percentage point, was lower than the previous election in 1991, almost 6 million voters cast a ballot on election day, the highest figure since 1980. Voter turnout stood at 66.3%, the lowest until then.

Background

Leadership changes and challenges

The four main parties all changed their leaders during the 1991–1995 legislature.

PS 1992 leadership election

The 1991 general election Socialist defeat, and the scale of it, surprised the party, with António Guterres actually saying he "was in shock".[5] Then PS leader, Jorge Sampaio, faced a lot of criticisms about his strategy but, announced he was running for reelection as party leader. He would face António Guterres and Álvaro Beleza.[6] A party leadership congress was called for February 1992, but, during the days prior to the start of the congress, Sampaio withdrew from the race and Guterres was easily elected as party leader:[7] The results were the following: Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | António Guterres | align=center | | align=right | 88.0 |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Álvaro Beleza | align=right | | align=right | 12.0 |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Jorge Sampaio | colspan="2" align=center | withdrew |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | | align=center | |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source:[7] |}

CDS–PP 1992 leadership election

Then CDS leader, Diogo Freitas do Amaral, resigned from the leadership following the party's poor results in the 1991 general elections.[8] A party congress to elect a new leader was called for late March 1992 and 3 candidates were on the ballot: Manuel Monteiro, Basílio Horta, the party's candidate for the 1991 Presidential election and António Lobo Xavier.[9] Manuel Monteiro was easily elected as leader:[10] Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Manuel Monteiro | align=center | WIN | align=right | |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Basílio Horta | align=right | | align=right | |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | António Lobo Xavier | align=right | | align=right | |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | | align=center | |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: |}

PCP 1992 leadership election

The historic Portuguese Communist Party leader, Álvaro Cunhal, announced he would step down from the leadership of the party in late 1992.[11] Carlos Carvalhas, the party's deputy leader was chosen as Cunhal's successor and was unanimously elected, but Cunhal remained a powerful figure within the party as a new body, the National Council, was created and Cunhal would lead it.[12] Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=red| | align=left | Carlos Carvalhas | align=center | | align=right | 100.0 |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | | align=center | |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: |}

PSD 1995 leadership election

After serving almost 10 years as Prime Minister, there were doubts if Cavaco Silva would run for another term, thus, creating a big "tabu" in Portuguese politics.[13] Cavaco promised a decision during the spring of 1995, but in January 1995, he announced he would not run for another term as Prime Minister and PSD leader.[14] This led the PSD to call a congress to elect a new leader. The congress become iconic for how tense and stormy it was, with strong accusations between several party members.[15] Three candidates announced a run for the leadership: Fernando Nogueira, former defense minister, José Manuel Durão Barroso, foreign affairs minister, and Pedro Santana Lopes, former culture secretary.[16] Santana Lopes withdrew before the ballot, and Fernando Nogueira narrowly defeated Durão Barroso by just 33 votes. The results were the following: Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=orange| | align=left | Fernando Nogueira | align=right | 532 | align=right | 51.6 |- |bgcolor=orange| | align=left | José Manuel Durão Barroso | align=right | 499 | align=right | 48.4 |- |bgcolor=orange| | align=left | Pedro Santana Lopes | colspan="2" align=center| withdrew |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | 1,031 | align=center | |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source:[17][18] |}

Electoral system

The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.[19]

The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude.[20] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.[21]

For these elections, and compared with the 1991 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:[22]

District Number of MPs Map
Lisbon 50 Шаблон:Image label begin

Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label end

Porto 37
SetúbalШаблон:Font color 17
Braga 16
Aveiro 14
Leiria, Santarém and Coimbra 10
Viseu 9
Faro 8
Viana do Castelo 6
Azores, Castelo Branco, Madeira and Vila RealШаблон:Font color 5
Beja, Bragança, Évora and Guarda 4
Portalegre 3
Europe and Outside Europe 2

Parties

The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 6th legislature (1991–1995) and that also partook in the election:

