Английская Википедия:29th G8 summit
Шаблон:Infobox summit The 29th G8 summit was held in Évian-les-Bains, France, on June 1–3, 2003. As is usual for G8 summits, there were a range of protests.
Overview
The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada starting in 1976. The G8, meeting for the first time in 1997, was formed with the addition of Russia.[1] In addition, the President of the European Commission has been formally included in summits since 1981.[2] The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the initial summit of the Group of Six (G6) in 1975.[3]
The G8 summits during the twenty-first century have inspired widespread debates, protests and demonstrations; and the two- or three-day event becomes more than the sum of its parts, elevating the participants, the issues and the venue as focal points for activist pressure.[4]
Official G8 Summit magazines which have been published under the auspices of the host nations for distribution to all attendees since 1998; the 2008 edition was published by Prestige Media.[5]
Leaders at the summit
The G8 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[2]
The 29th G8 summit was the last summit for Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien.
Participants
These summit participants are the current "core members" of the international forum:[6][7][8]
Priorities
Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, which take place primarily amongst multi-national civil servants in the weeks before the summit itself, leading to a joint declaration which all countries can agree to sign.
Reconciliation amongst the G8 leaders was the top priority in the wake of the beginning of the Iraq War. The G8 had sharply divided[9] over the American-led invasion.[10] Chirac's broad agenda was organized under four main themes — solidarity, responsibility, security, and democracy.[11]
Issues
The summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions.[3]
Demonstrations, riots and authorities responses
During the protests, some manifestations went out of order as Swiss towns have been sacked by rioters. An accident also occurred during protest at the Aubonne bridge in Switzerland between Lausanne and Geneva, in which two activists suspended themselves from the bridge via a rope, with the rope stretching across the bridge, displaying a banner and obstructing traffic on the highway with the highest traffic density of Switzerland. Some protestors were arrested. One of the policemen, unaware people were attached to the rope, cut it. As a result, one of the protestors, Briton Martin Shaw, to plunge 20m into a rocky river and suffered multiple fractures. The other activist, German Gesine Wenzel, was caught by other protestors and could later abseil safely. In a ruling on 17 February 2006 a judge acquitted the two police officers found responsible on the grounds that their actions had been based on "a series of unfortunate misunderstandings" and therefore were not criminal. Indeed, as the anti-G8 manifestations were difficult to handle by their scales and by the seriousness of the disorders they caused many policemen (including the one who cut the rope) came from the German speaking part of Switzerland. The linguistic barriers, added to the stress of the situation (a blocked highway that could have resulted in many deaths) were considered by the court as critical in the misunderstandings that generated the accident.[12][13]
Gallery
Core G8 participants
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Costas Simitis, Prime Minister of Greece and rotating Council President
Notes
References
- Bayne, Nicholas and Robert D. Putnam. (2005). Staying Together: the G8 summit Confronts the 21st Century. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing. Шаблон:ISBN; OCLC 217979297
- Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations. London: Routledge. Шаблон:ISBN; Шаблон:ISBN; OCLC 39013643
External links
- Official G8 website: Évian summit, 2003; n.b., no official website is created for any G7 summit prior to 1995 -- see the 21st G7 summit.
- University of Toronto: G8 Research Group, G8 Information Centre
- Campaign relating to police behaviour at a protest at the Aubonne bridge
- Évian - Protest Reports & Photos
- ↑ Saunders, Doug. "Weight of the world too heavy for G8 shoulders," Шаблон:Webarchive Globe and Mail (Toronto). July 5, 2008.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Reuters: "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?", July 3, 2008.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations, p. 205.
- ↑ "Influencing Policy on International Development: G8," Шаблон:Webarchive BOND (British Overseas NGOs for Development). 2008.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Rieffel, Lex. "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV)," Шаблон:Webarchive Brookings. March 27, 2009; "core" members (Muskoka 2010 G-8, official site). Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 2003 Evian G-8, delegations; "EU and the G8" Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ According to Romano Prodi, invited as President of the European Commission, during the dinner Vladimir Putin shouted to Tony Blair: "You are not God": Giampiero Calapà, "Volevo pacificare la Libia, mi dissero no e ora c'è l'Isis", 1 dicembre 2015, Il Fatto Quotidiano.
- ↑ Bayne, Nicholas. (2005) Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ Bayne, Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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