Name Ideology Political position Leader 1991 result
% Seats
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PPD/PSD Social Democratic Party
Шаблон:Small 		Шаблон:Nowrap Centre-right Fernando Nogueira 50.6% Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PS Socialist Party
Шаблон:Small 		Шаблон:Nowrap Centre-left António Guterres 29.1% Шаблон:Composition bar
PCP Portuguese Communist Party
Шаблон:Small 		Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		Far-left Carlos Carvalhas 8.8%
Шаблон:Efn 		Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PEV Ecologist Party "The Greens"
Шаблон:Small 		Eco-socialism
Green politics 		Left-wing Isabel Castro Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| CDS-PP CDS – People's Party
Шаблон:Nowrap 		Christian democracy
National conservatism 		Шаблон:Nowrap Manuel Monteiro 4.4% Шаблон:Composition bar
PSN National Solidarity Party
Шаблон:Nowrap 		Humanism
Pensioners' rights 		Шаблон:Nowrap Carlos Bastos 1.7% Шаблон:Composition bar

Campaign period

Party slogans

Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Refs
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| PSD « Mais e melhor para Portugal » "More and better for Portugal" [23]
width="1" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| PS « A nova maioria » "The new majority." [24]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| CDU « Vamos dar a volta a isto » "Let's turn this around" [25]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| CDS–PP « Vamos dar lugar a Portugal » "Let's make way for Portugal" [26]

Candidates' debates

The 1995 debates, between PSD leader Fernando Nogueira and PS leader António Guterres, were the first general election debates since the 1985 elections.

1995 Portuguese legislative election debates
Date Organisers Moderator(s) Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Colors Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Colors Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Colors Шаблон:Small
PSD
Шаблон:Small 		PS
Шаблон:Small 		Refs
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"|
6 Sep RTP1 José Eduardo Moniz
Maria Elisa Domingues 		P P [27]
13 Sep SIC Miguel Sousa Tavares
Margarida Marante 		P P [27]

Opinion polling

Шаблон:See also The following table shows the opinion polls of voting intention of the Portuguese voters before the election. Those parties that are listed were represented in parliament (1991-1995). Included is also the result of the Portuguese general elections in 1991 and 1995 for reference.

Note, until 2000, the publication of opinion polls in the last week of the campaign was forbidden.

Шаблон:Legend2
Шаблон:Legend2

Date Released Polling Firm PSD PS CDU CDS–PP Others Lead
1 Oct 1995 Leg. Election 34.1
Шаблон:Font 		43.8
Шаблон:Font 		8.6
Шаблон:Font 		9.1
Шаблон:Font 		4.4
Шаблон:Font 		9.7
1 Oct 1995 RTP/Euroteste 35.0–39.0
Шаблон:Font 		40.0–45.0
Шаблон:Font 		7.0–9.0
Шаблон:Font 		7.0–9.0
Шаблон:Font 		— 5.5
1 Oct 1995 SIC/Metris 34.5 42.2 9.0 9.2 5.1 7.7
1 Oct 1995 TVI/Universidade Católica 35.5 41.0 8.0 10.0 5.5 5.5
29 Sep 1995 Norma 40.3 35.2 9.7 9.3 5.5 5.1
23 Sep 1995 Metris 32.0 42.0 10.0 8.0 8.0 10.0
23 Sep 1995 Euroteste 35.0 39.0 9.0 10.0 7.0 4.0
23 Sep 1995 Euroexpansão 32.7 44.5 11.5 6.9 4.4 11.8
23 Sep 1995 Universidade Católica 35.0 40.0 9.0 10.0 6.0 5.0
22 Sep 1995 IPSOS 35.0 41.0 9.0 9.0 6.0 6.0
21 Sep 1995 Marktest 33.0 42.0 10.0 9.0 6.0 9.0
16 Sep 1995 Compta 39.0 40.0 12.0 8.0 1.0 1.0
16 Sep 1995 Euroexpansão 33.7 41.8 8.8 9.1 6.6 8.1
9 Sep 1995 Euroexpansão 31.8 41.5 11.5 8.7 6.5 9.7
28 Jul 1995 Compta RH 35.8 43.6 11.7 7.0 1.8 7.8
14 Jul 1995 Compta RH 36.8 44.4 9.9 6.5 2.4 7.6
30 Jun 1995 Compta RH 34.8 45.4 8.6 8.1 3.1 10.6
9 Jun 1995 Compta RH 31.2 45.6 9.7 8.6 4.9 14.4
1 May 1995 Euroteste 40.5 42.5 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 17.0 2.0
12 Jun 1994 EP Elections 34.4 34.9 11.2 12.5 7.0 0.5
12 Dec 1993 Local Elections 33.7 40.2 12.8 8.4 4.9 6.5
24 Sep 1993 Euroteste 44.5 34.8 10.0 8.7 2.0 9.7
29 May 1993 Euroexpansão 33.8 34.6 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 31.6 0.8
29 May 1993 Euroteste 45.5 34.3 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 20.2 11.2
6 Oct 1991 Leg. Election 50.6
Шаблон:Font 		29.1
Шаблон:Font 		8.8
Шаблон:Font 		4.4
Шаблон:Font 		7.1
Шаблон:Font 		21.5

National summary of votes and seats

Шаблон:Election table |-

| colspan=11|

Файл:Portugal Parliament 1995.svg

|- ! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Parties ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|% ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|± ! colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|MPs ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |MPs %/
votes % |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align=center|1991 ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align=center|1995 ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|± ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|% ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|± |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |2,583,755||43.76||Шаблон:Increase14.7||72||112||Шаблон:Increase40||48.70||Шаблон:Increase17.4||1.11 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |2,014,589||34.12||Шаблон:Decrease16.5||135||88||Шаблон:Decrease47||38.26||Шаблон:Decrease20.4||1.12 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colourШаблон:Efn |534,470||9.05||Шаблон:Increase4.7||5||15||Шаблон:Increase10||6.52||Шаблон:Increase4.3||0.72 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colourШаблон:Efn |506,157||8.57||Шаблон:Decrease0.2||17||15||Шаблон:Decrease2||6.52||Шаблон:Decrease0.9||0.76 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |41,137||0.70||Шаблон:Decrease0.2||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |37,638||0.64||Шаблон:Decrease0.5||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- |style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#E2062C align="center" | |align=left|People's Democratic Union |33,876||0.57||Шаблон:Increase0.5||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- |style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#000080 align="center" | |align=left|National Solidarity |12,613||0.21||Шаблон:Decrease1.5||1||0||Шаблон:Decrease1||0.00||Шаблон:Decrease0.4||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |8,279||0.14||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||0||Шаблон:N/A||0.00||Шаблон:N/A||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |8,235||0.14||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||0||Шаблон:N/A||0.00||Шаблон:N/A||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour / Шаблон:Party shortname linked |5,932||0.10||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||0||Шаблон:N/A||0.00||Шаблон:N/A||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |2,544||0.04||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||0||Шаблон:N/A||0.00||Шаблон:N/A||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |2,536||0.04||Шаблон:Decrease0.2||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- |colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total valid |width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,791,761 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|98.08 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Increase0.0 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|230 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|230 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Steady0 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Steady0.0 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|— |- |colspan=2|Blank ballots |45,793||0.78||Шаблон:Decrease0.0||colspan=6 rowspan=4| |- |colspan=2|Invalid ballots |67,300||1.14||Шаблон:Increase0.0 |- |colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total |width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,904,854 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"| |- |colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout ||8,906,608||66.30||Шаблон:Decrease1.5 |- | colspan=11 align=left | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |} Шаблон:Bar box Шаблон:Bar box

Distribution by constituency

Шаблон:Election table |- class="unsortable" !rowspan=2|Constituency!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S !rowspan=2|Total
S |- class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" !colspan=2 | PS !colspan=2 | PSD !colspan=2 | CDS–PP !colspan=2 | CDU |- | style="text-align:left;" | Azores | 37.6 | 2 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|47.8 | 3 | 9.4 | - | 1.8 | - | 5 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Aveiro | 40.2 | 6 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|41.2 | 6 | 12.6 | 2 | 2.7 | - | 14 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Beja | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|45.8 | 2 | 15.7 | 1 | 3.6 | - | 29.2 | 1 | 4 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Braga | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|42.9 | 8 | 38.2 | 7 | 10.7 | 1 | 4.5 | - | 16 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Bragança | 40.3 | 2 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|44.8 | 2 | 9.4 | - | 1.9 | - | 4 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Castelo Branco | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|53.2 | 3 | 32.1 | 2 | 7.2 | - | 5.3 | - | 5 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Coimbra | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|49.1 | 6 | 34.5 | 4 | 7.1 | - | 5.1 | - | 10 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Шаблон:Hs Évora | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|42.6 | 2 | 20.2 | 1 | 5.2 | - | 26.9 | 1 | 4 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Faro | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|49.6 | 5 | 29.2 | 3 | 8.3 | - | 7.8 | - | 8 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Guarda | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|43.7 | 2 | 39.9 | 2 | 9.9 | - | 2.3 | - | 4 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Leiria | 36.7 | 4 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|43.3 | 5 | 11.4 | 1 | 4.5 | - | 10 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Lisbon | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|44.3 | 24 | 29.0 | 15 | 9.4 | 5 | 12.0 | 6 | 50 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Madeira | 32.0 | 2 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|46.1 | 3 | 12.9 | - | 1.3 | - | 5 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Portalegre | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|50.5 | 2 | 23.4 | 1 | 6.3 | - | 14.0 | - | 3 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Porto | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|46.7 | 18 | 36.4 | 14 | 7.8 | 3 | 6.0 | 2 | 37 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Santarém | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|45.8 | 5 | 31.0 | 3 | 8.7 | 1 | 9.5 | 1 | 10 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Setúbal | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|44.9 | 9 | 18.4 | 3 | 7.2 | 1 | 23.8 | 4 | 17 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Viana do Castelo | 38.8 | 3 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|42.1 | 3 | 11.3 | - | 4.6 | - | 6 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Vila Real | 40.0 | 2 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|46.0 | 3 | 7.8 | - | 1.9 | - | 5 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Viseu | 38.4 | 4 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|44.3 | 4 | 11.5 | 1 | 1.8 | - | 9 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Europe | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|35.1 | 1 | 33.8 | 1 | 4.4 | - | 6.4 | - | 2 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Outside Europe | 12.8 | - | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|69.3 | 2 | 3.8 | - | 1.2 | - | 2 |- |- class="unsortable" style="background:#E9E9E9" | style="text-align:left;" | Total | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|43.8 | 112 | 34.1 | 88 | 9.1 | 15 | 8.6 | 15 | 230 |- | colspan=10 style="text-align:left;" | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |}

Maps

Notes

Шаблон:Notes

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

See also

Шаблон:Portuguese elections

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ "Cavaco Silva não se recandidata ao PSD", RTP Arquivo, 23 January 1995. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  2. ↑ ""Big Show PSD": Drama, comédia, suspense - há de tudo em 37 anos de congressos , TSF, 16 February 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  3. ↑ "Bloqueio da ponte. O princípio do fim do cavaquismo foi há 25 anos", Diário de Notícias, 22 July 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  4. ↑ "Conferência de imprensa de Cavaco Silva", RTP Arquivo, 7 February 1995. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  5. ↑ "10 momentos que marcaram a vida do novo secretário-geral da ONU", Jornal Sol, 7 October 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  6. ↑ "O ano em que (o muito jovem) Álvaro Beleza quis liderar o PS", Observador, 5 October 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 "Perdeu PS para Guterres e Beleza ficou com votos do líder no congresso", Jornal de Notícias, 10 September 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  8. ↑ "Demissão de Freitas do Amaral", RTP, 7 October 1991. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  9. ↑ "X Congresso do CDS", RTP, 21 March 1992. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  10. ↑ "Manuel Monteiro eleito líder do CDS", RTP, 22 March 1992. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  11. ↑ "A despedida de um líder que nunca deixou de o ser", Diário de Notícias, 14 June 2005. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  12. ↑ "Entrevista a Carlos Carvalhas", RTP, 6 December 1991. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  13. ↑ "O grande tabu quebrou-se há 20 anos ", Expresso, 16 February 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  14. ↑ "Cavaco Silva não se recandidata ao PSD", RTP, 23 January 1995. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  15. ↑ "OS SEGREDOS E OS NOMES DE UMA NOITE DE TEMPESTADE NO COLISEU", Correio da Manhã, 3 October 2003. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  16. ↑ "Candidatos do PSD em ações de campanha", RTP, 16 February 1995. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  17. ↑ "XVII Congresso do PSD", RTP, 19 February 1995. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  18. ↑ "Os congressos quentes do PSD no poder ", Público, 23 March 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Gallaher, Michael (1992). "Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities"
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Шаблон:Cite news
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